IiNkcazo eziqhelekileyo kunye neemeko zeSicelo seSodium Cyanide

intshayelelo

I-Sodium cyanide (NaCN) yikhemikhali esetyenziswa kakhulu kwimizi-mveliso, nangona inetyhefu kakhulu. Yinto emhlophe, ekristale eqinileyo enyibilikayo emanzini. Eli nqaku liza kuhlola iinkcukacha eziqhelekileyo ze- sodium cyanide kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kwiimizi-mveliso ezahlukeneyo.

Ukucaciswa okuqhelekileyo

Amanqanaba Obunyulu

• 98% Ubumsulwa : Olu luhlobo olufumaneka rhoqo kwimarike. KwiSodium Cyanide eqinileyo , kweli nqanaba lobumsulwa, icandelo eliphambili, iSodium cyanide (NaCN), kufuneka libekho ubuncinane kwi-98.0%. Kunye noku, ezinye iiparameter ezifana nomxholo weNaOH kufuneka zibe yi-≤0.3%, iNa₂CO₃ ≤0.2%, ukufuma ≤0.2%, kunye nezinto ezinganyibilikiyo emanzini ≤0.01%. Olu luhlu lufanelekile kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezicelo zoshishino apho kufuneka umgangatho ophezulu wobumsulwa kodwa hayi ukuchaneka okuphezulu. Umzekelo, kwezinye iinkqubo zokucoca isinyithi, le sodium cyanide ecocekileyo ye-98% inokususa ngokufanelekileyo ii-oxides zomphezulu kunye nezinto ezingcolisayo.

• Ubumsulwa obuyi-99% : Imele inqanaba eliphezulu, i-sodium cyanide eqinileyo enobumsulwa obuyi-99% inemigangatho engqongqo ngakumbi. Umxholo we-NaCN kufuneka ube yi-≥99.0%, kunye nokufuma okungu-≤0.5%, izinto ezinganyibilikiyo emanzini ≤0.01%, i-cyanide ≤0.01%, i-chloride ≤0.20%, kunye ne-sulfate ≤0.07%. Olu didi lobumsulwa obuphezulu luhlala lusetyenziswa kwiindawo apho ubukho bokungcola bunokuphazamisana neempendulo zeekhemikhali. Ekuveliseni izisombululo ezithile ze-electroplating ezikumgangatho ophezulu, i-99% ye-sodium cyanide ecocekileyo inceda ekufezekiseni uqweqwe lwesinyithi olufana ngakumbi nolukumgangatho ophezulu.

Iifom zoMzimba

• I-Solid : I-Sodium cyanide ifumaneka rhoqo kwimo eqinileyo, enokuba kwimo yeebhloko, ii-crystalline particles, okanye i-powder. Iimo eziqinileyo zikhethwa ukuze kube lula ukugcina nokuthuthwa kumgama omde. Imo eqinileyo ayinakuvuza kakhulu ngexesha lokuhamba xa ithelekiswa nemo yolwelo. Idla ngokupakishwa kwiingxowa ezivalwe kabini ngaphakathi kwikreyithi yemithi, edla ngokuba nobunzima obumalunga ne-1 ton. I-sodium cyanide eqinileyo isetyenziswa kakhulu kushishino lwemigodi ukutsala igolide. Iibriquette, ezimalunga ne-98% zicocekile kwaye zibonakala zimhlophe, zifana neebriquette zamalahle kwaye zilungele ukuphathwa kwimisebenzi yokumba emikhulu.

• Ulwelo : I-cyanide ye-sodium engamanzi, nangona ingaqhelekanga ngenxa yeengxaki zokuthutha kunye nokugcinwa kwayo, nayo iyafumaneka. Uxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo lwe-cyanide ye-sodium engamanzi esetyenziswa kwezinye iinkqubo yi-30%. Kule fomu, umxholo we-NaCN kufuneka ube yi-≥30.0%, kunye ne-NaOH ≤1.0%, i-Na₂CO₃ ≤1.0%, i-NaCl ≤0.027%, kunye ne-NaCOOH ≤0.60%, kunye nexabiso le-APHA (umlinganiselo wombala) ≤100. I-cyanide ye-sodium engamanzi isetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ezithile zoshishino apho kufuneka uhlobo olufanayo nolulula lokwahlulwahlulwa kwekhemikhali, njengakwindlela ezithile zokukhupha imigodi.

Imeko yokusetyenziswa kwesicelo

Icandelo lezemigodi

• Ukutsalwa kweGolide kunye neMetal exabisekileyo : I-Sodium cyanide isetyenziswa kakhulu ekumbiweni kwegolide kunye nezinye iimetal ezixabisekileyo. Le nkqubo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-cyanide leaching okanye i-gold cyanidation, isebenzisa ithuba lokusondelana okuphezulu kwegolide (I) kwi-cyanide. Xa kukho umoya (ioksijini) namanzi, i-gold metal iyanyibilika kwaye inyibilike, yenze i-gold cyanide (okanye i-gold sodium cyanide) kunye ne-sodium hydroxide. Impendulo yekhemikhali ingamelwa ngolu hlobo: 4Au + 8NaCN + O₂+ 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂]+ 4NaOH. Ii-ore ezikumgangatho ophantsi zinokucutshungulwa kusetyenziswa le ndlela, okwenza kube yindlela engabizi kakhulu yokukhupha igolide. Uhlobo oluqinileyo lwe-sodium cyanide, ngakumbi ii-briquettes ezicocekileyo ezingama-98%, lusetyenziswa rhoqo kwimisebenzi yokwemba emikhulu ngenxa yokuba kulula ukuyiphatha kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwesithako esisebenzayo.

Imveliso yeMichiza

• Ukwenziwa kweeNitriles : I-Sodium cyanide isebenza njengesixhobo esibalulekileyo sokuqala ukwenziwa kweenitriles. I-cyanide ion (CN⁻) kwi-sodium cyanide isebenza njenge-nucleophile, inikela ngesibini se-electron ukwenza i-chemical bond. Ii-Nitriles zizinto ezibalulekileyo kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zeekhemikhali kunye namayeza. Umzekelo, i-acrylonitrile, esetyenziswa ekuvelisweni kweefayibha zokwenziwa ezifana ne-acrylic kunye nokuveliswa kweplastiki, inokwenziwa kusetyenziswa i-sodium cyanide njenge-intermediate ephambili.

• Ukuveliswa kweHydrocyanic Acid kunye nezinye iiCyanides : Isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa i-hydrocyanic acid (HCN), eyisiqalo sezinye iikhemikhali ezininzi. Ukongeza, i-sodium cyanide isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa ii-cyanides ezahlukeneyo ezingaphiliyo ezifana ne-potassium cyanide (KCN), i-cyanuric chloride, kunye ne-cyanogen chloride. Ezi Cyanides zifumana ukusetyenziswa kumashishini ahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwi-electroplating ukuya kwi-chemical synthesis.

Ukulungiswa kwensimbi

• Ukucocwa kweNsimbi : I-Sodium cyanide isetyenziswa njengesicoci sesinyithi. Ingasusa ngokufanelekileyo ii-oxides zomphezulu kunye nokungcola kwiintsimbi, iphucule umgangatho womphezulu wesinyithi. Oku kubalulekile kwiinkqubo apho kufuneka umphezulu wesinyithi ococekileyo kwiinkqubo ezilandelayo ezifana nokupeyinta, ukugquma, okanye ukunyibilikisa. Amandla e-sodium cyanide okusabela kwi-oxides zesinyithi kunye nokuzinyibilikisa enza ukuba ibe luncedo ekulungiseleleni umphezulu wesinyithi.

• Ukufaka i-Electroplating : Kwi-electroplating, i-sodium cyanide isetyenziselwa ukwenza izisombululo ze-electroplating. Inceda ekubekeni umaleko omncinci wesinyithi kwi-substrate, iphucula inkangeleko, ukumelana nokugqwala, kunye nokumelana nokuguguleka kwento. Umzekelo, kwi-silver plating, i-sodium cyanide isetyenziswa kwi-plating bath ukuze kube lula ukufakwa kwee-ion zesilivere ezifanayo kwinto efakwe i-plated. Ubunyulu be-sodium cyanide, ngakumbi i-99% grade, bubalulekile ekubekeni i-electroplating ukuqinisekisa ukubekwa kwesinyithi okusemgangathweni ophezulu nokungaguquguqukiyo.

Icandelo lezamayeza

• I-Intermediate in Drug Synthesis : I-Sodium cyanide ingasetyenziswa njenge-intermediate in synthesis of some drugs. Umzekelo, ekuvelisweni kwezinye ii-analgesics (ii-painkillers) kunye ne-anti-epileptic drugs, i-sodium cyanide ibandakanyeka kwiimpendulo zeekhemikhali ezenza iibhloko ezibalulekileyo zala mayeza. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yobuthi bayo obugqithisileyo, kulandelwa imigaqo engqongqo yokhuseleko ngexesha lokusetyenziswa kwayo kwimveliso yamayeza.

Ezinye iiNkqubo

• Kwimveliso yeedayi : I-sodium cyanide isetyenziswa ekwenzeni iidayi. Ithatha inxaxheba kwiimpendulo zeekhemikhali ezinceda ekudalweni kwee-chromophores (inxalenye yemolekyuli enika umbala) kwiidayi. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zeedayi, ezifana nezo zisetyenziswa kwishishini lempahla, zinokufuna i-sodium cyanide kwinkqubo yazo yokwenza.

• Njengesibulali zinambuzane (nangona singaqhelekanga) : Ngokwembali, i-sodium cyanide ibisetyenziswa njengesibulali zinambuzane. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yobuthi bayo obugqithisileyo kwizinto eziphilayo ezingezizo ezijoliswe kuzo nakubantu, kunye nokuba ingangcolisa okusingqongileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwayo njengesibulali zinambuzane kuye kwehla kakhulu.

Iingqwalaselo zoKhuseleko

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba i-sodium cyanide inetyhefu kakhulu. Isenokubulala xa irholiwe, ifunxe eluswini, okanye iginywe. Nangona ixabiso elincinci, elingaphantsi kwe-5 mg / kg ubunzima bomzimba kumntu we-70 - kg, unokubulala. Xa idibana nomoya omanzi okanye amanzi, ikhupha igesi edlayo, enokutsha, kunye netyhefu yehydrogen cyanide. Ke ngoko, amanyathelo angqongqo okhuseleko kufuneka athotyelwe xa uphatha, ugcina, kwaye uhambisa i-sodium cyanide. Abasebenzi kumashishini asebenzisa i-sodium cyanide kufuneka babonelelwe ngezixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokuzikhusela, kunye neenkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokungenisa umoya kufuneka zibe khona ukuthintela ukwakhiwa kweegesi ezinetyhefu.

isiphelo

I-sodium cyanide, nangona inetyhefu ephezulu, idlala indima ebalulekileyo kumashishini amaninzi ngenxa yeempawu zayo ezizodwa zeekhemikhali. Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ze-98% kunye ne-99% yococeko kwiifom eziqinileyo kunye nolwelo zibonelela ngeemfuno ezahlukeneyo zemizi-mveliso. Ukusuka kwimigodi yesinyithi exabisekileyo ukuya kwimichiza edityanisiweyo kunye namayeza, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuyahluka. Nangona kunjalo, imingcipheko ehambelana nayo ifuna ukuphunyezwa kokhuseleko olungqongqo kunye nemilinganiselo yokukhusela okusingqongileyo ukuqinisekisa impilo yabasebenzi kunye nokusingqongileyo.