Umgangatho weMveliso kunye neMigangatho yoKhuseleko yeSodium Cyanide

I-Sodium cyanide (NaCN) yikhemikhali enobungozi obuphezulu kunye nokusetyenziswa okubanzi kumashishini ahlukeneyo, njengokukhupha igolide kwimigodi, ukufakelwa kwe-electroplating, kunye nokuhlanganiswa kweekhemikhali. Ngenxa yobutyhefu bayo obugqithisileyo, imigangatho yomgangatho ongqongqo kunye noKhuseleko kufuneka ilandelwe kuzo zonke izigaba ezibandakanya i-Sodium cyanide , kubandakanya ukuveliswa, ukugcinwa, ukuthuthwa, kunye nokusetyenziswa. Eli nqaku liza kuhlola ngokweenkcukacha umgangatho wemveliso kunye nemigangatho yokhuseleko ye -Sodium Cyanide.

I. ImiGangatho yoMgangatho weMveliso

1. IiMfuno zoBunyulu

• I-Sodium Cyanide Eqinileyo Yezinga Lezemizi-mveliso : Ngokwemigangatho efanelekileyo yesizwe neyehlabathi (njengomgangatho waseTshayina), ubunyulu be -sodium cyanide eqinileyo yokusetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso bunamanqanaba ahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, umxholo wemveliso ephezulu kufuneka ufikelele kwi-98.0% okanye ngaphezulu, ngelixa lowo wemveliso efanelekileyo kufuneka ubuncinci ube yi-87.0%. I-sodium cyanide ecocekileyo ibalulekile kumashishini afana nokutsalwa kwegolide. Kwinkqubo yokwemba igolide, i-sodium cyanide ecocekileyo inokuthi isebenze kakuhle nee-ores ezinegolide, iphucule izinga lokukhupha kwaye inciphise ukungcola okungafunekiyo kwinkqubo elandelayo yokwahlulahlula.

• Isisombululo seSodium Cyanide yoMbane : Kwizisombululo zesodium cyanide, uxinzelelo lukwafuneka luhlangabezane nemigangatho ethile. Ngokwesiqhelo, uxinzelelo lwesodium cyanide kwisisombululo luchazwa ngokucacileyo ngokweemeko ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa. Isisombululo kufuneka sibe sisisombululo samanzi esicacileyo, esingenambala okanye esimthubi kancinci ngaphandle kokungcola okubonakalayo.

2. Ukulawula Ukungcola

• Ukungcola okungengokwemvelo :

• Umxholo weCarbonate : Umxholo wesodium I-Carbon etyelweyo kwi-sodium cyanide ilawulwa ngokungqongqo. Kwi-sodium cyanide eqinileyo, umxholo we-sodium carbonate kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo uyalawulwa. Umzekelo, kwimveliso yodidi oluphezulu, akufanele ibe ngaphezulu kwe-0.5%, kwimveliso yodidi lokuqala, ingabi ngaphezu kwe-2.0%, kwaye kwimveliso efanelekileyo, ingabi ngaphezu kwe-3.0%. I-carbonate egqithisileyo inokuchaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kwempendulo kwezinye iinkqubo zeekhemikhali. Umzekelo, kwi-electroplating, inokuphazamisana nokufakwa kwee-ion zesinyithi, okubangela ukuba umaleko we-electroplated ongalinganiyo ungabi ngaphezulu.

• Umxholo we-Hydroxide : Umxholo we-sodium hydroxide nawo unemida ehambelanayo. Kwi-sodium cyanide eqinileyo, umxholo we-sodium hydroxide kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo uyahluka. Umzekelo, kwimveliso yodidi oluphezulu, akufanele ibe ngaphezulu kwe-0.5%, kwimveliso yodidi lokuqala, ingabi ngaphezu kwe-1.0%, kwaye kwimveliso efanelekileyo, ingabi ngaphezu kwe-1.5%. Amanqanaba aphezulu e-sodium hydroxide anokutshintsha ixabiso le-pH yenkqubo yokusabela, nto leyo engayi kunceda inkqubela eqhelekileyo kwezinye iimpendulo ezifuna uluhlu oluthile lwe-pH.

• Ukungcola Kwendalo : Ukungcola kwendalo okufana ne-formate kufuneka kulawulwe ngokungqongqo. Nangona umxholo ovumelekileyo uphantsi kakhulu, i-formate egqithisileyo inokuphazamisana nezinye ii-reactions zeekhemikhali. Umzekelo, kwii-reactions ezithile ze-organic synthesis, i-formate inokuba nenxaxheba kwii-reactions ezingezizo, nto leyo enciphisa isivuno kunye nobunyulu bemveliso ekujoliswe kuyo.

3. IiPropati zoMzimba

• I-Sodium Cyanide Eqinileyo : I-sodium cyanide eqinileyo kufuneka ibe yimo yamaqhuqhuva amhlophe okanye anombala omncinci okanye amaqhekeza ekristale. Inkangeleko yayo luphawu olubalulekileyo lomgangatho wemveliso. Ukuphambuka kombala okanye imo yamaqhekeza kunokubonisa iingxaki ezifana nongcoliseko okanye iinkqubo zemveliso ezingafanelekanga.

• Isisombululo seSodium Cyanide : Isisombululo kufuneka sibe sobala, singabi namanzi okanye imvula. Ukudumba okanye imvula kungaba luphawu lweempendulo zeekhemikhali kwisisombululo, njengokwenziwa kweetyuwa ezinganyibilikiyo ngenxa yempendulo enokungcola emoyeni okanye kwizixhobo zesikhongozeli, nto leyo eya kuchaphazela ukusebenza kwesisombululo kwiindlela ezisebenzayo.

II. ImiGangatho yoKhuseleko

1. Ukuthotyelwa koMgaqo

• Imigaqo yeSizwe neyeHlabathi :

• E-United States : Ulawulo loKhuseleko lwezeMpilo emsebenzini (OSHA) lumisele imigangatho engqongqo malunga nemida yokuvezwa kunye neenkqubo zokhuseleko zokuphatha i-cyanides . Umzekelo, umda wokuvezwa ovumelekileyo we-cyanide emoyeni emoyeni emsebenzini umiselwe ukukhusela abasebenzi ekubeni bavezwe kakhulu.

• KwiManyano yaseYurophu : Umthetho we-REACH (Ubhaliso, Uvavanyo, Imvume kunye nokuThintelwa kweeKhemikhali) ulawula ukusetyenziswa ngokukhuselekileyo kwezinto ezinobungozi ezifana ne-sodium cyanide. Ufuna iinkampani zibhalise kwaye zinike ulwazi oluneenkcukacha malunga neempawu, ukusetyenziswa, kunye namanyathelo okhuseleko anxulumene ne-sodium cyanide.

• ETshayina : "Imithetho yoLawulo loKhuseleko lweeKhemikhali eziyingozi" ibeka ulawulo olungqongqo kuzo zonke iinkalo zokuphathwa kwe-sodium cyanide, kubandakanya imveliso, ukugcinwa, ukuthuthwa, kunye nokusetyenziswa. Amashishini kufuneka athobele le migaqo ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi kunye nokusingqongileyo.

• Iimvume kunye neLayisensi : Onke amaziko abandakanyekayo kwimveliso, ukugcinwa, ukuthuthwa, okanye ukusetyenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide kufuneka afumane iimvume kunye neelayisenisi ezifunekayo ngokuhambelana nemigaqo yendawo. Ezi mvume zikhutshwa ngokusekelwe kuhlolo olungqongqo lwezixhobo kunye nemisebenzi ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziyahlangabezana nemigangatho yokhuseleko kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo efunekayo.

2. Izilumkiso zoKhuseleko kwiiNqanaba ezahlukeneyo

• Indawo yokugcina :

• Ukukhetha Indawo : I-Sodium cyanide kufuneka igcinwe kwindawo yokugcina ekhethekileyo, enomoya ococekileyo, nepholileyo. Indawo yokugcina kufuneka ibe kude nemithombo yobushushu, i-flashing, kunye nezinto ezingahambelaniyo. Kufuneka ibe kwindawo engenakufikeleleka lula kubasebenzi abangagunyaziswanga. Umzekelo, ukugcina i-sodium cyanide kufutshane nee-asidi kuyingozi kakhulu kuba kunokuvelisa igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide enobuthi kakhulu netshayo.

• Iimfuno zeSikhongozeli : Kusetyenziswa izikhongozeli ezifanelekileyo ezimelana nokugqwala nezivalwe kakuhle. Kwi-sodium cyanide eqinileyo, kusetyenziswa iidrama zesinyithi ezixineneyo okanye izikhongozeli zeplastiki ezinezivalo eziqinileyo. Kwizisombululo ze-sodium cyanide, iitanki zokugcina kufuneka zenziwe ngezinto ezimelana nokugqwala kwe-alkaline, ezifana neendidi ezithile zentsimbi engagqwaliyo okanye iitanki zeplastiki ezikhethekileyo. Zonke izikhongozeli kufuneka zibhalwe ngokucacileyo "ngetyhefu" kunye "ne-sodium cyanide," kunye neempawu ezifanelekileyo zengozi.

• Iimeko Zokugcina : Indawo yokugcina kufuneka igcinwe yomile, njengoko ukufuma kunokukhawulezisa ukubola kwe-sodium cyanide kwaye kwandise umngcipheko wokuveliswa kwegesi ye-hydrogen cyanide. Umswakama ofanelekileyo kwindawo yokugcina kufuneka ugcinwe ungaphantsi kwama-80%. Umoya ococekileyo nawo ubalulekile ukuthintela ukuqokelelwa kwayo nayiphi na igesi enokuvuza.

• Uthutho :

• Ukupakishwa : Iphakheji yokuthutha i-sodium cyanide kufuneka ihlangabezane nemigangatho engqongqo. Iphakheji yangaphandle kufuneka yomelele ngokwaneleyo ukumelana nokuphathwa okuqhelekileyo ngexesha lokuthuthwa kwaye ikhusele isitya sangaphakathi ekonakalisweni. Izikhongozeli zangaphakathi kufuneka zivuthe - zingangeni kwaye zivalwe ngokukhuselekileyo. Iphakheji kufuneka ibhalwe ngokucacileyo igama leekhemikhali, izilumkiso zengozi, kunye nolwazi loqhagamshelwano olungxamisekileyo.

• Izithuthi Zothutho : Izithuthi zothutho ezikhethekileyo ezenzelwe ukuthwala iikhemikhali eziyingozi ziyasetyenziswa. Ezi zithuthi kufuneka zixhotyiswe ngeenkqubo zokuthintela ukuchitheka, izixhobo zokuphendula ngexesha likaxakeka, kunye nomoya ofanelekileyo. Kufuneka zibonise neempawu ezifanelekileyo zokulumkisa ngengozi njengoko kufuneka ngokwemigaqo yothutho.

• Uqeqesho Lwabaqhubi : Abaqhubi abathutha i-sodium cyanide kufuneka baqeqeshwe ngokukodwa ekuphatheni izinto eziyingozi. Bafanele bazazi iimpawu ze-sodium cyanide, iinkqubo zokuphendula xa kuthe kwachitheka okanye kwenzeka ingozi, kunye nemigaqo efanelekileyo yothutho.

• Ukucwangciswa kweNdlela : Indlela yokuthutha kufuneka icwangciswe kwangaphambili ukuze kuthintelwe iindawo ezixineneyo, iindawo zokuhlala, kunye neendawo ezinomngcipheko omkhulu weengozi. Abasemagunyeni basekuhlaleni kufuneka baziswe malunga nokuthuthwa kwe-sodium cyanide, ingakumbi xa bedlula kwiindawo ezinobuthathaka.

• Ukuphatha kunye nokusetyenziswa :

• Izixhobo zokuzikhusela zobuqu (i-PPE) :

• Ukhuseleko Lokuphefumla : Abaqhubi kufuneka banxibe ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo lokuphefumla. Kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo, kufuneka isixhobo sokuphefumla esipheleleyo ubuso esinesihluzo somoya esisebenza kakuhle kunye nebhokisi evunyiweyo yokukhusela i-cyanide. Kwiindawo ezinobungozi obukhulu okanye xa kunokwenzeka ukuba umntu achaphazeleke kakhulu, isixhobo sokuphefumla esizimeleyo sinokufuneka.

• Ukhuseleko Lwamehlo : Kufuneka unxibe iiglasi zokukhusela amehlo ezinganyangekiyo ngamakhemikhali okanye isikhuselo sobuso ukuze ukhusele amehlo ekutshizweni okanye kwiinxalenye zothuli ze-sodium cyanide.

• Ukhuseleko lolusu : Iiglavu ezingenamabala ezenziwe ngezinto ezifana nerabha ye-butyl okanye i-nitrile, kunye neengubo okanye ii-apron ezimelana neekhemikhali, kufuneka zisetyenziswe. Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-PPE ikwimeko elungileyo kwaye ilingana kakuhle.

• Ukuseta Indawo Yomsebenzi :

• Umoya ongenisa umoya : Indawo yokusebenza apho kuphathwa khona i-sodium cyanide kufuneka ibe nomoya ongenisa umoya ongcono kakhulu. Kufuneka kufakwe iinkqubo zomoya ongenisa umoya eziphuma kwindawo ethile ukuze kubanjwe nayiphi na intuthu okanye uthuli oluvela ngexesha lokuphathwa. Oku kunceda ekunciphiseni ukuxinana kwezinto ezinobungozi emoyeni nokukhusela impilo yabasebenzi.

• Izixhobo Zokuphendula Xa Kungxamisekile : Indawo yokusebenza kufuneka ixhotyiswe ngezixhobo zokuphendula xa kungxamisekile ezifana neendawo zokuhlamba amehlo kunye neeshawa zokhuseleko. Kwimeko yokudibana ngengozi ne-sodium cyanide, abasebenzi banokuyihlamba ngokukhawuleza indawo echaphazelekayo ukuze banciphise umonakalo.

3. Ukusabela okuNgxamisekileyo kunye nokuLahla

• Izicwangciso zeNgxakeko : Amashishini aphatha i-sodium cyanide kufuneka enze izicwangciso zengxakeko ezibanzi. Ezi zicwangciso mazibandakanye iinkqubo zokujongana nokuchitheka, ukuvuza, imililo, kunye nokuvezwa ngengozi. Kufuneka kwenziwe uqeqesho rhoqo lwengxakeko ukuqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi baqhelene neenkqubo zokuphendula.

• Impendulo Yokuchitheka Nokuvuza : Kwimeko yokuchitheka okanye ukuvuza kwe-sodium cyanide, kufuneka kuthathwe amanyathelo akhawulezileyo. Indawo mayivalwe, kwaye abasebenzi abangagunyaziswanga kufuneka bakhutshwe. Abasebenzi abaqeqeshweyo abanxibe iiPPE ezifanelekileyo kufuneka basebenzise izinto ezifunxayo ukuze bathintele ukuchitheka. I-sodium cyanide echithekileyo kufuneka iqokelelwe kwaye ilahlwe ngokufanelekileyo ngokwemigaqo efanelekileyo.

• Impendulo yoMlilo : Ekubeni i-sodium cyanide inokuvelisa igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide enobuthi kakhulu xa itshayiswa ngumlilo, abacimi-mlilo kufuneka baxhotyiswe ngezixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokukhusela ukuphefumla kunye nezixhobo zokulwa nomlilo. Izixhobo zokucima umlilo ezinamanzi, isanti, okanye umgubo owomileyo zingasetyenziselwa ukucima umlilo, kodwa kufuneka kuthathwe unonophelo ukuthintela ukusasazeka kwezinto ezinobuthi.

• Ukulahlwa kweNkunkuma : Inkunkuma equlethe i-sodium cyanide kufuneka ilahlwe ngokufanelekileyo. Akufanele ikhutshwe iye kwindawo engqongileyo ngaphandle kokunyangwa. Iindlela zonyango zingabandakanya i-oxidation yeekhemikhali okanye ezinye iinkqubo ezivunyiweyo zokuguqula i-cyanide enetyhefu ibe zizinto ezingenabungozi kangako ngaphambi kokuba ilahlwe.

Ukuqukumbela, umgangatho wemveliso kunye nemigangatho yokhuseleko ye-sodium cyanide ibaluleke kakhulu ekuqinisekiseni ukusebenza okukhuselekileyo nokusebenzayo kwamashishini asebenzisa le khemikhali enetyhefu kakhulu. Ngokuthobela ngokungqongqo le migangatho, sinako ukukhusela impilo yabantu, okusingqongileyo, kunye nenkqubela phambili eqhelekileyo yemveliso yemizi-mveliso.