Ziziphi ukusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide kwimizi-mveliso?

I-Cyanide, ikhompawundi yekhemikhali equlethe iqela le-cyano ene- ICarbon i-atom triple - edibene ne-atom ye-nitrogen, yaziwa kakhulu ngokuba netyhefu ephezulu. Nangona kunjalo, ikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiinkampani ezahlukeneyo ngenxa yeempawu zayo ezikhethekileyo zeekhemikhali.

1. Icandelo lezemigodi

Enye yezona zicelo zibalulekileyo ze benqanda iku- Umzi mveliso, ngakumbi ekukhutshweni kweentsimbi ezixabisekileyo njengegolide nesilivere. Inkqubo ibizwa ngokuba yi-cyanidation okanye i i-cyanide inkqubo.

igolide

kunye ne-ilver ExtractionS

• Ukwenziwa kweOre: Izisombululo zeCyanide zisetyenziselwa ukunyibilikisa igolide kunye nesilivere kwi-ore yombiwa. Igolide, ngokohlobo lwayo lwemveli, inamandla oksijidi aphezulu. Kodwa xa kukho i-cyanide ion (\(CN^-\)), igolide yenza i-ion e-soluble complex. Le ntsebenziswano yeekhemikhali yenza ukuba igolide inyibilike kwisisombululo secyanide, isahlule kwezinye iinxalenye zentsimbi.

• Ngokufanayo kwisilivere, idibana ne-cyanide ngendlela ethelekisekayo ukwenza i-soluble complex, evumela ukuba ikhutshwe kwi-ore matrix.

• Emva kokuba iintsimbi ezixabisekileyo zinyibilike kwisisombululo secyanide, zinokufunyanwa kwakhona ngeendlela ze-electrochemical ezifana ne-electrowinning. Kwi-electrowinning, umbane wombane ugqithiswa kwisisombululo, obangela ukuba i-ion zetsimbi zifakwe kwi-cathode. Enye indlela yimvula, umzekelo, ngokongeza isinyithi esisebenzayo njenge-zinc. I-zinc isusa igolide okanye isilivere kwi-ion eyinkimbinkimbi kwisisombululo, eyenza ukubuyiswa kweentsimbi ezixabisekileyo.

2. Ukwenziwa kweMichiza

Iikhompawundi ze-cyanide zibalulekile phakathi kwimveliso yoluhlu olubanzi lweekhemikhali.

iiplastiki

• I-cyanide derivatives isetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwerabha yokwenziwa kunye neeplastiki. Ngokomzekelo, i-acrylonitrile, equkethe iqela le-cyano, i-monomer ephambili kwimveliso ye-polyacrylonitrile (PAN). I-PAN isetyenziselwa ukwenza iintsinga ze-acrylic, ezisetyenziswa kwishishini lelaphu ukwenza iimpahla, iikhaphethi, kunye ne-upholstery. Ngenkqubo ye-polymerization, i-acrylonitrile molecules zidibanisa ukuze zenze amatyathanga amade e-polyacrylonitrile.

Idayi

• Idayi ezithile ezilukiweyo zenziwa kusetyenziswa imichiza esekwe kwicyanide. I-Cyanide - equlethe i-compounds ingasetyenziselwa ukwazisa amaqela asebenzayo kwiimolekyuli zedayi, ezinokuchaphazela umbala wabo, ukunyibilika, kunye neempawu zokukhawuleza. Ngokomzekelo, ezinye iidayi ezisebenzayo ezinokuthi zenze i-covalent bonds kunye ne-textile fibers ngexesha lokudaya zinokuqulatha amaqela asebenzayo e-cyanide, anegalelo kumandla edayi ukunamathela kunye nombala welaphu ngokufanelekileyo.

Pharmaceuticals

• I-Cyanide idlala indima ekwenzeni amachiza kunye nezithako ezisebenzayo zamachiza (APIs). Nangona ukusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide kwii-pharmaceuticals kulawulwa kakhulu ngenxa yobutyhefu bayo, inokubandakanyeka kwiimpendulo zeekhemikhali ngexesha lokudityaniswa kwee-molecule ze-organic complex. Umzekelo, kwezinye iindlela zokwenziwa ngamanyathelo amaninzi amachiza, icyanide ingasetyenziselwa ukwazisa iqela lecyano kwimolekyuli. Eli qela le-cyano linokuthi ke litshintshwe ngakumbi ngeenkqubo ezifana ne-hydrolysis ukwenza i-carboxylic acids, okanye ukunciphisa ukwenza i-amines, amaqela abalulekileyo asebenzayo kumachiza amaninzi.

3. I-Electroplating kunye ne-Metal Treatment

Izisombululo zeCyanide ziqeshwe ngokubanzi kwiinkqubo ze-electroplating.

Ukwenziwa kwezacholo

• Kwimveliso yezacholo ezikumgangatho ophezulu, izisombululo ze-electroplating esekwe kwicyanide zisetyenziselwa ukufaka iintsimbi ezifana negolide, isilivere, kunye nobhedu kumphezulu. I-Cyanide isebenza njenge-ejenti eyinkimbinkimbi, enceda ekufezekiseni i-coating yentsimbi egudileyo, efanayo, kunye nokubambelelayo. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-electroplating yegolide, igolide - i-cyanide complex kwisisombululo ivumela ulawulo olungcono lwezinga lokubeka kunye nomgangatho womgangatho wegolide kwi-substrate yobucwebe. Ngexesha le-electroplating, igolide-cyanide complex iyahlukana kwi-cathode, kwaye i-ion zegolide ziyancitshiswa ukuze zenze ucwecwe oluncinci, olude lwegolide phezu kobucwebe.

Electronics

• Kwishishini le-elektroniki, i-cyanide-based electroplating isetyenziselwa ukwambathisa amacandelo. Oku kuphucula i-conductivity kunye ne-corrosion resistance ye-electronic parts. Umzekelo, i-copper - cyanide electroplating isetyenziselwa ukufaka umaleko obhityileyo wobhedu kwiibhodi zesekethe eziprintiweyo (PCBs). Umaleko wobhedu ubonelela nge-conductivity elungileyo yombane, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide kwindawo yokuhlambela i-electroplating kunceda ekufumaneni iyunifomu kunye nesiphene - i-copper coating yasimahla, eyimfuneko ekusebenzeni ngokufanelekileyo kwePCB.

4. Ezinye izicelo zoShishino

Metal Ukucima

• Iikhompawundi ze-cyanide zingasetyenziswa kunyango lobushushu lwesinyithi, ngokukodwa kwinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-cyaniding. Kwi-cyaniding, iinxalenye zetsimbi zifudumeza kwindawo yokuhlambela enetyuwa ye-cyanide. Le nkqubo ingenisa i-carbon kunye ne-nitrogen ebusweni bentsimbi, iqinisa. Njengoko i-cyanide ibola kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, i-athomu ye-carbon kunye ne-nitrogen isasazeka kwindawo yentsimbi, yenze iikhompawundi ezinzima ezifana ne-iron nitrides kunye ne-carbides. Ezi khompawundi zonyusa ukuguga kunye nokumelana nokudinwa kwesinyithi, okwenza kube yinto ehlala ixesha elide kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo.

I-Organic Synthesis

• I-cyanide isetyenziselwa ukwazisa iqela lecyano (\(-CN \)) kwiimolekyuli eziphilayo, ukwenza i-organic. iicyanides (ii-nitriles). Ezi nitriles zinokuguqulwa ngakumbi zibe ngamanye amaqela asebenzayo. Ngokomzekelo, i-hydrolysis ye-nitrile phambi kwe-asidi okanye isiseko inokuvelisa i-carboxylic acid. Ukunciphisa i-nitrile kunokukhokelela ekubunjweni kwe-amine. Oku kwenza i-cyanide ibe yibhloko yokwakha exabisekileyo ekudityanisweni kweentlobo ezininzi zezinto eziphilayo, kubandakanywa nezo zisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweziqholo, iziqholo, kunye nezinye iikhemikhali ezikhethekileyo.

Ukuveliswa kweminye imichiza

• I-Cyanide isetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweekhemikhali ezifana ne-cyanuric chloride. I-Cyanuric chloride yindawo ebalulekileyo ephakathi kwimveliso ye-herbicides, i-pesticides, kunye nedayi. Iveliswa yi-trimerization ye-cyanogen chloride, ehlala idityaniswe kwimithombo ye-cyanide. Ngolu tshintsho lweekhemikhali, icyanide inegalelo ekudaleni iikhompawundi eziyimfuneko kumashishini ahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwezolimo ukuya ekudayeni kwempahla.

Ukuqukumbela, ngaphandle kobume bayo obuyityhefu kakhulu, ukuphinda kusebenze kweekhemikhali okukodwa kwecyanide kuyenza ibeyinto ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo ezininzi zemizi-mveliso. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yobutyhefu bayo obugqithisileyo, amanyathelo angqongqo okhuseleko kunye nemimiselo yokusingqongileyo ikhona ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphathwa kwayo ngokufanelekileyo, ukusetyenziswa kunye nokulahlwa kwayo kwiindawo zoshishino.