Ukutyhilwa kweNkqubo yokuKwilwa kweGolide kusetyenziswa iSodium Cyanide

I. Intshayelelo

Kule mihla Ukwembiwa kwegolide ishishini, Isodium cyanide idlala indima ebalulekileyo. Ngokungafaniyo neendlela zakudala zokwemba igolide, iinkqubo zanamhlanje zokumbiwa kwegolide zinokukhupha igolide kwintsimbi yamatye enegolide ephantsi kakhulu, ngamanye amaxesha ibe minuscule kangange 0.005%, apho igolide ingabonakali ngeso lenyama. I-sodium cyanide yi-ejenti yeekhemikhali eziphambili kule nkqubo yokukhutshwa okuyinkimbinkimbi, eyenza ukwahlula igolide kwii-ores ngokufanelekileyo. Eli nqaku liza kuphonononga ngokweenkcukacha ukuba njani Isodium cyanide isetyenziswa kwimigodi yegolide.

II. Iziseko zeSodium Cyanide

A. Iipropati zeMichiza

I-sodium cyanide, kunye ne-chemical formula NaCN, iyikristale emhlophe eqinileyo. Ibonakala njengeegranules okanye umgubo kwaye ithanda ukuba mbi. Le khompawundi inevumba elibi leeamangile ezikrakrayo. Ngokumalunga nokunyibilika, inyibilika kakhulu emanzini, ngelixa inyibilika kancinane kuphela kwi-ethanol. Ngokwekhemikhali, sodium cyanide sisiseko esomeleleyo kunye netyuwa ebuthakathaka yeasidi. Isisombululo sayo samanzi si-hydrolyzes ukuvelisa i-hydrocyanic acid, okwenza isisombululo sinamandla e-alkaline. Ngokucacileyo, i-sodium cyanide inetyhefu kakhulu. Nokuba isixa esincinci, nokuba kungokudibana kolusu, ukuphefumla, okanye ukuginya, kunokukhokelela kwityhefu emandla kwaye inokuba yingozi. Isebenzisa isiphumo sayo esibulalayo ngokukhupha ii-ion ze-cyanide (CN-) ezinobudlelwane obuqinileyo obubophelelayo kwiiyoni zentsimbi kuneoksijini. Oku kuphazamisa iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo ze-oxidative yeeseli, ekugqibeleni kubangele i-cell asphyxia kunye ne-tissue hypoxia.

B. Ukubaluleka koShishino

Ngaphandle kwendima yayo kwimigodi yegolide, i-sodium cyanide ibambe ukubaluleka okubalulekileyo kumacandelo ahlukeneyo amashishini. Kumzi mveliso we-electroplating, isebenza njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yobhedu, isilivere, i-cadmium, kunye ne-zinc. Inceda ekunciphiseni i-anodic polarization, iqinisekisa ukuchithwa okuqhelekileyo kwe-anode, ukuzinzisa isisombululo se-plating, kunye nokuphucula i-cathodic polarization ukuze kufumaneke iileya ezifanayo kunye neziphezulu zeplating. Kwi-metallurgy, isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekutsalweni kweentsimbi ezixabisekileyo njengegolide nesilivere. Ngaphezu koko, yinto esisiseko ekrwada kwishishini lemichiza yokwenza uluhlu olwahlukeneyo lwe-cyanides ye-inorganic kunye nokuvelisa i-hydrocyanic acid. Ikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekudibaneni kwezinto eziphilayo ezinje ngeglasi ephilayo, izinto ezahlukeneyo zokwenziwa, irabha ye-nitrile, kunye ne-synthetic fiber copolymers. Kwishishini ledayi, isetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwe-cyanuric chloride, i-intermediate ebalulekileyo yeedayi ezisebenzayo kunye ne-precursor ye-whitening agents. Ukongeza, ishishini loxubo mayeza lisebenzisa i-sodium cyanide kwi-synthesis yeekhompawundi ezifana ne-cyanoacetic acid methyl ester kunye ne-diethyl malonate. Ngokubanzi, ukuguquguquka kwe-sodium cyanide kunye nokusebenza kwakhona kuyenza ibe yikhemikhali eyimfuneko kwiinkqubo zanamhlanje zoshishino.

III. Inkqubo yeMigodi yeGolide ngeSodium Cyanide

A. Ukulungiswa kwentsimbi

Inyathelo lokuqala ekusebenziseni sodium cyanide for Ukutsalwa kwegolide ilungisa intsimbi ekrwada. Iziqwenga ezinkulu zentsimbi ekrwada enegolide ziqale zicunyuzwe zibe ziingceba ezincinci kusetyenziswa izityumzi ezinobunzima. Oku kutyunyuzwa okuphambili kunciphisa ubungakanani bentsimbi ukuya kwinqanaba elilawulekayo, ngokuqhelekileyo malunga ne-150-300 millimeters. Emva koko, intsimbi ekrwada etyunyuziweyo iphinda icunyuzwe okwesibini, ngokufuthi kunye nezityumli zekowuni okanye izityumli zempembelelo, ngakumbi ukunciphisa ubungakanani bamasuntswana malunga ne-20-50 millimeters. Emva koko, i-ore igaywa ibe ngumgubo ocolekileyo ngokusebenzisa iibhola zebhola okanye i-rod mills, ukuqinisekisa ukuba uninzi lwamasuntswana angaphantsi kwe-0.074 millimeters. Oku kusila kakuhle kubalulekile njengoko kwandisa kakhulu ummandla we-ore, kuququzelela uqhagamshelwano olungcono kunye nokusabela ngesisombululo se-cyanide kwinkqubo yokuhlamba elandelayo. Ukongezelela, i-ore inokuhamba ngenkqubo yokuhlola ukwahlula ubungakanani bamasuntswana ahlukeneyo, ukuvumela ulawulo oluchanekileyo lonyango lweekhemikhali kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokutsalwa.

B. Inkqubo yokuLeaching

Nje ukuba intsimbi ekrwada ilungiswe kakuhle, ingena kwinqanaba lokuvuza, elisentliziyweni yenkqubo yokutsalwa kwegolide ngesodium cyanide. I-powder ore ixutywe kunye nesisombululo se-cyanide esilungiselelwe ngokucophelela, ngokuqhelekileyo kunye ne-sodium cyanide concentration esuka kwi-0.05% ukuya kwi-0.1%. Kweli nqanaba, ukusabela kweekhemikhali kwenzeka apho igolide kwi-ore isabela kunye ne-cyanide ion (CN-) phambi kwe-oxygen. I-reaction iyonke inokumelwa yi-equation: 4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH. Apha, iiathom zegolide zenza i-soluble complex kunye ne-cyanide ions, idala i-sodium gold cyanide (Na[Au (CN) ₂]), inyibilika kwisisombululo. Inkqubo ye-leaching ifuna ulawulo olungqongqo lweeparamitha ezahlukeneyo. I-pH yesisombululo igcinwa malunga ne-10-11 ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwe-cyanide kunye nokuthintela ukubunjwa kwegesi enetyhefu ye-hydrogen cyanide. Ubushushu bukwadlala indima ebalulekileyo; Ngokuqhelekileyo, igcinwa phakathi koluhlu lwe-20-30 ° C. Ubushushu obuphantsi kakhulu buthoba isantya sokusabela, ngelixa ubushushu obugqithisileyo bunokukhokelela ekuphumeni komphunga okukhawulezayo kwesisombululo kunye nomhlwa onokubakho wesixhobo. Ukuphazamiseka okwaneleyo kunye nokungenisa umoya kubonelelwa ngokuqhubekayo ukuqinisekisa ukuxutywa okufanayo kwe-ore kunye nesisombululo se-cyanide, ukukhuthaza ukuchithwa kwegolide okusebenzayo.

C. Inqanaba lemvula

Emva kwenkqubo ye-leaching, igolide ngoku ikwimo ye-soluble gold cyanide complexes kwisisombululo. Ukubuyisela igolide, inqanaba lemvula liyenziwa. Oku ngokuqhelekileyo kubandakanya ukongeza i-zinc powder okanye i-carbon activated kwisisombululo. Xa i-zinc powder isetyenziswa, ukusabela kokufuduka kwenzeka. I-zinc, esebenza ngakumbi kunegolide, isusa igolide kwindawo yegolide yecyanide. Ukusabela kweekhemikhali kunokubonakaliswa ngolu hlobo: 2Na[Au(CN)₂] + Zn → Na₂[Zn(CN)₄] + 2Au. Iiathom zegolide ziye zincitshiswe zibe yimo yazo yesinyithi kwaye ziphume kwisisombululo. Ukuba ikharbon esebenzayo iyasebenza, indawo yayo ephezulu kunye neepropathi ze-adsorption ziyadlala. Igolide ye-cyanide complexes i-adsorb phezu kwekhabhoni esebenzayo, eyahlula ngokufanelekileyo igolide kwisisombululo. Ikhabhoni elayishiweyo icutshungulwa ngokubhekele phaya ukuze kubuyiselwe igolide ebhengeziweyo. Nje ukuba imvula igqitywe, isiphumo se-slurry siyahluzwa okanye sifakwe phakathi ukuze kwahlulwe i-precipitate yegolide eqinileyo kulwelo oluseleyo, olunokuba nentsalela ye-cyanide kunye nobunye ukungcola.

D. Inkqubo yokuCoca

Igolide efunyenwe kwinqanaba lemvula isaqulathe ukungcola kwaye ifuna ukucokiswa ukuze kuphunyezwe ubunyulu obuphezulu obufunekayo kwimarike. Inkqubo yokusulungekiswa ngokuqhelekileyo iqala ngokunyibilikiswa, apho imvula yegolide ifudunyezwa kubushushu obuphezulu kwiziko. Oku kunyibilikisa igolide, nto leyo evumela ukungcola okuxineneyo ukuba kuzike ukuya ezantsi ngelixa igolide etyhidiweyo inokugutyulwa okanye igalelwe kumngundo. Emva koko, i-electrolysis ingaqeshwa ukuhlanjululwa ngakumbi. Kwiseli ye-electrolytic, igolide engcolileyo yenziwe i-anode, kunye nephepha elincinci legolide ecocekileyo lisebenza njenge-cathode. Xa umsinga wombane ugqithiswa kwiseli, ii-ion zegolide ezisuka kwi-anode zifudukela kwi-cathode kwaye zibeke njengegolide esulungekileyo, zishiya ngasemva ukungcola okuseleyo kwi-anode. Ngala manyathelo okucokisa, igolide inokufikelela kwinqanaba lokucoceka ukuya kuthi ga kwi-99.99%, ifikelele imigangatho yokwenziwa kwemizi-mveliso eyahlukeneyo, ukwenza izacholo, kunye nezicelo zotyalo-mali.

IV. Ukhuseleko nokuqwalaselwa kwezicelo zokusiNgqongileyo

A. Ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi

Ukunikezelwa kwetyhefu egqithisileyo ye-sodium cyanide, ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi kubaluleke kakhulu. Abasebenzi ababandakanyekayo kwinkqubo yokumbiwa kwegolide besebenzisa i-sodium cyanide kufuneka banikwe uqeqesho olubanzi lokhuseleko. Kufuneka babe nolwazi oluphangaleleyo ekuphatheni imichiza, baqonde iingozi ezinokubakho, kunye nokwazi iinkqubo ezichanekileyo zongxamiseko. Izixhobo zokukhusela umntu (i-PPE) ayinakuxoxwa. Abasebenzi kufuneka banxibe iiglavu ezingangenekiyo ukunqanda ukudibana kolusu, iiglasi zokukhusela amehlo abo, kunye neziphefumlo ukunqanda ukuphefumla nayiphi na igesi yecyanide enokukhutshwa. Ukongeza, iiprothokholi ezingqongqo zokhuseleko kufuneka zibekho. Umzekelo, iindawo zokusebenza kufuneka zifakwe umoya kakuhle ukuze kuncitshiswe ukuxinana kwayo nayiphi na icyanide emoyeni. Abasebenzi kufuneka banqatshelwe ukutya, ukusela, okanye ukutshaya kwiindawo apho i-sodium cyanide ikhona ukukhusela ukungeniswa ngengozi. Ukuhlolwa rhoqo ngugqirha kufuneka kube yinyanzelo ukubeka iliso kwimpilo yabasebenzi, ngakumbi abo baphatha imichiza ngokuthe ngqo, ukuze kubonwe naziphi na iimpawu zokuqala zokuvezwa kwecyanide.

B. Impembelelo yokusingqongileyo

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide kwimigodi yegolide nako kuphakamisa inkxalabo ebalulekileyo yendalo. Emva kwenkqubo yokukhutshwa kwegolide, inkunkuma eseleyo, eyaziwa ngokuba Iimpawu zeCyanide, ziqulethe intsalela yecyanide. Ukuba ayilawulwa ngokufanelekileyo, le misila inokubangela umngcipheko omkhulu kokusingqongileyo. I-cyanide inokungena emhlabeni nakumanzi aphantsi komhlaba, ingcolise imithombo yamanzi kwaye yenzakalise ubomi basemanzini. Kumanzi angaphezulu kwamanzi, kwanezixa ezincinci zecyanide zinokuphazamisa ulungelelwaniso lwendalo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubulaweni kweentlanzi kunye nezinye iimpembelelo ezingalunganga kwizinto eziphilayo. Ukunciphisa le mingcipheko yokusingqongileyo, iinkampani zemigodi kufuneka ziphumeze amaqhinga olawulo oluluqilima lokusingqongileyo. Enye indlela kukuphatha i-cyanide tailings ukunciphisa umxholo we-cyanide kumanqanaba akhuselekileyo. Oku kunokubandakanya iinkqubo zonyango lwekhemikhali, njenge-oxidation okanye iindlela zemvula, ukuguqula i-cyanide enetyhefu ibe yi-compounds enobungozi obuncinci. Omnye umlinganiselo obalulekileyo kukulahlwa okufanelekileyo kunye nokugcinwa kweentsalela eziphathwayo. Ukukhuselwa kweendawo zokulahla inkunkuma okanye amachibi aneentsimbi ezifanelekileyo kunokuthintela ukuvuza kwazo naziphi na izingcolisi eziseleyo kwindalo esingqongileyo. Ukongeza, ukubekwa esweni okuthe gqolo kokusingqongileyo, kuqukwa nobulunga bamanzi kunye neemeko zomhlaba, kubalulekile ukuze kubonwe nawuphi na umonakalo onokuthi ubekho kwindalo esingqongileyo kwangethuba kwaye uthathe amanyathelo okulungisa ngokukhawuleza.

V. Isiphelo

Isodium cyanide yikhemikhali ebaluleke kakhulu kwimigodi yegolide yanamhlanje, eyenza ukuba kutsalwe igolide kwiintsimbi ezikrwada ezinegolide ephantsi. Iye yaba lilitye lembombo legolide Umzi mveliso kumashumi eminyaka, ukuququzelela ukuveliswa kwegolide etshisa amashishini ahlukeneyo, ukusuka ekwenzeni ubucwebe ukuya kwizicelo zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kufuna ingqalelo enkulu kukhuseleko kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo. Iinkampani zemigodi kufuneka zenze utyalo-mali kwizixhobo zokhuseleko zale mihla, zinike uqeqesho olubanzi kubasebenzi, kwaye ziphumeze imigaqo yokhuseleko engqongqo ukukhusela ubomi babantu. Kwangaxeshanye, banesibophelelo sokuziphatha nezomthetho sokulawula impembelelo yokusingqongileyo, baphathe iintsalela zecyanide ngenkathalo kwaye babeke iliso kwi-ecosystem ukuthintela umonakalo wexesha elide. Njengoko iteknoloji iqhubela phambili, uphando kwiindlela ezikhuselekileyo nezikhuselekileyo zokusingqongileyo kwi-sodium cyanide kufuneka ziqhubeke. Kuphela kungokulinganisa phakathi kokutsalwa kwegolide okusebenzayo, ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi, kunye nolawulo lwendalo esingqongileyo apho ushishino lwemigodi yegolide lunokuphumelela ngokuzinzileyo kwixa elizayo.