Uphononongo loMfuniselo kwiiNdlela zoNyango lweCyanide-Ulwelo oluMbi kuMgodi weGolide

intshayelelo

Kwishishini lemigodi yegolide, unyango lwe- cyanide -poor liquid lubaluleke kakhulu. Ulwelo olungena-cyanide, olufana nesisombululo emva kokukhutshwa kwegolide kwinkqubo ye-cyanidation, luqulethe izinto ezahlukeneyo ezingcolisayo, ngakumbi iikhompawundi ze-cyanide, ezinokubangela ungcoliseko olukhulu lokusingqongileyo ukuba aziphathwanga kakuhle. Ke ngoko, ukuphuhlisa iindlela zonyango ezisebenzayo nezingabizi kakhulu zolwelo olungena-cyanide ngumsebenzi ongxamisekileyo. Le posi yebhlog igxile kuphononongo lovavanyo lweendlela zonyango lwe-cyanide-poor liquid kwimigodi ethile yeGolide , ijolise ekuboneleleni ngemibono exabisekileyo kunye neereferensi kushishino.

Amagqabantshintshi eNdlela zokuNyangwa kolwelwe ngeCyanide-Poor

Ngokubanzi, iindlela zonyango lwe-cyanide-imbi kakhulu ulwelo zinokwahlulwa ngokweendidi ezimbini: iindlela zokucoca kunye neendlela zokubuyisela (ukuvuselela).

Iindlela zokucoca

1.I-Alkali-Chlorine Oxidation Method

• Le yindlela evuthiweyo yokutshabalalisa i-cyanides emanzini amdaka kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu kwizityalo zokufaka i-electroplating, kwizityalo zokupheka, nakwizityalo zokunyibilikisa igolide. Phantsi kwesimo se-pH 11 - 12. I-Cyanides kunye nee-ion ze-metal complex kwi-wastewater ezine-cyanide ziyanyibilikiswa zibe yi-cyanates, kwaye emva koko i-chlorine yongezwa okwesibini ukuze inyibilikise ibe yi -Carbon dioxide, i-nitrogen, njl.njl.

• Iingenelo : Le nkqubo ivuthiwe, inemiphumo emihle yonyango kunye nokusetyenziswa okubanzi. Inkqubo yonyango ingenziwa ngokuzenzekelayo ngokulula.

• Iingxaki : IiCyanides azinakuphinda zisetyenziswe, iindleko zonyango ziphezulu, kwaye azinakususa ii-iron-cyanide complexes. Kukwakho nengxaki yongcoliseko lwesibini.

2.I-Sulfur Dioxide - Indlela ye-Air Oxidation

• Kwi-container edibeneyo, i-liquid inkunkuma yongezwa, kwaye umoya kunye ne-SO₂ (ulwelo okanye igesi, okanye isisombululo se-sulfite, okanye esifunyenwe ngokutshisa i-sulfure elemental) zingeniswa. I-pH ilawulwa kwi-7 - 10. kwaye i-lime isetyenziselwa ukumisa i-asidi eveliswa ngexesha le-oxidation reaction. Ukusabela kufuna ubukho bobhedu olunyibilikayo (njenge-catalyst).

• Indlela ye-Inco - SO₂/i-oxidation yomoya inokubola zonke ii-cyanides, kubandakanywa ne-iron-cyanides, kunye ne-iron-cyanides zinokugqithiswa kwaye zisuswe ngokusebenzisa ezinye ii-reagents ezikhuselekileyo nezingabizi.

3.I-Hydrogen Peroxide Indlela

• Le nkqubo ifanelekile ukunyanga amanzi amdaka ane-cyanide ephantsi. Ihydrogen peroxide inokonakalisa icyanide kwimisila ibe buthathaka kwaye ngokulula i-hydrolyzed cyanic acid (HCNO), ethi emva koko isuswe yioxidation eyongezelelweyo kunye nehydrolysis.

4.I-Ozone Oxidation Indlela

• I-ozone yinto eyomeleleyo ye-oxidizing. Xa isetyenziselwa ukunyanga amanzi amdaka ane-cyanide, iphelele ngakumbi kunendlela ye-alkali-chlorine oxidation, eneziphumo ezingcono zokususa i-cyanide. Emva kwe-ozonation, i-oksijini enyibilikisiweyo kwisisombululo samanzi amdaka iyanda, enokuthi ibuyiselwe kwinkqubo ye-cyanidation ukuze iphinde isetyenziswe, iququzelele ukuchithwa kwegolide kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwegolide.

• Iingenelo : Lo msebenzi ulula kwaye ulula, kulula ukuwulawula, kwaye umgangatho wokwenziwa kwe-automation uphezulu. I-ozone ingaveliswa kwindawo, nto leyo ebaluleke kakhulu kwizityalo ze-cyanidation ezineendlela zokuthutha ezingalunganga kodwa umbane owaneleyo. Ukusebenza kakuhle kokucocwa kuphezulu, kwaye akukho ngcoliseko lwesibini oluveliswayo.

• Iingxaki : Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ukuvelisa i-ozone kukhulu, kwaye iindleko zokuvelisa ziphezulu, nto leyo ethintela ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngokubanzi.

5.Electrolytic Oxidation Indlela

• Phambi kwe-electrolysis, qala ulungise i-pH yolwelo olukwi-cyanide-poor ukuya kwi>7. yongeza inani elincinci letyuwa, sebenzisa i-graphite njenge-anode kunye ne-titanium plate njenge-cathode, kwaye usebenzise i-alkaline yethusi - isisombululo se-zinc njenge-electrolyte. Xa umbane othe ngqo ugqithiswa, ubhedu lwesinyithi kunye ne-zinc ziveliswa kwi-cathode, kwaye i-hydrogen nayo iveliswa. Kwi-anode, i-CN⁻ i-oxidized kwi-CNO⁻, CO₂, N₂, kunye ne-Cl⁻ i-oxidized kwi-Cl₂, kwaye i-Cl₂ ingena kwisisombululo sokuvelisa i-HClO.

6.I-Microbial Oxidation Indlela

• Le ndlela isebenzisa iipropathi zebiochemical of microorganisms ukubola icyanides, thiocyanates, ne iron-cyanides, ivelise iammonia, ikharbon diokside, nesulfates, okanye ihydrolyzing cyanides ibe yiformamide. Ngelo xesha, iibhaktheriya zibhengeza i-ion zensimbi enzima, zibangela ukuba ziwe kunye ne-biofilm kwaye zisuswe.

• Uphawu olubalulekileyo : Ubushushu kufuneka bugcinwe bungaphezulu kwe-10℃ ngamaxesha onke ukuze kugcinwe izinga elifanelekileyo lokususa i-cyanide.

Ukubuyisela (Ukuzalwa kwakhona) Iindlela

1.I-Acidification Method

• Umgaqo oyintloko wale ndlela kukongeza i-asidi ye-sulfuric kumanzi amdaka aqukethe i-cyanide, ukulungelelanisa i-pH malunga ne-1.5. kwaye uguqule i-CN⁻ ibe yi-HCN. Irhasi yeHCN ephunyukileyo ifakwa kwisixhobo sokufunxa kwaye ifunxwe sisinyibiliko se-alkaline (i-sodium hydroxide okanye isisombululo se-calcium hydroxide) ukuze kufumaneke isisombululo se-cyanide esingama-20-30%, esinokuphinda sisetyenziswe.

• Iingenelo : Le nkqubo inokuphucula ukubuyiswa kwee-cyanides, iphucule izinga lokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwee-cyanides, kwaye inciphise iindleko zemveliso.

• Iingxaki : Ixabiso lotyalo-mali oluqhutywa kube kanye likhulu, ukuhamba kwenkqubo kuyinkimbinkimbi, kwaye kunzima ukuba ulwelo olusele olune-cyanide olunyangiweyo luhlangabezane nemigangatho yokukhupha.

2.Ion Exchange Indlela

• Kunyango lwe-cyanide-poor liquid, i-ion exchange resins ingasetyenziselwa ukutyebisa i-cyanides.

3.Indlela yeAdsorption

• Ukufunxwa kweKhabhoni eSebenzayo : Ukufunxwa kweKhabhoni eSebenzayo kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwiimbobo zayo ezininzi zangaphakathi kunye nendawo enkulu yomphezulu othile. Inkqubo yokufunxwa ibandakanya ukufunxwa ngokwasemzimbeni kunye nokufunxwa kweekhemikhali. Ukususwa kwe-cyanide ikakhulu kuneendlela ezintathu: ukufunxwa, ukufunxwa kwe-hydrolysis, kunye nokukhuhla. Inkqubo ephambili kukusabela kokuwohloka kwe-oxidative kwe-cyanides emanzini amdaka aqulethe i-cyanide kunye ne-hydrogen peroxide kumphezulu wekhabhoni eSebenzayo.

4.Indlela yokuZinyibilikisa yokuZinyibilikisa

• Izinyibilikisi zisetyenziselwa ukukhupha izinto ezixabisekileyo kunye neecyanides kulwelo olungekho mgangathweni wecyanide.

5.Indlela yolwelo lweMembrane

• Kunyango lwe-cyanide-poor liquid, i-oyile-in - inkqubo yamanzi isetyenziswa kakhulu. Umgaqo osisiseko ngulo: okokuqala, yenza i-acidify amanzi amdaka ane-cyanide ukuguqula iiyoni ze-cyanide kuwo zibe yi-HCN. I-HCN idlula kwi-oyile-isigaba solwelo lwe-membrane kwisigaba samanzi sangaphakathi kwaye iphinde iphendule nge-NaOH ukuvelisa i-NaCN.

6.Electrodialysis Indlela

• Le ndlela isebenzisa intsimi yombane ukuze iqhube ukufuduka kwe-ion ngokusebenzisa i-ion - i-membrane yokutshintshiselana ukufezekisa ukwahlukana kunye nokubuyiselwa kwezinto.

Uphononongo loMfuniselo kuMgodi weGolide we-Cyanide-Lwelo oluMbi

Imvelaphi yoVavanyo

Ulwelo oluhlwempuzekileyo lwe-cyanide lomgodi wegolide lunomthamo we-cyanide ophezulu ngokukodwa, ofikelela kwi-13000mg/L. I-cyanide ephezulu yoxinaniso - equlethe amanzi amdaka ibeka isoyikiso esikhulu kwindalo kwaye ifuna unyango olusebenzayo.

Iindlela zovavanyo

1.H₂O₂ + ClO₂ + C Indlela yeAdsorption

• Ngale ndlela, i-hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) kunye ne-chlorine dioksidi (i-ClO₂) zisetyenziswa okokuqala njenge-oxidants ukwenza i-cyanides kwi-cyanide - ulwelo olubi. Emva koko, i-carbon activated (C) i-adsorption iqhutyelwa ukususa ngakumbi ukungcola okuseleyo.

2.Ezintathu-Inqanaba le-Oxidation (H₂O₂ + Catalyst “M”) + Chlorination Aeration + C Adsorption Method

• Ukuxinana kweZigaba eZithathu : I-hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) kunye ne-catalyst ethile ethi “M” zisetyenziselwa ukuxinana kweZigaba eZithathu. Oku kwenzelwa ukuqinisekisa ukuxinana okucokisekileyo kwee-compounds ezahlukeneyo ze-cyanide, kuquka ne-complex cyanides.

• Umoya weChlorination : Emva kwe-oxidation yezigaba ezintathu, kufakwa umoya we-chlorination. I-chlorine ifakwa kulwelo ngelixa ifaka umoya, nto leyo enokuxovula ngakumbi izinto ezinxulumene ne-cyanide eseleyo kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo ezincitshiswayo.

• C Ukufunxa : Okokugqibela, ukufunxa ikhabhoni esebenzayo kusetyenziselwa ukufunxa ungcoliseko oluseleyo olucolekileyo kunye nazo naziphi na izinto ezinxulumene ne-cyanide eseleyo ukufezekisa injongo yokucoca ulwelo olungenamsebenzi lwe-cyanide.

Iziphumo zoMfuniselo kunye nokuThetha

1.H₂O₂ + ClO₂ + C Indlela yeAdsorption

• Le ndlela iphumelele iqondo elithile lokususwa kwecyanide, kodwa isiqulatho sokugqibela secyanide sisonke kulwelo olusenyongweni lwalusephezulu ngokwentelekiso, kusilela ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho engqongqo yesizwe yokukhupha.

2.Ezintathu-Inqanaba le-Oxidation (H₂O₂ + Catalyst “M”) + Chlorination Aeration + C Adsorption Method

• Le ndlela ibonise iziphumo ezanelisayo. Umxholo wokugqibela we-cyanide wancitshiswa waba ngu-0.44mg / L, ohlangabezana nemigangatho yokukhutshwa kwelizwe. Ukongeza, umxholo wezinye iintsimbi ezinzima nazo zadibana neemfuno ezifanelekileyo zomgangatho wesizwe.

• Ixabiso-Ukusebenza : Ngokuphathelele iindleko, nangona inkqubo ye-oxidation yezigaba ezintathu ene-catalyst kunye ne-chlorination aeration eyongezelelweyo ifuna imisebenzi enzima ngakumbi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwee-catalysts ezithile kunye ne-chlorine, iyonke, xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela ezinzima kakhulu okanye ezibiza kakhulu, ixabiso lifanelekile. Linganyanga ngempumelelo ulwelo oluphantsi lwe-cyanide olune-concentration ephezulu ngelixa lilawula iindleko ngaphakathi koluhlu olwamkelekileyo.

isiphelo

Ukunyangwa kwe-cyanide - ulwelo olulambathayo kwimigodi yegolide ngumsebenzi onzima kodwa obalulekileyo. Ngophononongo lovavanyo kwi-cyanide - ulwelo olulambathayo lomgodi wegolide othile, kunokubonwa ukuba iindlela ezahlukeneyo zonyango zinezibonelelo zazo kunye nezingeloncedo zazo. I-oxidation yamanqanaba amathathu (H₂O₂ + catalyst “M”) + chlorination aeration + C adsorption method ibonisa iziphumo zonyango ezifanelekileyo ngokwentelekiso kunye neendleko – ukusebenza kakuhle kwecyanide – ulwelo olubi olunomthamo wecyanide uwonke kulo mgodi wegolide. Nangona kunjalo, uphando oluqhubekayo kunye nophuculo lusafuneka kwixesha elizayo ukuphuhlisa iindlela zonyango ezisebenzayo, ezingabizi kakhulu, kunye nezokusingqongileyo ukuhlangabezana ngcono neemfuno zokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kunye nophuhliso oluzinzileyo kwishishini lemigodi yegolide.