Lisebelisoa tsa Sodium Cyanide ho Pharmaceutical and Organic Synthesis

Selelekela

Sodium cyanide (NaCN), motsoako oa inorganic, leha o na le chefo e ngata, o bapala karolo ea bohlokoa lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng tsa indasteri le tsa lik'hemik'hale. Sengoliloeng sena se kenella lits'ebetsong tsa sona tsa meriana le Motsoako oa lintho tse phelang, e totobatsang bohlokoa ba eona le karabelo eo e kopanelang ho eona.

Likopo ho Pharmaceutical Synthesis

Tšimoloho ea Lithethefatsi Tse Tloaelehileng

1. Phenicillin

Lik'hemik'hale tsa cyanide, ho kenyelletsa Sodium cyanide, li kenya letsoho ho hlahisoeng ha lintho tse ling tse tlang pele ho penicillin. Ka mokhoa o rarahaneng oa mehato e mengata ea penicillin, karabelo e itseng e hloka ho hlahisoa ha lihlopha tse itseng tse sebetsang. Sodium cyanide e ka sebelisoa ho hlahisa sehlopha sa cyanide (-CN) ka metsoako ea bohlokoa e bohareng. Sehlopha sena sa cyanide se ka fetoloa hape ka hydrolysis, phokotso, kapa liphetoho tse ling tsa lik'hemik'hale ho theha meaho e lakatsehang ea limolek'hule e bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea antibacterial ea penicillin.

2. Vithamine B6

Tlhahiso ea vithamine B6 e boetse e sebelisoa Sodium cyanide litseleng tse ling tsa maiketsetso. Sehlopha sa cyanide se hlahisitsoeng ke sodium cyanide ba ka nka karolo ho seseng-ho theha maikutlo le liphetoho tsa lihlopha tse sebetsang. Ka mohlala, e ka sebelisoa ho haha ​​​​mohaho oa lesale la pyridine e leng tšobotsi ea vithamine B6. Ka letoto la likarabelo tse joalo ka tlatsetso ea nucleophilic le karabelo ea ho felisa, cyanide - e nang le mahareng e ka fetoloa butle-butle hore e be sehlahisoa sa ho qetela sa vithamine B6 ka tlhophiso e nepahetseng ea stereochemistry le sehlopha se sebetsang.

3. folic acid e

Ha ho etsoa folic acid, sodium cyanide e ka sebelisoa ha ho etsoa likaroloana tsa eona. Folic acid e na le reng ea pteridine, para-aminobenzoic acid, le likarolo tsa glutamic acid. Sodium cyanide e ka kenya letsoho liketsong tse hlahisang kapa ho fetola sebopeho sa likaroloana tsena. Mohlala, ho kopanngoeng ha selikalikoe sa pteridine, ho ka sebelisoa karabelo e thehiloeng ho cyanide ho hlahisa naetrojene - e nang le lihlopha tse sebetsang, tse bohlokoa bakeng sa sebopeho se akaretsang le ts'ebetso ea bioloji ea folic acid.

4. caffeine

Caffeine synthesis e ka boela ea kenyelletsa sodium cyanide maqheka a itseng a maiketsetso. Sebopeho sa methylxanthine sa caffeine se ka hahoa ka letoto la liketso ho tloha ho li-precursors tse bonolo. Sodium cyanide e ka kenya letsoho liketsong tse hlahisang lihlopha tse sebetsang maemong a itseng holim'a mehala ea selikalikoe, e ntan'o ba methylated le ho tsoela pele ho sebetsa ho theha caffeine. Lihlopha tse sebetsang tse nkiloeng ka cyanide li ka sebetsa e le litene tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa kaho ea molek'hule e rarahaneng ea caffeine.

Synthesis of Pharmaceutical Intermediates

1. Li-Amino Acids ho Meriana

Li-amino acid ke litšiea tsa motheo tsa ho haha ​​​​lihlahisoa tse ngata tsa meriana. Sodium cyanide e sebelisoa ha ho etsoa li-amino acid tse itseng. Mohlala, ho Strecker synthesis, aldehyde kapa ketone e kopana le ammonia le sodium cyanide ho theha α - amino nitrile. α - amino nitrile joale e ka tšeloa ka hydrolyzed ho theha amino acid e tsamaellanang. Karabelo ena e fana ka mokhoa o feto-fetohang bakeng sa motsoako oa li-amino acid tseo e seng tsa tlhaho le tsa tlhaho tse sebelisoang ntlafatsong ea lithethefatsi, e ka ba metsoako e sebetsang ea meriana (APIs) ka botsona kapa e le lipakeng tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa limolek'hule tse rarahaneng tsa lithethefatsi.

2. Li-Intermediate tsa Lithethefatsi tsa Anticancer

Ho nts'etsopele ea lithethefatsi tse thibelang mofetše, sodium cyanide e ka sebelisoa ha ho etsoa li-intermediate tse itseng. Lithethefatsi tse ling tsa anticancer li na le likarolo tse rarahaneng tsa limolek'hule tse hlokang ho hlahisoa ha lihlopha tsa nitrile maemong a nepahetseng. Sodium cyanide e ka sebelisoa ho hlahisa lihlopha tsena tsa nitrile, tse ka fetoloang ho ea ho lihlopha tse ling tse sebetsang joalo ka li-amide, li-carboxylic acid, kapa li-amine ka liphetoho tsa lik'hemik'hale tse thehiloeng hantle. Lihlopha tsena tse sebetsang li bohlokoa bakeng sa tšebelisano ea moriana le limolek'hule tseo e li shebileng liseleng tsa mofetše, joalo ka li-enzyme kapa li-receptor tse amehang kholong ea lisele le ho ata.

Likopo ho Organic Synthesis

Kenyelletso ea Lihlopha tsa Cyanide

1. Nitrile Synthesis

Sodium cyanide ke reagent e tloaelehileng bakeng sa motsoako oa nitriles. Ka k'hemistri ea lintho tse phelang, ha alkyl halide e sebetsana le sodium cyanide ka har'a motsoako oa polar aprotic joaloka dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) kapa dimethylformamide (DMF), karabelo e latela mokhoa oa ho nkela sebaka sa nucleophilic bimolecular. E le mohlala, ethyl bromide e sebetsana le sodium cyanide ho DMSO ho etsa ethyl cyanide, e tsejoang hape e le propionitrile. Li-nitriles li na le li-intermediate tse fapaneng haholo ho organic synthesis. Li ka fetoloa ho ba li-carboxylic acid ka hydrolysis, tsa fokotsoa ho etsa li-amine tsa mantlha, kapa tsa sebelisoa ha ho etsoa metsoako ea heterocyclic.

2. Monko oa Nitrile Synthesis

Sodium cyanide e ka boela ea sebelisoa ha ho etsoa li-nitrile tse nkhang hamonate. Lits'ebetso lipakeng tsa aryl halides le sodium cyanide li thata haholo ha li bapisoa le tse nang le alkyl halides ka lebaka la ts'ebetso e tlase ea aryl halides. Leha ho le joalo, tlas'a maemo a itseng, a kang ho sebelisa copper catalyst ho se tsejoang e le Rosenmund - von Braun reaction, aryl nitriles e ka hlahisoa. Mohlala, bromobenzene e ka sebetsana le sodium cyanide boteng ba koporo(I) cyanide ho DMF ho etsa benzonitrile.

Motsoako oa Limolek'hule tsa Complex Organic

1. Synthesis ea Heterocyclic Compounds

Hangata sodium cyanide e kenya letsoho tlhahisong ea metsoako ea heterocyclic, e fumanehang haholo lihlahisoa tsa tlhaho, meriana le thepa. Tlhahisong ea pyrimidines, sehlopha sa metsoako ea heterocyclic e nang le mesebetsi ea bohlokoa ea baeloji, sodium cyanide e ka ameha liketsong tse hahang sebopeho sa lesale la pyrimidine. Ts'ebetso e 'ngoe e joalo ke ha 1,3 - dik'haboneMotsoako oa yl o arabela le urea le sodium cyanide tlas'a maemo a mantlha. Sehlopha sa cyanide se kenyelletsoa karolong e bohareng ea karabelo, 'me ka letoto la liketso tsa cyclization le excretion, lesale la pyrimidine lea thehoa.

2. Synthesis ea Sehlahisoa sa Tlhaho - joalo ka limolek'hule

Ka har'a motsoako oa limolek'hule tse rarahaneng tse tšoanang le lihlahisoa tsa tlhaho, sodium cyanide e ka sebelisoa mehatong ea bohlokoa ho hlahisa lihlopha tse sebetsang kapa ho theha carbon - carbon bond. Ka mohlala, ka kakaretso ea li-alkaloid tse ling, sodium cyanide e ka sebelisoa ho hlahisa sehlopha sa nitrile sebakeng se itseng ka har'a molek'hule. Sehlopha sena sa nitrile se ka sebelisoa karabelong e kang ea Grignard - mofuta oa karabelo ho theha li-carbon bond tse ncha kapa ho fetoloa ho ba lihlopha tse ling tse sebetsang, ho lumella mohato ka mohato kaho ea sebopeho se rarahaneng sa sehlahisoa sa tlhaho.

Mehopolo ea Ts'ireletso

Ho lokela ho hopoloa hore sodium cyanide e chefo haholo. E ka lokolla li-ion tsa cyanide ka tharollo, e ka tlamang tšepe(III) ho cytochrome c oxidase liseleng, e thibela ho phefumoloha ha lisele le ho lebisa lefung le potlakileng la lisele. Ka hona, ts'ebelisong efe kapa efe e amang sodium cyanide, ho tlameha ho lateloe liprothokholo tse tiileng tsa polokeho. Sena se kenyelletsa ho tšoara lihokelo tse nang le moea o motle oa mosi, ho roala lisebelisoa tse loketseng tsa ho itšireletsa tse kang liatlana, likhalase le liaparo tse sireletsang, le ho ba le meralo e nepahetseng ea ho arabela maemong a tšohanyetso ha ho ka tšolloa kapa ho pepeseha. Ho feta moo, litšila tse nang le sodium cyanide li tlameha ho tšoaroa hantle ho thibela tšilafalo ea tikoloho.

fihlela qeto e

Sodium cyanide, leha e na le chefo e ngata, ke reagent ea bohlokoa molemong oa ho etsa meriana le organic synthesis. E thusa ho kopanya mefuta e mengata ea lithethefatsi, li-intermediate tsa meriana, le limolek'hule tse rarahaneng tsa lintho tse phelang. Ka ho utloisisa ts'ebeliso ea eona le ho latela mekhoa e tiileng ea ts'ireletso, litsebi tsa k'hemistri li ka tsoela pele ho sebelisa sodium cyanide ho hlahisa lithethefatsi tse ncha, lisebelisoa le lihlahisoa tse ling tsa bohlokoa tsa lik'hemik'hale. Leha ho le joalo, ho ntse ho etsoa boiteko ba ho hlahisa mekhoa e meng, e seng chefo e fokolang bakeng sa karabelo eo hajoale e itšetlehileng ka sodium cyanide ho fokotsa likotsi tse amanang le tsona.