Kalafo ea Cyanide e Chefo e Haholo - E Nang le Lits'ila

Maro a nang le cyanide - a nang le litšila a chefo haholo 'me a baka tšokelo e kholo bophelong ba batho le tikolohong ea tikoloho. Ka hona, phekolo e nepahetseng ea maro a joalo a litšila ke ea bohlokoa haholo. Sengoloa sena se tla hlahisa mekhoa e 'maloa e tloaelehileng ea kalafo bakeng sa maro a nang le cyanide e chefo haholo - a nang le litšila.

1. Lik'hemik'hale Oxidation Mekhoa

1.1 Mokhoa oa Alkaline Chlorination

• Molao-motheo : Tikolohong e nang le alkaline, metsoako e matla ea oxidizing joalo ka khase ea chlorine, sodium hypochlorite, kapa calcium hypochlorite e eketsoa ho mokelikeli o nang le cyanide. Li-ion tsa hypochlorite li arabela le li-ion tsa cyanide ts'ebetsong ea mekhahlelo e 'meli. Ea pele, cyanide e oxidizing ho ea cyanate, ebe e oxidizing hape ho lintho tse seng chefo tse kang Carbon dioxide le khase ea naetrojene.

• Phallo ea Ts'ebetso :

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• Phetoho ea pH : Qala ka ho eketsa sodium hydroxide ho cyanide - e nang le mokelikeli o litšila ho beha boleng ba pH lipakeng tsa 10 - 11.

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• Ho Eketsa Oxidant : Butle-butle eketsa bongata bo loketseng ba oxidant e khethiloeng, joalo ka tharollo ea sodium hypochlorite. Bongata ba oxidant bo hlokahalang bo itšetlehile ka bongata ba cyanide mokelikeling o litšila. Hlohlelletsa khafetsa nakong ea ho eketsa ho netefatsa hore e kopanya hantle.

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• Karabelo le Tlhokomelo : E re karabelo e tswele pele ka dihora tse mmalwa mme o hlahlobe kamehla bongata ba cyanide mokelikeling o lahliloeng ho pholletsa le ona. Mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea ho beha leihlo e kenyelletsa ho sebelisa cyanide - li-electrode tse itseng kapa mekhoa ea colorimetric.

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• Ho se be le mokelikeli le ho ntsha metsi : Hang ha karabelo e felile mme mahloriso a cyanide a fihlella tekanyetso ya ho ntsha metsi (hangata e ka tlase ho 0.5 mg/L dibakeng tse ngata), fetola pH ya mokelikeli o lahlilweng ho ya sebakeng se sa nke lehlakore (pH = 6 - 9) ka asiti e loketseng jwalo ka sulfuric acid, ebe o e ntsha.

1.2 Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation Mokhoa

• Molao-motheo : Hydrogen peroxide ke sesebelisoa se matla sa ho oxidation. Ha ho na le catalyst e kang li-ion tsa koporo, e ka oxidation ea li-ion tsa cyanide ka har'a mokelikeli o litšila, e fetola cyanide hore e be naetrojene e seng chefo le carbon dioxide.

• Phallo ea Ts'ebetso :

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• Phetoho ea pH : Fetola boleng ba pH ba cyanide - e nang le mokelikeli o litšila ho ea ho mofuta oa asiti, hangata ho pota pH = 3 - 5, kaha karabelo ea oxidation ea hydrogen peroxide ka cyanide e sebetsa haholoanyane tlas'a maemo a asiti.

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• Ho Eketsa Catalyst le Hydrogen Peroxide : Kenya karolo e nyane ea catalyst, mohlala, copper sulfate, mokelikeling o litšila, ebe butle-butle u eketsa tharollo ea hydrogen peroxide. Bongata ba hydrogen peroxide e ekelitsoeng bo lokela ho lekana ho oxidation ka botlalo ea cyanide. Kaha karabelo ke ea exothermic, ela hloko ho laola mocheso oa karabelo ho qoba ho chesa haholo.

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• Karabelo le Karohano : Kamora hore ho eketsoa ho phetheloe, lumella karabelo hore e sebetse nakoana. Ebe, etsa karohano ea metsi a tiileng, joalo ka ho sedimentation kapa ho sefa, ho tlosa lintho life kapa life tse nang le metsi a mangata, joalo ka li-hydroxide tsa tšepe haeba ho na le li-ion tsa tšepe e boima ka har'a mokelikeli o litšila.

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• Kamora kalafo : Supernatant e phekotsweng e ka feta kalafong e 'ngoe ho sebelisoa mekhoa e meng, joalo ka ho monya metsi kapa karohano ea lera, ho netefatsa hore boleng ba ho qetela ba metsi a litšila bo fihlela litekanyetso tse amehang.

1.3 Mokhoa oa Ozone Oxidation

• Molao-motheo : Ozone ke sesebelisoa se matla sa ho oksida se nang le bokgoni bo phahameng ba ho oksida. Ha e kenngwa ka hara cyanide - e nang le ditshila tse metsi, e arabela ka ho toba le di-ion tsa cyanide, e di oksida dinthong tse seng chefo tse kang carbonate le naetrojene. Mokgwa wa karabelo o rarahane mme o ka kenyeletsa dihlahiswa tse mahareng. Boteng ba di-catalyst tsa ion tsa tshepe, tse kang di-ion tsa koporo le magnesium, bo ka potlakisa lebelo la karabelo.

• Phallo ea Ts'ebetso :

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• Phekolo ea Metsi a Litšila : Taba ea pele, tlosa litšila tse kholo le lintho tse tiileng tse leketlileng ka har'a mokelikeli o nang le cyanide ka ho sefa kapa ho senyeha ha mobu. Sena se thibela ho koaleha ha lisebelisoa tse hlahisang ozone 'me se netefatsa hore karabelo e tsoela pele hantle.

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• Tlhahiso ea Ozone le Selelekela : Sebelisa jenereithara ea ozone ho hlahisa khase ea ozone, e ntan'o fepeloa ka har'a mokelikeli o litšila ka sesebelisoa sa kabo ea khase. Palo ea ozone e hlahisitsoeng e hloka ho fetoloa ho latela bongata ba cyanide le bophahamo ba mokelikeli o litšila.

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• Karabelo le Tlhokomelo : Etsa karabelo ka tankeng e koetsoeng ea karabelo ka nako e itseng. Lekola bongata ba cyanide ka har'a mokelikeli o litšila ka nako ea sebele nakong ea karabelo. Nako ea karabelo hangata e khuts'oane ho feta mekhoa e meng ea oxidation, empa ho ntse ho itšetlehile ka maemo a itseng a mokelikeli o litšila.

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• Kalafo ea Mantle : Kamora karabelo, mokelikeli o hloekisitsoeng o ka hloka kalafo e eketsehileng, joalo ka ho fetola boleng ba pH le ho tlosa lihlahisoa life kapa life tse setseng tse amanang le ozone, ho fihlela maemo a ho ntša metsi.

2. 'Mele - Mekhoa ea Lik'hemik'hale

2.1 Mokhoa oa ho Fetolana oa Ion

• Molao-motheo : Ho sebelisoa li-resin tse khethehileng tsa phapanyetsano ea ion. Li-resin tsena li na le lihlopha tse sebetsang tse ka monyang li-ion tsa cyanide kapa metsoako ea tšepe ea cyanide ka har'a mokelikeli oa litšila. Mohlala, li-resin tse ling tsa phapanyetsano ea anion li ka fapanyetsana li-anion tsa tsona le li-ion tsa cyanide ka har'a tharollo.

• Phallo ea Ts'ebetso :

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• Khetho le Tokiso ea Resin : Khetha resin e loketseng ea phapanyetsano ea ion ho latela litšobotsi tsa mokelikeli o nang le cyanide, joalo ka mofuta oa metsoako ea cyanide ea tšepe e teng. Hloekisa resin esale pele ka ho e hlatsoa ka litharollo tsa asiti le alkali ho kenya tšebetsong mosebetsi oa eona oa phapanyetsano.

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• Ho paka kholomo : Paka resin e phekotsoeng esale pele ka kholomong ea phapanyetsano ea ion.

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• Ho Fetisa Metsi a Litšila : Fetisa butle-butle mokelikeli o nang le cyanide o nang le litšila ka har'a kholomo ea phapanyetsano ea ion. Laola sekhahla sa phallo ho netefatsa nako e lekaneng ea ho kopana pakeng tsa mokelikeli o litšila le resin.

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• Ho Tsosolosa Resin : Hang ha resin e monya tekanyo e itseng ea cyanide, e hloka ho tsosolosoa. Ts'ebetso ea ho tsosolosa hangata e kenyelletsa ho sebelisa tharollo ea ho tsosolosa, joalo ka tharollo e matla ea asiti kapa motheo o matla, ho tlosa li-ion tsa cyanide tse monyang resin. Resin e tsosolositsoeng e ka sebelisoa hape.

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• Kalafo ea Metsi a Tsosolositsoeng : Mokelikeli oa tsosoloso, o nang le cyanide e ngata, o hloka phekolo e eketsehileng, hangata ka mekhoa ea oxidation ea lik'hemik'hale e hlalositsoeng kaholimo, ho fetola cyanide hore e be lintho tse se nang chefo.

2.2 Mokhoa oa Adsorption

• Molao-motheo : Li-adsorbent tse kang Activated Carbon le zeolite li na le sebaka se seholo se ikhethileng sa bokaholimo le bokhoni bo matla ba ho monya. Li ka monya li-ion tsa cyanide le litšila tse ling ka har'a mokelikeli o litšila ka ho monya 'mele, joalo ka matla a van der Waals, le ho monya lik'hemik'hale, joalo ka ho theha maqhama a lik'hemik'hale le lihlopha tse sebetsang holim'a bokaholimo. Khabone e sebetsang, haholo-holo, e sebelisoa haholo ka lebaka la bokhoni ba eona bo phahameng ba ho monya lintho tse fapaneng.

• Phallo ea Ts'ebetso :

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• Khetho ea Adsorbent le Tlhokomelo ea Pele : Khetha adsorbent e loketseng ho latela mofuta oa mokelikeli o litšila. Mohlala, khabone e butsoitseng e nang le granular hangata e sebelisoa bakeng sa kalafo e kholo, athe khabone e butsoitseng e nang le phofo e ka ba molemo bakeng sa kalafo e nyane kapa e nepahetseng haholo. Phekola adsorbent esale pele ka ho e hlatsoa le ho e omisa ho tlosa litšila.

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• Mokhoa oa ho monya : Kenya monyang metsi ho mokelikeli o nang le cyanide 'me u hlohlelletse khafetsa ho eketsa sebaka sa ho kopana pakeng tsa monyang metsi le mokelikeli o litšila. Nako ea ho monya metsi e fapana ho latela bongata ba cyanide le mofuta oa monyang metsi, hangata e tloha metsotsong e 'maloa ho isa lihora tse' maloa.

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• Karohano : Kamora hore ho monya metsi ho phethehe, arola monya metsi ho tsoa mokelikeling o litšila u sebelisa mekhoa e kang ho sefa kapa ho seha.

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• Ho Nchafatsa Adsorbent : Ho tšoana le resin ea phapanyetsano ea ion, adsorbent e sebelisitsoeng e ka nchafatsoa. ​​Bakeng sa khabone e butsoeng, mekhoa ea ho nchafatsa e kenyelletsa ho nchafatsa mocheso (ho futhumatsa khabone e butsoeng mochesong o phahameng ho tlosa lintho tse butsoeng) le ho nchafatsa lik'hemik'hale (ho sebelisa li-reagent tsa lik'hemik'hale ho arabela le lintho tse butsoeng).

3. Mekhoa ea Phekolo ea Likokoana-hloko

• Molao-motheo : Likokoana-hloko tse itseng li na le bokhoni ba ho senya cyanide. Likokoana-hloko tsena li sebelisa cyanide e le mohloli oa khabone, naetrojene, kapa matla tlas'a maemo a itseng a tikoloho. Mohlala, libaktheria tse ling li ka fetola cyanide hore e be lintho tse se nang chefo e ngata joalo ka ammonia le carbon dioxide ka letoto la liketso tsa enzymatic. Ts'ebetso eohle e kenyelletsa metabolism ea likokoana-hloko, 'me likokoana-hloko tse fapaneng li ka ba le litsela tse fapaneng tsa metabolism bakeng sa ho senyeha ha cyanide.

• Phallo ea Ts'ebetso :

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• Khetho ea Likokoana-hloko le Temo : Khetha cyanide e loketseng - likokoana-hloko tse senyang, tse ka aroloang libakeng tsa tlhaho tse kang limela tsa phekolo ea mobu kapa metsi a litšila. Hlahisa likokoana-hloko tsena laboratoring ho fumana tekanyo e lekaneng ea inoculum ea likokoana-hloko. Sebaka sa temo se lokela ho ba le limatlafatsi tse loketseng ho tšehetsa kholo ea likokoana-hloko.

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• Setaele sa Reactor : Theha reactor ea phekolo ea baeloji, joalo ka reactor ea seretse e sebetsang kapa reactor ea biofilm. Ka reactor ea seretse e sebetsang, likokoana-hloko li boemong ba ho emisoa ka har'a mokelikeli o litšila, ha ka har'a reactor ea biofilm, likokoana-hloko li khomarela holim'a tšehetso e tiileng ho etsa biofilm.

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• Phekolo ea Metsi a Litšila : Kenya mokelikeli o nang le cyanide - o nang le litšila ka har'a reactor ea phekolo ea baeloji. Laola maemo a tikoloho ka har'a reactor, ho kenyeletsoa mocheso (hangata o ka bang 25 - 35 °C), pH (hangata o ka bang 7 - 8), le oksijene e qhibilihileng, ho theha tikoloho e loketseng ea bophelo bakeng sa likokoana-hloko.

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• Tlhokomelo le Taolo : Lekola ka ho tsoelang pele bongata ba cyanide le liparamente tse ling tse amehang mokelikeling o litšila nakong ea ts'ebetso ea kalafo. Fetola maemo a ts'ebetso ea reactor kapele ho latela liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ho netefatsa ts'ebetso e tsitsitseng ea sistimi ea kalafo ea baeloji.

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• Kalafo ea Litšila : Kamora kalafo ea baeloji, litšila li ka 'na tsa ntse li e-na le likokoana-hloko tse ling le lintho tse nyenyane tsa lintho tse phelang. Kalafo e 'ngoe, joalo ka ho bolaea likokoana-hloko (ho sebelisa mekhoa e kang mahlaseli a ultraviolet kapa ho eketsa li-disinfectant) le ho sefa, ho ka hlokahala ho fihlela maemo a ho ntša metsi.

4. Ho nahanela ka Phekolo

• Polokeho Pele : Maro a litšila a nang le cyanide a chefo haholo, 'me mesebetsi eohle ea kalafo e lokela ho etsoa sebakeng se nang le moea o kenang hantle, haholo-holo ka har'a sekwahelo sa mosi. Basebetsi ba lokela ho apara lisebelisoa tse loketseng tsa tšireletso, ho kenyeletsoa le liatlana tse thata tsa khase, likhalase tsa mahlo le lisebelisoa tsa tšireletso ea ho hema.

• Ho Fumana Khatello e Nepahetseng : Pele o phekola, lekanya ka nepo khatello ea cyanide ka har'a mokelikeli o litšila. Sena se bohlokoa bakeng sa ho khetha mokhoa o nepahetseng oa kalafo le ho fumana tekanyo ea metsoako ea kalafo.

• Kalafo e Kopantsweng : Maemong a mangata, mokhoa o le mong oa kalafo o kanna oa se lekane ho fihlela maemo a ho ntša metsi ka botlalo. Ka hona, nahana ka ho sebelisa mekhoa ea kalafo e kopantsweng. Mohlala, motsoako oa oxidation ea lik'hemik'hale le kalafo ea baeloji hangata li ka fihlela liphetho tse betere tsa kalafo.

• Tšusumetso Tikolohong : Ha u khetha mekhoa ea kalafo le metsoako ea kalafo, nahana ka tšusumetso ea eona tikolohong. Khetha mekhoa le metsoako e sireletsang tikoloho le e sa hlahiseng tšilafalo e eketsehileng.

• Ho Latela Melao : Netefatsa hore ts'ebetso ea kalafo le boleng ba ho qetela ba litšila li latela melaoana ea ts'ireletso ea tikoloho ea naha le ea lehae. Kamehla beha leihlo 'me u tlalehe liphetho tsa kalafo ho mafapha a ts'ireletso ea tikoloho a amehang.

Qetellong, kalafo ea cyanide e chefo e ngata - e nang le lino tse litšila e hloka hore ho nahanoe ka botlalo lintlha tse fapaneng. Ka ho khetha mokhoa o nepahetseng oa kalafo le ho latela ka tieo lits'ebetso tsa ts'ebetso, re ka fokotsa chefo ea cyanide - e nang le litšila le ho sireletsa tikoloho le bophelo ba batho.