Kalafo ea Cyanide e Chefo e Haholo - E Nang le Lits'ila

Cyanide - e nang le maro a litšila a chefo haholo 'me e beha kotsi e kholo maphelong a batho le tikolohong ea tikoloho. Ka hona, phekolo e nepahetseng ea metsi a joalo a litšila ke ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa. Sengoliloeng sena se tla hlahisa mekhoa e 'maloa e tloaelehileng ea kalafo bakeng sa chefo e ngata cyanide - e nang le maro a litšila.

1. Lik'hemik'hale Oxidation Mekhoa

1.1 Mokhoa oa Alkaline Chlorination

• Molao-motheo: Tikolohong e nang le alkaline, metsoako e matla ea oxidizing joalo ka khase ea chlorine, sodium hypochlorite, kapa calcium hypochlorite e eketsoa ho mokelikeli o nang le cyanide. Li-ion tsa hypochlorite li arabela le li-ion tsa cyanide ts'ebetsong ea mekhahlelo e 'meli. Ea pele, cyanide e oxidizing ho ea cyanate, ebe e oxidizing hape ho lintho tse seng chefo tse kang k'habone diokside le khase ea naetrojene.

• Tsamaiso ea Phallo:

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• PH Phetoho: Qala ka ho eketsa sodium hydroxide ho cyanide - e nang le metsi a litšila ho beha boleng ba pH pakeng tsa 10 - 11.

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• Keketso ea Oxidant: Butle-butle hlahisa palo e loketseng ea oxidant e khethiloeng, joalo ka sodium hypochlorite solution. Palo ea oxidant e hlokahalang e ipapisitse le bongata ba cyanide mokelikeli oa litšila. Hlohlelletsa kamehla nakong ea ho eketsa ho etsa bonnete ba hore ho kopanya.

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• Boitšoaro le Tlhokomelo: Etsa hore karabelo e tsoele pele ka lihora tse 'maloa' me u lule u sheba mahloriso a cyanide ka har'a mokelikeli oa litšila hohle. Mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea ho hlahloba e kenyelletsa ho sebelisa cyanide - li-electrode tse khethehileng kapa mekhoa ea colorimetric.

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• Neutralization le ho lahla: Hang ha karabelo e felile 'me mahloriso a cyanide a kopana le maemo a ho qhala (hangata a ka tlaase ho 0.5 mg/L libakeng tse ngata), fetola pH ea mokelikeli oa litšila ho ea boemong bo sa nke lehlakore (pH = 6 - 9) ka asiti e loketseng joaloka sulfuric acid, ebe u e ntša.

1.2 Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation Mokhoa

• Molao-motheo: Hydrogen peroxide ke ntho e matla ea oxidizing. Boteng ba li-catalyst tse kang li-ion tsa koporo, li ka hlahisa li-ion tsa cyanide ka har'a metsi a litšila, tsa fetola cyanide hore e be naetrojene e seng chefo le carbon dioxide.

• Tsamaiso ea Phallo:

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• PH Phetoho: Fetola boleng ba pH ba cyanide - e nang le mokelikeli oa litšila ho ea ho acidic, hangata e pota-potileng pH = 3 - 5, kaha mokhoa oa ho arabela ha hydrogen peroxide ka cyanide o sebetsa haholoanyane tlas'a maemo a asiti.

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• Keketso ea Catalyst le Hydrogen Peroxide: Eketsa palo e nyenyane ea catalyst, mohlala, koporo sulfate, ho litšila tsa mokelikeli, ebe butle-butle eketsa tharollo ea hydrogen peroxide. Palo ea hydrogen peroxide e kentsoeng e tlameha ho lekana ho etsa oxidize cyanide ka botlalo. Kaha karabelo ke exothermic, ela hloko ho laola mocheso oa karabelo ho qoba ho chesa haholo.

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• Boitšoaro le Karohano: Ka mor'a hore tlatsetso e phethoe, lumella karabelo ho sebetsa nakoana. Ebe, etsa karohano e tiileng - ea mokelikeli, joalo ka ka sedimentation kapa filtration, ho tlosa lintho tse oeleng, joalo ka li-hydroxides tsa tšepe haeba ho na le li-ion tse boima ka har'a mokelikeli oa litšila.

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• Kalafo ea poso: Motho ea phekoloang ka matla a phahametseng tlhaho a ka fumana phekolo e eketsehileng a sebelisa mekhoa e meng, e kang adsorption kapa membrane ho arohana, ho etsa bonnete ba hore boleng ba ho qetela ba litšila bo finyella litekanyetso tse loketseng.

1.3 Mokhoa oa Ozone Oxidation

• Molao-motheo: Ozone ke ntho e matla ea oxidizing e nang le bokhoni bo phahameng ba ho oxidation. Ha e kenngoa ka har'a cyanide - e nang le maro a litšila, e kopana ka kotloloho le li-ion tsa cyanide, e li kenya linthong tse seng chefo joalo ka carbonate le nitrogen. Mokhoa oa ho arabela o rarahane mme o ka kenyelletsa lihlahisoa tse mahareng. Ho ba teng ha li-catalyst tsa tšepe, joalo ka koporo le magnesium ion, ho ka potlakisa sekhahla sa karabelo.

• Tsamaiso ea Phallo:

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• Phekolo ea Metsi a Senyehileng: Ntlha ea pele, tlosa litšila tse kholo - likaroloana le lintho tse tiileng tse fanyehiloeng ka har'a cyanide - e nang le mokelikeli oa litšila ka ho sefa kapa ho qhibiliha. Sena se thibela ho koaloa ha lisebelisoa tse hlahisang ozone le ho netefatsa hore karabelo e tsoela pele hantle.

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• Moloko oa Ozone le Selelekela: Sebelisa jenereithara ea ozone ho hlahisa khase ea ozone, eo ka mor'a moo e tšeloang mokelikeli o litšila ka mochine o tsamaisang khase. Palo ea ozone e hlahisitsoeng e hloka ho fetoloa ho latela mahloriso a cyanide le bophahamo ba metsi a litšila.

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• Boitšoaro le Tlhokomelo: Etsa karabelo ka tankeng e koetsoeng ea karabelo bakeng sa nako e itseng. Lekola mahloriso a cyanide ka har'a mokelikeli oa litšila ka nako ea 'nete nakong ea karabelo. Nako ea karabelo hangata e khuts'oane ho feta mekhoa e meng ea oxidation, empa e ntse e ipapisitse le maemo a itseng a litšila.

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• Phekolo ea Metsi: Kamora karabelo, mokelikeli oa litšila o hloekisitsoeng o ka hloka kalafo e eketsehileng, joalo ka ho lokisa boleng ba pH le ho tlosa ozone efe kapa efe e setseng e amanang le - lihlahisoa, ho fihlela maemo a ho lahla.

2. 'Mele - Mekhoa ea Lik'hemik'hale

2.1 Mokhoa oa ho Fetolana oa Ion

• Molao-motheo: Li-ion tse khethehileng - li-resin tsa phapanyetsano li sebelisoa. Li-resin tsena li na le lihlopha tse sebetsang tse ka khethang ho khetha li-ion tsa cyanide kapa tšepe - cyanide complexes ka har'a metsi a litšila. Ka mohlala, li-resin tse ling tsa anion li ka fapanyetsana li-anion tsa tsona le li-ion tsa cyanide ka tharollo.

• Tsamaiso ea Phallo:

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• Khetho ea Resin le Boitokisetso: Khetha ion e loketseng - resin ea phapanyetsano e thehiloeng ho litšobotsi tsa cyanide - e nang le mokelikeli oa litšila, joalo ka mofuta oa tšepe - cyanide complexes e teng. Hlatsoa resin ka ho e hlatsoa ka litharollo tsa acid le alkali ho kenya tšebetsong tšebetso ea eona ea phapanyetsano.

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• Kholomo Packing: Hlopha resin e entsoeng esale pele ka har'a kholomo ea ion - phapanyetsano.

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• Phello ea Litsila: Butle-butle fetisa cyanide - e nang le mokelikeli oa litšila ka har'a kholomo ea ion - phapanyetsano. Laola lebelo la ho phalla ho netefatsa nako e lekaneng ea ho kopana pakeng tsa mokelikeli o litšila le resin.

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• Tsosoloso ea Resin: Hang ha resin e kentse palo e itseng ea cyanide, e hloka ho nchafatsoa. Ts'ebetso ea ho nchafatsa hangata e kenyelletsa ho sebelisa tharollo ea ho nchafatsa, joalo ka asiti e matla kapa tharollo e matla ea motheo, ho tlosa li-ion tsa adsorbed cyanide ho tsoa ho resin. Resin e nchafalitsoeng e ka sebelisoa hape.

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• Phekolo ea Mokelikeli oa Tsosoloso: Mokelikeli o nchafatsang, o nang le bongata bo bongata ba cyanide, o hloka kalafo e eketsehileng, hangata ka mekhoa ea oxidation ea lik'hemik'hale e hlalositsoeng ka holimo, ho fetola cyanide hore e be lintho tse seng chefo.

2.2 Mokhoa oa Adsorption

• Molao-motheo: Li-adsorbent tse kang E entsoe ka Carbon le zeolite li na le sebaka se seholo se ikhethileng sa bokaholimo le bokhoni bo matla ba ho monya. Li ka monya li-ion tsa cyanide le litšila tse ling tse ka har'a mokelikeli o litšila ka ho monya 'mele, joalo ka matla a van der Waals, le ho monya lik'hemik'hale, joalo ka ho theha maqhama a lik'hemik'hale le lihlopha tse sebetsang holim'a bokaholimo. Khabone e sebetsang, haholo-holo, e sebelisoa haholo ka lebaka la bokhoni ba eona bo phahameng ba ho monya lintho tse fapaneng.

• Tsamaiso ea Phallo:

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• Khetho ea Adsorbent le Phekolo ea Pele: Khetha adsorbent e loketseng ho latela mofuta oa mokelikeli o litšila. Ka mohlala, granular activated carbon e atisa ho sebelisoa bakeng sa phekolo e kholo, ha carbon activated powder e ka ba e loketseng bakeng sa phekolo e nyenyane kapa e phahameng. Pretreat adsorbent ka ho hlatsoa le ho omisa ho tlosa litšila.

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• Mokhoa oa Adsorption: Eketsa adsorbent ho cyanide - e nang le mokelikeli oa litšila 'me u tsose kamehla ho eketsa sebaka sa ho kopana pakeng tsa adsorbent le mokelikeli oa litšila. Nako ea adsorption e fapana ho ea ka mahloriso a cyanide le mofuta oa adsorbent, hangata ho tloha metsotso e 'maloa ho ea ho lihora tse' maloa.

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• Ho arohana: Ka mor'a hore adsorption e phethoe, arola adsorbent ho tloha mokelikeli oa litšila u sebelisa mekhoa e kang ho hloekisa kapa ho senya.

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• Ho tsosolosoa ha Adsorbent: Ho tšoana le ion - exchange resin, adsorbent e sebelisitsoeng e ka tsosolosoa. Bakeng sa khabone e entsoeng, mekhoa ea tsosoloso e kenyelletsa ho tsosolosoa ha mocheso (ho futhumatsa carbon activated ho mocheso o phahameng ho senya lintho tse adsorbed) le ho tsosolosoa ha lik'hemik'hale (ho sebelisa lik'hemik'hale tsa lik'hemik'hale ho itšoara ka lintho tse adsorbed).

3. Mekhoa ea Phekolo ea Likokoana-hloko

• Molao-motheo: Likokoana-hloko tse ling li na le bokhoni ba ho theola cyanide. Likokoana-hloko tsena li sebelisa cyanide e le mohloli oa carbon, naetrojene, kapa matla tlas'a maemo a itseng a tikoloho. Ka mohlala, libaktheria tse ling li ka fetola cyanide hore e be lintho tse chefo tse fokolang joaloka ammonia le carbon dioxide ka letoto la liphetoho tsa enzymatic. Ts'ebetso eohle e kenyelletsa metabolism ea likokoana-hloko, 'me likokoana-hloko tse fapaneng li ka ba le litsela tse fapaneng tsa metabolism bakeng sa ho senyeha ha cyanide.

• Tsamaiso ea Phallo:

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• Khetho ea Likokoana-hloko le Temo: Khetha li-cyanide tse loketseng - likokoana-hloko tse senyang, tse ka arohanngoa le libaka tsa tlhaho tse kang mobu kapa limela tsa ho hloekisa metsi a litšila. Hlaolela likokoana-hloko tsena ka laboratoring ho fumana palo e lekaneng ea inoculum ea likokoana-hloko. Sebaka sa ho lema se lokela ho ba le limatlafatsi tse nepahetseng ho tšehetsa kholo ea likokoana-hloko.

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• Tlhophiso ea Reactor: Theha setsi sa ho phekola sekoahelo, joalo ka sets'oants'o sa seretse se kentsoeng kapa biofilm reactor. Setsing sa seretse se kentsoeng, likokoana-hloko li boemong bo fanyehiloeng ka har'a mokelikeli o litšila, ha li le ka har'a biofilm reactor, likokoana-hloko li ikamahanya le sebaka se tiileng sa tšehetso ho etsa biofilm.

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• Phekolo ea Metsi a Senyehileng: Hlahisa cyanide - e nang le mokelikeli oa litšila setsing sa phekolo ea likokoana-hloko. Laola maemo a tikoloho ka har'a reactor, ho kenyeletsoa mocheso (hangata o pota-potileng 25 - 35 °C), pH (hangata e pota-potileng 7 - 8), le ho qhibiliha ha oksijene, ho theha tikoloho e loketseng ea bophelo bakeng sa likokoana-hloko.

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• Tlhokomelo le Taolo: Tsoela pele ho beha leihlo khatello ea cyanide le likarolo tse ling tse amehang ka har'a mokelikeli o litšila nakong ea ts'ebetso ea kalafo. Fetola maemo a ts'ebetso ea reactor ka potlako ho latela liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ho netefatsa ts'ebetso e tsitsitseng ea sistimi ea kalafo ea baeloji.

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• Phekolo ea Metsi: Ka mor'a ho phekoloa ka likokoana-hloko, metsi a litšila a ntse a ka 'na a e-na le likokoana-hloko le lintho tse nyenyane tse phelang. Kalafo e eketsehileng, joalo ka ho bolaea likokoana-hloko (ho sebelisa mekhoa e kang mahlaseli a mahlaseli a kotsi kapa ho eketsa likokoana-hloko) le ho hloekisa, ho ka 'na ha hlokahala ho finyella litekanyetso tsa ho tsoa.

4. Ho nahanela ka Phekolo

• Safety Pele: Cyanide - e nang le litšila tse nang le litšila li chefo haholo, 'me ts'ebetso eohle ea phekolo e lokela ho etsoa sebakeng se nang le moea o motle, haholo-holo sebakeng se nang le mosi. Basebelisi ba lokela ho apara lisebelisoa tse loketseng tsa ho itšireletsa, ho kenyeletsoa liatlana tsa khase - li-gloves, likhalase le lisebelisoa tsa ts'ireletso ea ho hema.

• Boikemisetso bo Nepahetseng ba ho Tsepamisa Maikutlo: Pele o phekoloa, lekanya ka nepo mahloriso a cyanide mokelikeli oa litšila. Sena se bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa ho khetha mokhoa o nepahetseng oa kalafo le ho etsa qeto ea litekanyetso tsa liente tsa kalafo.

• Kalafo e Kopantsoeng: Maemong a mangata, mokhoa o le mong oa phekolo o ka 'na oa se ke oa lekana ho finyella ka botlalo litekanyetso tsa ho tsoa. Ka hona, nahana ka ho sebelisa mekhoa e kopanetsoeng ea phekolo. Ka mohlala, motsoako oa lik'hemik'hale oxidation le phekolo ea likokoana-hloko hangata li ka finyella liphello tse molemo tsa phekolo.

• Tšusumetso ea tikoloho: Ha u khetha mekhoa ea phekolo le liakhente tsa phekolo, nahana ka tšusumetso e ka bang teng tikolohong. Khetha mekhoa le liakhente tse baballang tikoloho le ho hlahisa tšilafalo e fokolang.

• Ho latela melaoana: Netefatsa hore ts'ebetso ea kalafo le boleng ba ho qetela ba litšila li latela melao e amehang ea naha le ea lehae ea ts'ireletso ea tikoloho. Kamehla hlokomela le ho tlaleha liphetho tsa kalafo ho mafapha a amehang a tšireletso ea tikoloho.

Qetellong, kalafo ea cyanide e chefo e ngata - e nang le lino tse litšila e hloka hore ho nahanoe ka botlalo lintlha tse fapaneng. Ka ho khetha mokhoa o nepahetseng oa kalafo le ho latela ka tieo lits'ebetso tsa ts'ebetso, re ka fokotsa chefo ea cyanide - e nang le litšila le ho sireletsa tikoloho le bophelo ba batho.