Sodium Cyanide: Kenyelletso ea Thepa ea eona ea Lik'hemik'hale le Mekhoa ea Boiketlo

Sodium cyanide (NaCN) ke motsoako oa bohlokoa haholo oa inorganic o nang le lits'ebetso tse fapaneng ho pholletsa le liindasteri tse fapaneng, empa hape o tsebahala ka chefo ea ona e feteletseng. Ho utloisisa eona Lik'hemik'hale le mekhoa ea ho itšoara ke ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho tšoara ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng, ho sebelisoa ka katleho, le Tšireletso ea tikoloho. Poso ena ea blog e ikemiselitse ho fana ka kakaretso e felletseng ea likarolo tsena.

Lintho tsa Lik'hemik'hale tsa Sodium Cyanide

Sodium cyanide ke 'mala o mosoeu, oa kristale o qhibilihang haholo metsing, o etsa motsoako o matla oa alkaline. Ho qhibiliha ha eona metsing ho bakoa ke sebopeho sa ionic sa motsoako. Boemong bo tiileng, NaCN e na le li-sodium cations (Na⁺) le cyanide anions (CN⁻) tse kopantsoeng hammoho ke li-ionic bond. Ha li qhibiliha ka metsing, li-ion tsena lia arohana, 'me motsoako ona o ka qhibiliha habonolo. Ts'ebetso ea ho qhala e ka emeloa ke equation: NaCN(s) → Na⁺(aq) + CN⁻(aq).

Ho qhibiliha hona ho fa Sodium cyanide motsamao o phahameng libakeng tse metsi, e leng se nang le lits'ebetso tse sebetsang le litlamorao tsa tikoloho. Mohlala, merafong ea khauta, tlhaho ea ho qhibiliha ea NaCN e e nolofalletsa ho theha metsoako e nang le li-ion tsa khauta, e leng se nolofalletsang ho ntšoa ha khauta ho tsoa oreng. Leha ho le joalo, ho boetse ho bolela hore haeba e sa laoloe hantle, Sodium Cyanide e ka silafatsa mehloli ea metsi habonolo.

Ha ho tluoa tabeng ea thepa ea 'mele, sodium cyanide e na le ntlha e phahameng ea ho qhibiliha ea 563.7 °C le ntlha e belang ea 1496 °C. Lintlha tsena tse phahameng tsa ho qhibiliha le ho belisa li khetholloa ke metsoako ea ionic, e hlokang matla a mangata ho roba litlamo tse matla tsa ionic tse tšoereng li-ion hammoho.

Ntho e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa ea lik'hemik'hale ea sodium cyanide ke ho sebetsa ha eona hape le li-acids. Ha sodium cyanide e kopana le asiti, e arabela ka potlako ho etsa hydrogen cyanide (HCN), khase e chefo e matla le e fetohang. Karabelo e nang le asiti e matla, joalo ka hydrochloric acid (HCl), e ka ngoloa joalo ka: NaCN + HCl → NaCl + HCN↑. Boitšoaro bona bo totobatsa kotsi e feteletseng e amanang le sodium cyanide, kaha esita le tekanyo e nyenyane ea asiti e ka etsa hore ho ntšoe khase e bolaeang ea hydrogen cyanide.

Mekhoa ea ho itšoara ka sodium cyanide

E 'ngoe ea mekhoa e tsebahalang haholo ea karabelo e kenyelletsang sodium cyanide ke ts'ebeliso ea eona mekhoeng ea tšepe, haholo ha ho ntšoa litšepe tsa bohlokoa joalo ka khauta le silevera. Mokhoa ona o tsejoa e le cyanidation. Ka pel'a oksijene le metsi, sodium cyanide e kopana le khauta ka har'a ore ho etsa khauta e qhibilihang - cyanide complex. Karabelo e akaretsang bakeng sa ho tsoa ha khauta e ka emeloa joalo ka: 4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH.

Mochine ona o qala ka oxidation ea khauta ka oksijene boteng ba li-ion tsa cyanide. Li-ion tsa cyanide li tlamella ho li-ion tsa khauta tse nang le oxidized, ho etsa mokelikeli o tsitsitseng oa metsi - dicyanoaurate(I) complex [Au(CN)₂]⁻) e tsitsitseng. Karabelo ena e rarahaneng e etsa hore khauta e qhibilihe, e e lumella hore e arohane le matrix a ore. Mehato e latelang e kenyelletsa ho khutlisa khauta ho tsoa tharollong ka mekhoa e fapaneng, joalo ka pula e nang le zinki kapa electrolysis.

Sodium cyanide e boetse e kenya letsoho liketsong tsa ho nkeloa sebaka ke nucleophilic. Anion ea cyanide (CN⁻) ke nucleophile e matla ka lebaka la boteng ba para e le 'ngoe ea lielektrone athomong ea Carbon . Ka mohlala, k'hemistri ea lintho tse phelang, e ka arabela le alkyl halides (R - X, moo X e leng halogen) karabelong e tloaelehileng ea SN₂ (bimolecular nucleophilic substitution). Morero o akaretsang oa karabelo ke: R - X+ NaCN → R - CN + NaX. Karabelong ena, anion ea cyanide e hlasela athomo ea carbon e hokahaneng le halogen ho tloha ka morao, e tlosa athomo ea halogen 'me e theha tlamo e ncha ea carbon-carbon sehlahisoa sa nitrile (R - CN). Karabelo ena e bohlokoa haholo ho etseng metsoako e fapaneng ea lintho tse phelang, ho kenyeletsoa meriana le lik'hemik'hale tse ntle.

Ho feta moo, sodium cyanide e ka kena hydrolysis metsing. Anion ea cyanide e kopana le limolek'hule tsa metsi ho etsa li-ion tsa hydrogen cyanide le hydroxide. Karabelo ea hydrolysis e tjena: CN⁻ + H₂O ⇌ HCN + OH⁻. Boitšoaro bona bo ka khutlisetsoa morao 'me bo susumetsoa ke lintlha tse kang pH. Litharollong tsa mantlha, tekano e fetohela ho li-reactants, e hatella sebopeho sa hydrogen cyanide. Leha ho le joalo, maemong a acidic kapa a sa nke lehlakore, ho thehoa ha HCN ho molemo haholoanyane, e leng hape e hatisang tlhokahalo ea ho laola pH e nepahetseng ha ho sebetsana le litharollo tsa sodium cyanide.

Litlhokomelo tsa Polokeho le Tikoloho

Ka lebaka la tlhaho ea eona e chefo haholo, ho tlameha ho lateloe melaoana e tiileng ea tšireletso ha ho sebetsoa sodium cyanide. Basebetsi ba amehang tlhahisong ea eona, lipalangoang kapa tšebelisong ea eona ba lokela ho ba le lisebelisoa tse loketseng tsa ho itšireletsa (PPE), ho kenyeletsoa liatlana, limaske le liaparo tse sireletsang. Tabeng ea ho qhalana kapa ho lutla, mehato ea hang-hang ea ho thibela le ho fokotsa lintho e bohlokoa. Hangata, sodium cyanide e ka fokotsoa ka ho e sebelisa ka li-oxidizing tse matla, tse kang li-hypochlorite solutions, tse fetolang li-ion tsa cyanide hore e be lihlahisoa tse sa chefo.

Ho latela pono ea tikoloho, ho lokolloa ha sodium cyanide tikolohong ho ka ba le litlamorao tse mpe. Joalokaha ho boletsoe pejana, ho qhibiliha ha eona ka metsing ho e lumella ho silafatsa libaka tsa metsi, e leng ho behang tšokelo bophelong ba lintho tse phelang metsing. Ho feta moo, ho etsoa ha khase ea hydrogen cyanide le hona ho ka ama boleng ba moea sebakeng seo ho tšolohang ho sona. Ka hona, liindasteri tse sebelisang sodium cyanide li hlokoa ho kenya ts'ebetsong tsamaiso e thata ea litšila le mekhoa ea phekolo ho fokotsa tšusumetso ea eona ea tikoloho.

Qetellong, sodium cyanide ke motsoako o nang le lik'hemik'hale tse ikhethang le mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho itšoara. Le ha e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng tsa indasteri, chefo ea eona e feteletseng le likotsi tse ka bang teng tikolohong li hloka ho tšoaroa le taolo e hlokolosi. Patlisiso e tsoelang pele le nts'etsopele ea mekhoa e meng e sireletsehileng le mekhoa e sebetsang hantle ea kalafo bakeng sa litšila tse amanang le sodium cyanide li bohlokoa bakeng sa mekhoa e tsitsitseng ea indasteri.