Zeziphi izinto eziphuma kwiMichiza enokuthi iSodium Cyanide isetyenziswe ukulungisa?

Sodium i-cyanide (I-NaCN) yimathiriyeli ekrwada enetyhefu kakhulu kodwa ibalulekile. Idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekudityanisweni kwezinto ezahlukeneyo Izinto eziphuma kwikhemikhali ngenxa ye-reactivity yeqela le-cyanide (-CN). Nazi ezinye zezinto eziphambili zeekhemikhali ezinokuthi zilungiswe kusetyenziswa Isodium cyanide:

Iinorganic Cyanide Derivatives

1.Ferroiicyanides: Isodium cyanide idibana neetyuwa zentsimbi ukuvelisa iferroIiCyanides. Umzekelo, impendulo ye Isodium cyanide ngeferrous sulfate inokuvelisa i-sodium ferrocyanide (Na₄[Fe(CN)₆]). Le khompawundi isetyenziswa kakhulu kwimveliso yemibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka efana nePrussian blue, kwaye ikwanezicelo kwishishini lokutya njenge-anticaking agent kwityuwa. Ukusabela kweekhemikhali kunokubonakaliswa ngolu hlobo:

6NaCN + FeSO₄ → Na₄[Fe(CN)₆] + Na₂SO₄

2.Cyanide Complexes of Metals: I-sodium cyanide inokwenza ii-complex kunye nee-ion ezininzi zetsimbi. Xa kutsalwa igolide nesilivere, umzekelo, phambi kweoksijini, igolide nesilivere zisabela sodium cyanide ukwenza i-soluble metal cyanide complexes. Kwigolide, impendulo yile ilandelayo:

4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH

Ezi zakhiwo zetsimbi - cyanide ziphinda zicutshungulwe ukuze kufumaneke iintsimbi ezisulungekileyo. Ukongeza kwigolide kunye nesilivere, i-sodium cyanide inokwenza ii-complexes ezineentsimbi ezifana nobhedu, i-zinc, kunye ne-nickel, enezicelo kwi-electroplating nakwamanye amashishini. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-electroplating, i-metal - i-cyanide complexes isetyenziswa njenge-electrolytes ukuqinisekisa ukufakwa okugudileyo kunye nokufana okufanayo kwesinyithi kwi-substrate.

I-Organic Cyanide Derivatives

1.I-Malonic Acid Derivatives: I-sodium cyanide isetyenziswe kwi-synthesis ye-malonic acid derivatives. Inkqubo enye eqhelekileyo kukusabela i-sodium cyanide kunye ne-chloroacetic acid ukwenza i-cyanoacetic acid kuqala. Impendulo ithi:

ClCH₂COOH + NaCN → NCCH₂COOH + NaCl

I-cyanoacetic acid inokuphinda iqiniswe ngakumbi ukuvelisa i-malonic acid esters, efana ne-diethyl malonate. I-Malonic acid derivatives zizinto ezibalulekileyo zokwakha kwi-organic synthesis, ngokukodwa kwi-synthesis of pharmaceuticals, idayi, kunye neencasa. Zihlala zisetyenziswa kwi Knoevenagel condensation kunye nezinye reactions ukwakha iimolekyuli eziphilayo ezinzima ngakumbi.

2.Nitrile Compounds: I-sodium cyanide ingasetyenziselwa ukuguqula i-haloalkanes okanye i-aryl halides ibe yi-nitriles ngokusebenzisa i-nucleophilic substitution reactions. Ngokomzekelo, xa i-bromoethane isabela nge-sodium cyanide, ipropionitrile yenziwa:

CH₃CH₂Br + NaCN → CH₃CH₂CN + NaBr

I-Nitriles zikhompawundi eziguquguqukayo. Ziyakwazi i-hydrolyzed ukwenza i-carboxylic acids, iyancipha ibe yi-amines, okanye isetyenziswe kwi-synthesis ye-heterocyclic compounds. Kwishishini lamachiza, amachiza amaninzi aqukethe amaqela asebenzayo e-nitrile, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide kwi-synthesis ye-nitriles kunika indlela ebalulekileyo yokulungiswa kwezi ziyobisi.

3.Cyanohydrins: I-Aldehydes kunye ne-ketones inokusabela nge-sodium cyanide phambi kwe-acid catalyst ukwenza i-cyanohydrins. Umzekelo, ukusabela kwe-acetone nge-sodium cyanide:

(CH₃)₂CO + NaCN + H⁺ → (CH₃)₂C(OH)CN + Na⁺

IiCyanohydrins ziluncedo phakathi kwi-organic synthesis. Zinokuguqulwa ngakumbi zibe ngamaqela ahlukeneyo asebenzayo, afana ne-carboxylic acids, i-amines, kunye ne-alcohol, ngokuphendula kweekhemikhali ezifanelekileyo. Kwi-synthesis yezinye iimveliso zendalo kunye namayeza, i-cyanohydrins idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwakheni i-carbon - skeleton kunye nokwazisa amaqela asebenzayo.

4.Ii-Triazine Derivatives: Kwimveliso yeengqungquthela ezifana ne-melamine, i-sodium cyanide inokubandakanyeka kwinethiwekhi yokusabela. Nangona ukusabela ngokuthe ngqo kunokuba nzima kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo kubandakanya amanyathelo amaninzi, iqela le-cyanide elivela kwi-sodium cyanide linegalelo ekubunjweni kwesakhiwo sendandatho ye-triazine. I-Melamine isetyenziswa kakhulu kwimveliso yeplastiki, izinto zokuncamathelisa kunye nezaleko. Omnye umzekelo yi-synthesis ye-cyanuric chloride (i-trichlorotriazine), eyona nto ibalulekileyo ephakathi kwimveliso ye-herbicides, i-pesticides, kunye nedayi ezisebenzayo. Ukwenziwa kwe-cyanuric chloride esuka kwi-sodium cyanide ibandakanya uthotho lweentshukumo eziquka ukukhanjiswa kwe-cyanide -izinto ezandulelayo ezinxulumene ne-cyanide.

5.Amino Acids kunye nezinto eziphuma kuzo: Kwezinye iindlela zokwenziwa kwee-amino acids, i-sodium cyanide ingasetyenziswa. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-Strecker synthesis ye-amino acids, i-aldehyde okanye i-ketone isabela nge-ammonia kunye ne-sodium cyanide ukuze yenze i-aminonitrile ephakathi, ethi ke i-hydrolyzed ukuya kwi-amino acid ehambelanayo. Ukuqala nge-aldehyde RCHO, iimpendulo zimi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

RCHO + NH₃ + NaCN → RCH(NH₂)CN + NaOH

RCH(NH₂)CN + 2H₂O + H⁺ → RCH(NH₃⁺)COOH + Cl⁻

Ii-amino acids ziibhloko zokwakha zeeprotheyini kwaye zisebenza ngokubanzi kumashishini okutya, amayeza, kunye nezokuthambisa.

Kufuneka kugxininiswe ukuba ngenxa yetyhefu ephezulu ye-sodium cyanide, amanyathelo okhuseleko angqongqo kunye neenkqubo zokuphatha kufuneka zilandelwe ngexesha lokusetyenziswa kwayo ekulungiseleleni ezi mveliso zemichiza ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi kunye nokusingqongileyo.