Usetyenziso lwezoShishino lweSodium Cyanide: Iindima ezininzi ukusuka kwiMigodi ukuya kwiMichiza yeSinthesi

I-sodium cyanide, ikhemikhali evakala ngathi yoyikisa, idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu neyahlukileyo kwishishini lemizi-mveliso. Ikhona ngokubanzi kumashishini amaninzi, ukusuka Imigodi ukuba Imichiza yokuHlanganisa, kwaye inempembelelo enkulu kuphuhliso lweshishini langoku.

Ukutsalwa kweGolide kwiMigodi

Kwishishini lezimayini, eyona nto yaziwayo ukusetyenziswa Isodium cyanide ikhona Ukutsalwa kwegolide. Igolide ihlala ikhona ngohlobo lwamasuntswana acoleke kakhulu asasazwe kwi-ores kwaye kunzima ukuwahlula ngokuthe ngqo. Isodium cyanide inokusabela kwikhemikhali ngegolide ukwenza amanzi - igolide enyibilikayo - icyanide complexes. Inkqubo ethile yile ilandelayo: emva kokuba igolide - equlethe i-ore ithatha unyango lwangaphambili olufana nokutyumza kunye nokugaya, ixutywe nesisombululo esine-sodium cyanide, kunye nomoya ungeniswa. Ngaphantsi kweemeko ze-alkaline, i-cyanide ion (CN⁻) kwi-sodium cyanide iphendula ngegolide ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: 4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O = 4Na[Au(CN)₂] +4NaOH. Igolide eveliswayo - i-cyanide complex ingancitshiswa kwisisombululo ngokusebenzisa uchungechunge lweenkqubo ezilandelayo, ezifana nokufuduka kunye ne-zinc powder, ukufezekisa ukuhlukana kwegolide kwezinye izinto ezingcolileyo. Le ndlela iphucule kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kokumbiwa kwegolide, oko kwenze ukuba kube nokwenzeka ukombiwa kwemigodi yegolide yomgangatho ophantsi ebekunzima kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa ekuqaleni, ibeka isiseko esiluqilima sophuhliso lweshishini legolide kwihlabathi. Kweminye imigodi emikhulu yegolide, isixa esikhulu sesodium cyanide sisenokusetyenziswa yonke imihla ukuze kusetyenzwe amashumi amawaka eetoni zentsimbi ekrwada, ngokuqhubekayo kusenziwa igolide exabisekileyo.

IMathiriyeli ekrwada yokuDityaniswa kwemichiza

Kwintsimi ye-organic chemical synthesis, i-sodium cyanide yinto ebaluleke kakhulu ekrwada. Ihlala isetyenziselwa ukwazisa iqela elisebenzayo lecyano (-CN), enentsingiselo enkulu I-Organic Synthesis kwaye inokuguqulwa ibe ngamaqela ahlukeneyo asebenzayo ngokuphendula kweekhemikhali ezilandelayo, njengeqela le-carboxyl (-COOH) kunye neqela le-amino (-NH₂). Ngokomzekelo, xa i-halogenated hydrocarbon isabela kunye ne-sodium cyanide kwi-nucleophilic substitution reaction, i-athomu ye-halogen ithathelwa indawo yeqela le-cyano ukwenza i-nitrile compound. Ukuthatha impendulo ye-ethyl bromide kunye ne-sodium cyanide njengomzekelo: C₂H₅Br + NaCN → C₂H₅CN + NaBr. Ipropionitrile eyenziwayo inokuphinda ifakwe i-hydrolyzed ukufumana i-propionic acid okanye iyancipha ukufumana ipropylamine. Le ndlela yokwazisa iqela le-cyano ngokusebenzisa i-sodium cyanide kwaye emva koko ukuguqula iqela elisebenzayo libonelela ngendlela ebalulekileyo yolwahlulo lwezakhiwo ze-organic compounds kwaye lusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumashishini afana ne-drug synthesis kunye ne-dayi synthesis. Iindlela zokudityaniswa kwamachiza amaninzi aqhelekileyo zibandakanya i-sodium cyanide, kwaye ifana nesitshixo "ibhloko yesakhiwo" sokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo seemolekyuli eziphilayo.

Ishishini leMichiza elungileyo

Kwimveliso yeekhemikhali ezintle, i-sodium cyanide nayo idlala indima ebalulekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, kwimveliso yeeplastiki ezithile zobunjineli obuphezulu kunye nezongezo zerabha, iimpendulo ezibandakanya i-sodium cyanide zinokunika iimveliso ezineempawu ezizodwa. Kwi-synthesis ye-polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-plexiglass), i-intermediate synthesized kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwe-sodium cyanide isetyenziswa. Ngokusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali ezithile, i-cyano-equlethe ikhompawundi iguqulwa ibe yi-monomer enesakhiwo esithile kunye neempawu, kwaye emva koko i-polymerized ukufumana imathiriyeli ye-PMMA kunye nokusebenza okugqwesileyo. Esi sixhobo sisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwintsimi ye-optical, i-architectural decoration, njl. Ukongeza, kwimveliso yezinye ii-accelerators ze-vulcanization ze-rubber yokusebenza ephezulu, i-sodium cyanide nayo iyinto ebalulekileyo ekrwada. Inokukhuthaza inkqubo ye-vulcanization yerabha kunye nokuphucula amandla, ukuxhathisa ukunxiba kunye nezinye iipropathi zeemveliso zerabha, ivumela iimveliso zerabha ukuba zifezekise ngcono iimfuno ezahlukeneyo zeemeko zokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu njengamatayara emoto kunye namabhanti okuhambisa amashishini.

Izicelo kuShishino lwe-Electroplating

The Ishishini le-Electroplating yenye intsimi ebalulekileyo yesicelo se-sodium cyanide. Kwinkqubo ye-electroplating, kuyimfuneko ukudibanisa ngokulinganayo umaleko wesinye isinyithi kumphezulu wesinyithi ukuphucula ukuxhathisa kwe-corrosion, ukuhlobisa kunye nezinye iimpawu zetsimbi. I-sodium cyanide inemisebenzi emininzi kwisisombululo se-electroplating. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inokwenza ii-complexes ezizinzileyo kunye ne-ion zetsimbi kwisisombululo se-plating, ilawula izinga lokubekwa kwee-ion zetsimbi kumphezulu we-cathode, ukwenzela ukuba iingubo zifane kwaye zihle. Ngokomzekelo, kwinkqubo yobhedu yobhedu, i-sodium cyanide yenza ii-ion eziyinkimbinkimbi ezifana ne- [Cu (CN) ₂]⁻ kunye nee-ion zethusi. Xa ezi ion ezintsonkothileyo ziphuma kwi-cathode, ii-athomu zobhedu zinokufakwa ngokulinganayo kumphezulu wento eza kucandwa, ifumane i-copper egudileyo nexineneyo. Kwelinye icala, i-sodium cyanide inokuphucula ukuhanjiswa kombane kwesisombululo sokucoca kunye nokukwazi ukusasazeka kwesisombululo sokucoca, okwenza ukuba izinto ezintsonkothileyo ezimiliselweyo zikwazi ukufumana isiphumo esihle sokugquma. Nangona ngenxa yetyhefu ye-sodium cyanide, iinkqubo ze-cyanide-free electroplating ziye zaphuhliswa kule minyaka yamva nje, kwezinye iindawo ezineemfuno eziphezulu kakhulu zomgangatho wokugquma, ezinje nge-electroplating ye-electronic components kunye ne-aerospace, i-cyanide-equlethe inkqubo ye-electroplating isathatha isabelo esithile semarike ngenxa yeenzuzo zayo ezizodwa, kunye ne-sodium cyanide isadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-electroplating.

Ezinye ii-Aplikheshini zoShishino

Ukongeza kule mimandla ikhankanywe ngasentla, i-sodium cyanide isetyenziswa nakwezinye iinkqubo zoshishino. Kwi Unyango lobushushu besinyithi ishishini, sodium cyanide ingasetyenziselwa unyango cyaniding yentsimbi. Ngokufudumeza intsimbi kwindawo equlethe i-sodium cyanide kunye neminye imithombo yeendaba, i-nitrogen kunye nekhabhoni zingeniswa ngaxeshanye kumphezulu wentsimbi ukuze zenze umaleko we-cyanide ngobunzima obuphezulu, ukumelana nokunxiba okuphezulu kunye neempawu ezintle zokulwa nokuhlutha, ukuphucula ukusebenza okubanzi komphezulu wentsimbi. Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kunyango lwamacandelo aphambili kwimimandla yokwenziwa koomatshini kunye neenxalenye zeemoto. Kwezinye iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo ze-metallurgical, i-sodium cyanide ingasetyenziselwa ukwahlula kunye nokuhlambulula izinyithi ezithile ezinqabileyo. Ngokwenza ii-complexes ezithile ngeentsimbi ezinqabileyo, ukuhlukana kweentsimbi ezinqabileyo kwezinye izinto ezingcolileyo kufezekiswa, ukubonelela ngamathuba okusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kweentsimbi ezinqabileyo.

Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka siqonde ngokucacileyo ukuba i-sodium cyanide inetyhefu kakhulu kwaye ibeka isoyikiso esikhulu kwindalo kunye nempilo yabantu. Ngexesha lokuveliswa kwayo, ukugcinwa, ukuthutha kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo, imimiselo yokhuseleko olufanelekileyo kunye neemfuno zokusingqongileyo kufuneka zilandelwe ngokungqongqo, kwaye amanyathelo okukhusela afanelekileyo kunye neendlela zonyango lwenkunkuma kufuneka zamkelwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba iingozi zayo ezinokuthi zilawuleke ngokufanelekileyo. Nangona i-sodium cyanide idlala indima ebalulekileyo kushishino, kunye nenkqubela phambili eqhubekayo yesayensi kunye nethekhnoloji, abantu baphonononga ngenkuthalo ezinye iindlela ezikhuselekileyo nezinobuhlobo bokusingqongileyo ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kule nto inetyhefu kakhulu. Kodwa okwangoku, ngenxa yeepropathi zayo ezizodwa zeekhemikhali, i-sodium cyanide isabambelele ngokuqinileyo kwiindima eziphambili ezingenakuthathelwa indawo kwiindawo ezininzi zemizi-mveliso, ukusuka kwimigodi ukuya kwi-chemical synthesis, ngokuqhubekayo ikhuthaza uphuhliso lweshishini langoku.