Inkqubo yokutsalwa kweGolide ye-Thiourea: Imigaqo, iMisebenzi, kunye neNgqwalasela

intshayelelo

Ukukhupha igolide yinkqubo ebalulekileyo kwishishini lezemigodi kunye neentsimbi ezixabisekileyo. Phakathi kweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokukhupha, inkqubo yokukhupha igolide yaseThiourea ifumene ingqalelo enkulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje. IThiourea, enefomyula yekhemikhali \(SCN_2H_4\), yikhompawundi yendalo edlala indima ebalulekileyo kule nkqubo. Le posi yebhlog iza kuhlola ngokupheleleyo inkqubo yokukhupha igolide yaseThiourea, igubungela imigaqo yayo, amanyathelo okusebenza, izinto ezinefuthe, kunye neenzuzo xa kuthelekiswa neendlela zemveli.

Imigaqo yeThiourea Gold Extraction

Umthetho-siseko osisiseko wokutsalwa kwegolide ye-thiourea usekukwazini kwayo ukwenza iikhompleksi ezizinzileyo ezine-ion zegolide kwindawo eneasidi. Phambi kwe-agent ye-oxidizing, igolide kwintsimbi ekrwada iye ifakwe i-oxid kwaye emva koko idibane ne-thiourea yenze izinto ezinyibilikayo zegolide-thiourea. Ii-oxidizing agents eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswa kule nkqubo ziyi-iron (III) ion kunye ne-oxygen echithwe.

I-Thiourea izinzile kwizisombululo ze-asidi, nto leyo ebangela le nkqubo yokukhupha. Kwindawo ene-asidi, i-thiourea inokwenza uthotho lwee-ions ezintsonkothileyo ezine-cations zesinyithi. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kwe -MERCURY , ukuzinza kwee-ions ezintsonkothileyo ze-thiourea nezinye iintsimbi kuphantsi kakhulu. Olu phawu lunika ukukhutshwa kwegolide okusekwe kwi-thiourea ukhetho oluphezulu lwegolide.

Amanyathelo okuSebenza kwiNkqubo yokuKhiwa kweGolide yaseThiourea

Ukulungiselela intsimbi

Inyathelo lokuqala kwinkqubo yokukhutshwa kwegolide ye-thiourea kukulungiswa kwentsimbi. Intsimbi ekrwada idinga ukutyunyuzwa kwaye icolwe ukuya kubukhulu obufanelekileyo besuntswana ukunyusa indawo yomphezulu wokudibana okungcono nesisombululo sethiourea. Ngokubanzi, okukhona ubungakanani bamasuntswana bucoleke, kokukhona unyuka umyinge wokusabela phakathi kwentsimbi ekrwada kunye nesisombululo esine-thiourea. Nangona kunjalo, ukucola okucokisekileyo kusenokuzisa iziphumo ezingalunganga, ezifana nokunyuka kokusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nobunzima bokwahlukana okuqinileyo okulandelayo - ukwahlulwa kolwelo.

Thiourea Leaching

Emva kokulungiswa kwe-ore, i-ore esemhlabeni ixutywa nesisombululo esine-thiourea. Ekubeni i-thiourea ingazinzanga kwizisombululo ze-alkaline kwaye ibola ngokulula ibe yi-sulfides kunye ne-amino cyanides , isisombululo sokuhluza sihlala sisisisombululo se-sulfuric acid esinyibilikisiweyo se-thiourea. Kubalulekile ukongeza i-asidi kuqala uze emva koko udibanise i-thiourea ukuze uphephe ukugqithisa kakhulu kwe-pulp, okunokubangela i-hydrolysis ye-thiourea kwaye kunciphise ukusebenza kwayo.

Ngexesha leNkqubo yokuKhupha , izinto ezinje ngoxinzelelo lwe-thiourea, uhlobo kunye nobungakanani be-oxidizing agent, ixabiso le-pH yesisombululo, ubushushu bepulp, kunye nexesha lokukhupha zonke zinempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwizinga lokukhupha igolide. Umzekelo, izinga lokukhupha igolide ngokubanzi liyanda ngokunyuka koxinzelelo lwe-thiourea, kodwa i-thiourea egqithisileyo inokukhokelela kwiindleko ezikhulayo kunye neengxaki ezinokubakho zokusingqongileyo. Ixabiso le-pH le-medium linxulumene noxinzelelo lwe-thiourea. Phantsi kweemeko zobushushu eziqhelekileyo kunye ne-thiourea dosage, ixabiso le-pH le-medium kungcono lingaphantsi kwe-1.5. Nangona kunjalo, i-acidity akufuneki ibe phezulu kakhulu, kungenjalo, iya kunyusa ubungakanani bokungcola okunyibilikayo kwi-ore.

Okuqinileyo - Ukwahlulwa kolwelo

Emva kwenkqubo yokucoca, ukuhlukana okuqinileyo - ukuhlukana kwamanzi kuqhutyelwa ukwahlula isisombululo esikhulelweyo esiqulethe i-gold-thiourea complexes kwiintsalela eziqinileyo. Uqina oluqhelekileyo - iindlela zokwahlula ulwelo ziquka ukuhluzwa kunye nentlenga. Ukhetho lwendlela yokwahlula kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezifana nobume bentsimbi ekrwada, ubungakanani bamasuntswana okuqina, kunye nobungakanani bomsebenzi. Okuqinileyo okuqinileyo - ukwahlula ulwelo kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wesisombululo esikhulelweyo kunye nokuququzelela imisebenzi elandelayo yokubuyisela igolide.

UkuBuyiswa kweGolide kwiSisombululo esikhulelweyo

Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokubuyisela igolide kwisisombululo esikhulelweyo esifunyenwe emva kokuhlukana okuqinileyo-ulwelo. Iindlela ezimbini eziqhelekileyo kukutshintshwa kwesinyithi kunye ne-electrowinning.

Ukutshintshwa kweMetal : Iintsimbi ezifana nentsimbi kunye ne-aluminium zingasetyenziswa njengee-reducing agents zokutshintsha igolide kwi-gold-thiourea complex kwisisombululo. Igolide etshintshiweyo yenza i-solid precipitate, enokusetyenzwa ngakumbi ukuze kufunyanwe igolide ecocekileyo.

Ukuphumelela ngombane : Kwinkqubo yokuphumelela ngombane, umsinga wombane udlula kwisisombululo esikhulelweyo. Ii-ion zegolide kwisisombululo ziyancitshiswa kwi-cathode kwaye zibekwe kumphezulu we-cathode, ngelixa i-thiourea kunye nezinye izinto zi-oxidized kwi-anode. Le ndlela inokufezekisa ukubuyiswa kwegolide ecocekileyo kakhulu kodwa ifuna izixhobo zombane ezithile kunye neemeko zokusebenza ezifanelekileyo.

Ukucokiswa kweeMveliso zeGolide

Igolide efunyenwe emva kokuchacha ihlala iqulethe ukungcola kwaye kufuneka icocwe ukuze ifumane iimveliso zegolide ezisulungekileyo. Inkqubo yokusulungekiswa iyafana naleyo yegolide efunyanwa ngezinye iindlela zokuyikhupha, njenge<em>cyanidation. Iindlela zokucoca eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukucocwa kweekhemikhali kunye nokucokisa i-electrolytic, enokususa ngokufanelekileyo ukungcola kunye nokuphucula ukucoceka kwegolide ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zemarike.

Imiba echaphazela iNkqubo yokuCinywa kweGolide ye-Thiourea

Ukubunjwa kweziMbiwa kweNgxoxo

Ukwakheka kwezimbiwa ze-ore kunempembelelo enkulu kwinkqubo yokukhupha igolide ye-thiourea. I-Copper, i-bismuth oxides kwizixhobo eziluhlaza ziya kunyibilika zibe yi-asidi kwaye zibe yinkimbinkimbi kunye ne-thiourea, kunciphisa isiphumo sokukhupha igolide ye-thiourea kwaye kwandise ukusetyenziswa kwe-thiourea. Ukongeza, ukuba izixhobo eziluhlaza ziqulethe inani elikhulu lezinto ezinyibilikayo kwi-asidi (ezifana ne-divalent iron, iiCarbon ates, ii-non-ferrous metal oxides, njl.njl.) kunye nezinto ezinciphisayo, kuya kwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwee-oxidants kunye ne-sulfuric acid kwaye kunciphise izinga lokukhupha igolide. Nangona kunjalo, iiminerali ze-sulfide ezifana ne-copper, i-arsenic, i-antimony, kunye ne-lead azinampembelelo ingako inobungozi ekukhupheni igolide ye-thiourea, okwenza ukukhupha igolide okusekelwe kwi-thiourea kube nokwenzeka ukukhupha igolide nesilivere ngokukhetha kwizinto eziluhlaza zegolide ezirhabaxa.

Ubungakanani besuntswana leGolide kwintsimbi ekrwada

Ubungakanani besuntswana legolide kwintsimbi ekrwada yenye yezinto ezichaphazela izinga legolide evuzayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, incinci isayizi yamasuntswana egolide, inkulu indawo ethile yomhlaba, kwaye kulula ukudibanisa nesisombululo se-thiourea, okukhokelela kwizinga eliphezulu lokuvuza. Ngoko ke, kwinqanaba lokulungiselela i-ore, imisebenzi efanelekileyo yokusila iyafuneka ukwenza amasuntswana egolide kwi-ore avele ngokupheleleyo kwaye aququzelele inkqubo yokucoca.

iqondo lobushushu

Ubushushu buneziphumo ezimbini kwinkqubo yokutsalwa kwegolide ye-thiourea. Kwelinye icala, ukonyusa iqondo lobushushu kunokulikhawulezisa izinga lokusasazwa kwee-reactants kunye nereyithi yokusabela phakathi kwegolide kunye ne-thiourea, ngaloo ndlela kunyusa izinga legolide lokuphuma. Kwelinye icala, i-thiourea inozinzo olubi lwe-thermal. Xa ubushushu buphezulu kakhulu, i-thiourea ixhomekeke kwi-hydrolysis kunye nokubola, ukunciphisa ukusebenza kwayo kwinkqubo yokukhutshwa. Ngokubanzi, iqondo lobushushu benkqubo ye-thiourea leaching ikhethwa ukuba ilawulwe ngaphantsi kwe-55 °C, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi, iqhutyelwa kwiqondo lokushisa.

pH Ixabiso leSisombululo

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, ixabiso le-pH lesisombululo lihambelana ngokusondeleyo nokuzinza kwe-thiourea kunye nefuthe le-leaching yegolide. I-Thiourea izinzile kwindawo ene-acidic, kwaye indawo ene-acidic efanelekileyo ihambelana nokwakhiwa kwe-gold-thiourea complexes. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ixabiso le-pH liphantsi kakhulu, aliyi kwandisa kuphela ukungcola kwe-asidi-enyibilikayo kodwa kunokubangela ukusabela kwecala okungahambiyo kwinkqubo yokutsalwa. Ngoko ke, ulawulo oluchanekileyo lwexabiso le-pH lesisombululo luyimfuneko ukuze kuqinisekiswe umphumo ochanekileyo wokukhupha.

Ukugxilwa kwe-Thiourea kunye ne-Agent ye-Oxidizing

Ukuxinwa kwe-thiourea kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo inani leekhompleksi zegolide-thiourea ezenziwe. Ngokubanzi, ukonyusa ingxinano ye-thiourea kunokunyusa izinga legolide lokutsalwa. Nangona kunjalo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo iindleko kunye nezinto zokusingqongileyo, ukuxinana kwe-thiourea kufuneka kuphuculwe. Uhlobo kunye nokugxininiswa kwe-agent e-oxidizing nayo idlala indima ebalulekileyo. I-agent eyaneleyo ene-oxidizing iyafuneka ukuze kuqinisekiswe i-oxidation eqhubekayo yegolide kwi-ore, kodwa i-agent e-oxidizing egqithisileyo inokukhokelela kwi-oxidation kunye nokubola kwe-thiourea, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kakuhle kwe-thiourea.

Izinto eziluncedo zeThiourea Gold Extraction Process

1. Isantya Sokukhupha Igolide Ngokukhawulezileyo : Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela zemveli zokukhupha igolide ezifana ne-cyanidation, inkqubo yokukhupha igolide ye-thiourea inesantya sokukhupha igolide ngokukhawuleza. Ukwenziwa kwee-complexes zegolide-thiourea kwindawo ene-asidi kunokunyibilikisa igolide ngokukhawuleza, nto leyo enokunciphisa kakhulu ixesha lokukhupha.

2. Ubuthi obuphantsi : I-Thiourea ayinabungozi kangako xa ithelekiswa ne -cyanide esetyenziswa kwiindlela zesintu zokulahla i-cyanidation. I-Cyanide inetyhefu kakhulu kwaye ibeka umngcipheko omkhulu kwindalo esingqongileyo nakwimpilo yabantu. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-thiourea ekutsaleni igolide kunciphisa iingozi ezinokubakho kwindalo esingqongileyo nakwizokhuseleko ezinxulumene nezinto ezinobuthi.

3. Ukukhetha Okulungileyo : Ngenxa yokuzinza okuphantsi kwee-ion ze-thiourea complex kunye neentsimbi ezininzi ngaphandle kwe-mercury, inkqubo yokukhupha igolide esekelwe kwi-thiourea inokukhetha okuphezulu kwegolide. Ingakhupha igolide ngokufanelekileyo kwiintsimbi ezintsonkothileyo eziqulethe ukungcola okwahlukeneyo kwesinyithi, inciphisa ukuphazamiseka kokungcola kwinkqubo yokukhupha.

4. Emva Kokulula - unyango lweSisombululo : Emva kwenkqubo yokukhupha igolide, isisombululo esine-thiourea kulula ukusinyanga. Umzekelo, kwinqanaba lokubuyisela igolide, ukusetyenziswa kweendlela zokutshintsha isinyithi okanye zokufumana i-electrowinning kunokwahlula igolide kwisisombululo ngokulula, kwaye isisombululo esiseleyo sinokunyangwa ngakumbi ukunciphisa ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo.

isiphelo

Inkqubo yokukhutshwa kwegolide ye-thiourea yindlela ethembisayo kwintsimi yokukhutshwa kwegolide. Ngokuqonda imigaqo yayo, amanyathelo okusebenza, imiba enempembelelo, kunye noncedo, iinkampani zemigodi kunye nabaphandi banokuyenza ngcono inkqubo yokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokutsalwa kwegolide, ukunciphisa iindleko, kunye nokunciphisa iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo. Nangona kusekho imingeni ekufuneka iqwalaselwe, njengokuphucula ukusetyenziswa kwe-thiourea kunye nokuphucula ukuzinza kwenkqubo phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo ze-ore, uphando oluqhubekayo kunye nokuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha kule ndawo ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kukhuthaza uphuhliso olongezelelweyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yokukhutshwa kwegolide ye-thiourea.