Iindlela zokunyanga i-cyanide tailings kunye ne-hypochlorite

intshayelelo

I-Cyanide isetyenziswa kakhulu kwishishini lemigodi, ngakumbi kwiinkqubo zokutsalwa kwegolide kunye nesilivere ngenxa yokukwazi ukwenza ii-complexes ezizinzileyo ngezi zinyithi zixabisekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ubukho be i-cyanide kwimisila ibeka imingcipheko ebalulekileyo yokusingqongileyo kunye nempilo. I-Cyanide inetyhefu kakhulu kubomi basemanzini, kwizityalo nakwizilwanyana, kwaye inokungcolisa imithombo yamanzi ukuba ayiphathwanga kakuhle. Ngenxa yoko, iindlela ezisebenzayo zokukhupha i-cyanide kwimisila zibaluleke kakhulu. Enye indlela enjalo kukusetyenziswa kwe ihypochlorite, ebonise isithembiso ekutshabalaliseni i-cyanide compounds kunye nokunciphisa ubuthi babo.

Ukuqonda iCyanide kwiTailings

Imithombo yeCyanide kwiMisebenzi yeMigodi

Kwishishini lemigodi, i-cyanide isetyenziswa ngokuyintloko kwinkqubo ye-cyanidation, eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yokukhupha igolide kunye nesilivere kwi-ores yabo. Inkqubo ibandakanya ukuchithwa kwegolide kunye nesilivere kwisisombululo se-cyanide, ukwenza i-soluble metal-cyanide complexes. Emva kwenkqubo yokukhutshwa, i-tailings eseleyo iqulethe i-cyanide eseleyo, enokuthi ibe yi-cyanide yamahhala (CN-), i-cyanide edibeneyo (umzekelo, ii-metal-cyanide complexes ezifana ne-Cu (CN) 32-), okanye i-cyanide eboshiweyo engenamandla. Ukuxinwa kwe-cyanide kwii-tailings kunokwahluka ngokubanzi kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezifana nohlobo lwe-ore, iindlela zokumbiwa kunye neendlela zokukhupha ezisetyenzisiweyo, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo yokubuyisela i-cyanide.

Imingcipheko yokuSingqongileyo kunye neMpilo yeCyanide kwiTailings

I-Cyanide yinto enetyhefu kakhulu enokuthi ibe neempembelelo ezimbi kwindalo kunye nempilo yabantu. Kwimekobume, icyanide inokuba yityhefu kwizinto eziphilayo zasemanzini nakwizinga eliphantsi kakhulu. Inokuthintela ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo kweeseli ngokuphazamisa i-enzyme yokuphefumula i-cytochrome oxidase, ekhokelela ekuswelekeni kwe-oksijini kwaye ekugqibeleni ukufa. Ukongeza, icyanide inokusabelana nezinye izinto ezikwimo engqongileyo zenze iikhompawundi ezinetyhefu ngakumbi, njengegesi yehydrogen cyanide, eyingozi kakhulu kwimpilo yabantu.

Kubantu, ukuvezwa kwe-cyanide kunokwenzeka ngokuphefumla, ukungeniswa, okanye ukunxibelelana kwesikhumba. Ukubonakaliswa okubukhali kumanqanaba aphezulu e-cyanide kunokubangela iimpawu ezinjengentloko, isiyezi, isicaphucaphu, ukuhlanza, ukuphefumla ngokukhawuleza, kwaye kwiimeko ezinzima, kunokukhokelela kwi-coma kunye nokufa. Ukubonakaliswa okungapheliyo kumanqanaba aphantsi e-cyanide kunokuba nemiphumo yempilo yexesha elide, kubandakanywa umonakalo kwinkqubo ye-nervous, i-thyroid gland, kunye nenkqubo yokuzala.

IHypochlorite: Isitshabalalisi seCyanide esisebenzayo

Iintlobo zeHypochlorite ezisetyenziswa kuNyango lweCyanide

IHypochlorite yikhompawundi yemichiza equlethe iClo- ion. Kunyango lwe iintsila zecyanide, iintlobo ezimbini eziqhelekileyo ze-hypochlorite zisetyenziswa: i-sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) kunye ne-calcium hypochlorite (Ca (ClO) 2). I-sodium hypochlorite lulwelo oluluhlaza-bumthubi oluluthuthu nekulula ukuluphatha nokugcina. Ihlala isetyenziswa kwizicelo zamashishini ngenxa yokunyibilika kwayo okuphezulu kunye nokulula kwedosi. I-calcium hypochlorite, ngakolunye uhlangothi, iqinile emhlophe ezinzileyo kune-sodium hypochlorite kwaye ingasetyenziselwa kwiimeko apho kufuneka umthombo ogxininisiweyo we-hypochlorite.

Indlela yokusabela yeHypochlorite eneCyanide

Ukusabela phakathi kwe-hypochlorite kunye ne-cyanide kwenzeka kuluhlu lwamanyathelo. Kwinqanaba lokuqala, i-hypochlorite i-oxidizes cyanide kwi-cyanate (CNO-). Impendulo inokubonakaliswa yile nxaki ilandelayo:

CN- + ClO- → CNO- + Cl-

Le mpendulo ikhawuleza kwaye yenzeka phantsi kweemeko ze-alkaline. I-cyanate eyenziwe kweli nyathelo ayinabungozi kangako kune-cyanide, kodwa isenokongezwa ngakumbi. Kwinyathelo lesibini, i-cyanate iyafakwa kwi-hydrolyzed kwaye ifakwa kwi-oxidized ukuze yenziwe. ICarbon i-dioxide (CO2), igesi ye-nitrogen (N2), kunye nee-ion ze-chloride (Cl-). Impendulo iyonke ingamelwa ngolu hlobo:

2CNO- + 3ClO- + H2O → 2CO2 + N2 + 3Cl- + 2OH-

I-oxidation epheleleyo ye-cyanide kwiimveliso ezingenayo ityhefu ibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukhuseleko lweentsila eziphathwayo kunye nokuthintela ukungcoliseka kwendalo.

Inkqubo yoNyango lweHypochlorite yeCyanide Tailings

Unyango lwangaphambili lweentsila

Ngaphambi kwenkqubo yonyango ye-hypochlorite, i-cyanide tailings ihlala ifuna ukunyangwa kwangaphambili ukulungelelanisa iimpawu zabo zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali. Oku kunokubandakanya amanyathelo anjengokuqina kokunciphisa umthamo we-tailings slurry, ukulungiswa kwe-pH ukudala iimeko ezifanelekileyo ze-alkaline zokusabela nge-hypochlorite, kunye nokususwa kwanoma yiyiphi i-particle eqinile okanye ukungcola okunokuphazamisa inkqubo yonyango.

Ukongezwa kweHypochlorite

Emva kokuba i-tailings ifakwe ngaphambili, i-hypochlorite yongezwa kwi-tailings slurry. Ubungakanani be-hypochlorite obufunekayo buxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi, kubandakanywa ukuxinwa kokuqala kwe-cyanide kwi-tailings, uhlobo lwe-hypochlorite esetyenzisiweyo, kunye nenqanaba elifunwayo lokutshatyalaliswa kwe-cyanide. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukugqithisa kwe-hypochlorite yongezwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe i-oxidation epheleleyo ye-cyanide. I-hypochlorite inokongezwa ngendlela yesisombululo okanye eqinile, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwe-hypochlorite kunye nenkqubo yonyango.

Iimeko zokusabela kunye nokubeka iliso

Ukusabela phakathi kwe-hypochlorite kunye ne-cyanide kwenzeka phantsi kweemeko zealkaline, ngokuqhelekileyo kuluhlu lwe-pH lwe-10 - 12. Ubushushu bokusabela bunokuchaphazela izinga lokusabela, kunye namaqondo obushushu aphezulu akhokelela kwiimpendulo ezikhawulezayo. Nangona kunjalo, kwizicelo ezininzi zamashishini, ukusabela kuqhutyelwa kwiqondo lokushisa elisezantsi ukunciphisa iindleko zamandla.

Ngexesha lenkqubo yokonyango, kubalulekile ukubeka iliso kwi-cyanide, i-hypochlorite, kunye nezinye iiparitha ezifana ne-pH kunye nobushushu. Oku kunokwenziwa kusetyenziswa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuhlalutya, ezifana ne-titration, i-spectrophotometry, okanye i-ion-selective electrode. Ukubeka iliso kuvumela ukulungiswa kwenkqubo yokonyango ukuqinisekisa ukuba inqanaba elifunwayo lokutshatyalaliswa kwe-cyanide liphunyeziwe kwaye inkqubo yonyango isebenza ngokufanelekileyo.

Emva konyango kunye nokulahlwa

Emva kokuba ukusabela kugqityiwe kwaye i-cyanide itshatyalaliswe ngokufanelekileyo, iintsila eziphathwayo zinokuphinda ziqhubele phambili amanyathelo emva konyango. Oku kunokubandakanya ukungathathi hlangothi kwe-pH ukuya kwinqanaba elamkelekileyo ngokusingqongileyo, ukususwa kwazo naziphi na iziqina eziseleyo okanye imvula, kunye nohlalutyo lokugqibela lokuqinisekisa ukuba i-cyanide concentration kwi-tailings ihlangabezana neemfuno zokulawula. Nje ukuba iintsila ezicociweyo zifikelele kwiindlela zokulahla, zinokulahlwa ngokukhuselekileyo ngendlela efanelekileyo, njengendawo yokulahla inkunkuma okanye ukubanjwa kweentsalela zezimbiwa.

Izinto ezilungileyo zoNyango lweHypochlorite

Ukusebenza okuphezulu kwiCyanide Ukutshatyalaliswa

Unyango lwe-Hypochlorite lubonakaliswe ukuba lusebenza kakhulu ekutshabalaliseni i-cyanide kwi-tailings. Ngaphantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo, inokufikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu le-cyanide oxidation, ukunciphisa ukugxininiswa kwe-cyanide kumanqanaba adibanayo okanye agqithise iimfuno zokulawula. Olu buchule luphezulu lubangelwa amandla anamandla e-oxidizing ye-hypochlorite, evumela ukuba iphendule ngokukhawuleza nge-cyanide kwaye iguqule kwiimveliso ezingenayo inetyhefu.

Ukusebenza kweendleko

Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela zoku unyango lwecyanide, njenge-electrochemical oxidation okanye unyango lwe-ozone, unyango lwe-hypochlorite lunokuthi lube neendleko ezifanelekileyo. Iindleko ze-hypochlorite ziphantsi ngokubanzi kunezinye i-oxidizing agents, kwaye izixhobo kunye neemfuno zenkqubo yonyango lwe-hypochlorite zilula. Ukongeza, ukusabela kunokwenziwa kwiqondo lokushisa kunye noxinzelelo, ukunciphisa iindleko zamandla. Nangona kunjalo, iindleko zangempela zenkqubo yokonyango zinokuhluka ngokuxhomekeka kwizinto ezifana nomlinganiselo wokusebenza, ukufumaneka kwe-hypochlorite, kunye neendleko zokuthutha kunye nokulahlwa kwee-tailings eziphathwayo.

Ukulula kokuPhatha kunye noGcino

I-sodium hypochlorite, ngokukodwa, kulula ukuyiphatha kunye nokugcina. Lulwelo olunokumpontshwa ngokulula kwaye lugalelwe kwi-tailings slurry. I-calcium hypochlorite, nangona iqinile, inokugcinwa kwaye iphathwe ngokhuseleko olufanelekileyo. Zombini iintlobo ze-hypochlorite zizinzile phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo zokugcina, okwenza ukuba zilungele ukusetyenziswa kwimisebenzi yemigodi apho ukugcinwa kwexesha elide kunye nokufumaneka okuthembekileyo kubalulekile.

Imingeni kunye neNgqwalasela

Iimpendulo ezinokwenzeka zecala

Nangona unyango lwe-hypochlorite lusebenza ngokutshabalalisa i-cyanide, kunokubakho iimpendulo ezinokuthi zenzeke. Ngokomzekelo, i-hypochlorite inokusabela kunye nezinye izinto ezikhoyo kwii-tailings, ezifana ne-sulfides, i-thiosulfates, kunye ne-organic matter. Ezi mpendulo zecala zingadla i-hypochlorite kwaye zinciphise ukusebenza kwayo ekutshatyalalisweni kwe-cyanide. Ukongeza, ezinye zeempendulo ezisecaleni zinokuvelisa iimveliso ezinokuthi zibe nefuthe lokusingqongileyo okanye impilo. Ngokomzekelo, ukusabela kwe-hypochlorite nge-sulfides kunokuvelisa igesi yesulfure dioxide, engcolisa. Ukunciphisa ezi mpendulo zecala, kubalulekile ukubonakalisa ngokucophelela i-tailings kunye nokwandisa iiparameters zenkqubo yonyango.

Impembelelo kwiiPropati zeeNsimbiwa

Ukongezwa kwe-hypochlorite kwi-tailings nako kunokuba nefuthe kwizinto ezibonakalayo kunye neekhemikhali ze-tailings. Ngokomzekelo, inkqubo ye-oxidation ingabangela utshintsho kwintlawulo yomhlaba yeengqungquthela ze-tailings, ezinokuchaphazela ukuziphatha kwazo kokumisa kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweenkqubo zokuhlukana okuqinileyo kolwelo. Ukongezelela, ubukho be-hypochlorite eshiyekileyo okanye iimveliso zayo zokusabela kwiintsila eziphathwayo zinokuba neempembelelo zokuzinza kwexesha elide kunye nefuthe lokusingqongileyo kwee-tailings. Ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuqwalasela le miba xa uyila kunye nokuphumeza inkqubo yonyango ye-hypochlorite.

Imiba yoLawulo noKhuseleko

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-hypochlorite kunyango lwe-cyanide tailings kuxhomekeke kwiimfuno ezingqongqo zokulawula. Imigodi kufuneka iqinisekise ukuba inkqubo yonyango ihlangabezana nayo yonke imimiselo efanelekileyo yokusingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko. Oku kubandakanya iimfuno zokugcina, ukuphatha, kunye nokulahlwa kwe-hypochlorite, kunye nokubeka iliso kunye nokunika ingxelo ye-cyanide kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolileyo kwi-tailings ephathwayo. Ukongezelela, i-hypochlorite i-agent eqinile ye-oxidizing kwaye inokubeka imingcipheko yokhuseleko xa ingaphathwa kakuhle. Kubalulekile ukubonelela ngoqeqesho olufanelekileyo kubaqhubi kunye nokuphumeza amanyathelo afanelekileyo okhuseleko, njengokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokukhusela zomntu kunye nokufakwa kwezixhobo zokukhusela kwindawo yonyango.

isiphelo

Unyango lwe-Hypochlorite yindlela esebenzayo kunye nesebenzayo yokutshabalalisa i-cyanide kwi-tailings. Inika iingenelo ezininzi, kubandakanya ukusebenza kakuhle okuphezulu ekutshatyalalisweni kwecyanide, ukusebenza kakuhle kweendleko, kunye nokulula kokuphatha kunye nokugcinwa. Ngokusebenzisa izifundo, siye sabona ukuba imisebenzi emininzi yemigodi iphumeze ngempumelelo iinkqubo zonyango ze-hypochlorite ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabo zokuthotyelwa kokusingqongileyo kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kwazo zonke.

Nangona kunjalo, njengayo nayiphi na indlela yonyango, unyango lwe-hypochlorite lukwanayo nemingeni kunye nokuqwalaselwa. Ukuchaphazeleka okunokwenzeka kwecala, iimpembelelo kwiipropati zeentsalela zezimbiwa, kunye nemiba yolawulo nokhuseleko kufuneka iqwalaselwe ngononophelo. Ngokuqonda ezi zinto kunye nokuphucula inkqubo yonyango, imigodi inokuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa okukhuselekileyo kunye nokusebenzayo kwe-hypochlorite kunyango lwe-cyanide tailings.

Njengoko ishishini lezimayini liqhubeka nokujongana nokunyuka kokuqwalaselwa kokusingqongileyo, uphuhliso kunye nokuphunyezwa kweendlela ezizinzileyo kunye ezisebenzayo zonyango lwe-cyanide, ezifana nonyango lwe-hypochlorite, luya kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekunciphiseni impembelelo yokusingqongileyo yemisebenzi yemigodi kunye nokukhusela impilo yabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo.