Qonda indima ye-sodium cyanide kwinkqubo yegolide ye-ore leaching

Kwilizwe elintsonkothileyo le Ukwembiwa kwegolide, ukukhutshwa kwesi sinyithi esixabisekileyo kwi-ore yayo yinkqubo ezaliswe ngokuchaneka kwezesayensi kunye nokutsha kwezobuchwepheshe. Omnye umchiza obalaseleyo kule nkqubo Isodium cyanide, ikhompawundi ebisoloko iyinxalenye yoshishino lwemigodi yegolide ngaphezulu kwenkulungwane. Eli nqaku lijonga indima ye Isodium cyanide emigodini yegolide, ngokukodwa kwinkqubo yokucoca, ukuhlola ukusabela kwayo kweekhemikhali, ukusetyenziswa kwayo, kunye namanyathelo athathiweyo ukuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngokukhuselekileyo nokuzinzileyo.

Ukuphinda kusebenze kweMichiza yeSodium Cyanide eneGolide

Sodium i-cyanide (I-NaCN) yintsimbi emhlophe, eyikristale enyibilikayo kakhulu emanzini. Kumxholo wokumbiwa kwegolide, eyona propati ibaluleke kakhulu kukukwazi ukusabela ngegolide phambi kweoksijini ukwenza igolide enyibilikayo. Le mpendulo isisiseko se Inkqubo ye-cyanidation, ebiyeyona ndlela ibalaseleyo yokutsalwa kwegolide ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1890.

I-equation yekhemikhali yokusabela phakathi kwegolide, sodium cyanide, ioksijini, kunye namanzi zimi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

4 Au + 8 NaCN + O₂ + 2 H₂O → 4 Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4 NaOH

Kule mpendulo, igolide i-oxidized kwaye yenza i-complex kunye ne-cyanide ion. Ioksijini isebenza njenge-oxidizing agent, iququzelela ukuchithwa kwegolide. Isiphumo esiyinkimbinkimbi, i-sodium aurocyanide (Na[Au (CN) ₂]), i-soluble emanzini, ivumela igolide ukuba ihlulwe kwi-matrix ore.

Ukunyibilika okuphezulu kwe-sodium cyanide emanzini kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwayo kwinkqubo yokucoca. Ivumela ukusasazwa ngokukhawuleza kweeyoni ze-cyanide kwi-ore, inyusa unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-reagent kunye namasuntswana egolide. Oku ke, konyusa izinga lokuphendula kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokutsalwa kwegolide.

Izicelo kwiiNkqubo zokuLeaching zeGolide ezahlukeneyo

Haap Leaching

I-Heap leaching yindlela esetyenziswa kakhulu ekusetyenzweni kweentsimbi zegolide ezikumgangatho ophantsi. Kule nkqubo, intsimbi ekrwada iyatyunyuzwa ize ifunjwe kwiimfumba ezinkulu kwilinen engenamanzi. Umxube oxutyiweyo wesodium cyanide, ngokuqhelekileyo kuluhlu lwe-0.01% ukuya kwi-0.05%, emva koko utshizwe phezu kwemfumba. Isisombululo se-cyanide sityhutyha nge-ore, sisabela ngegolide kwaye siyinyibilikise. Isisombululo esikhulelweyo, esiqulethe igolide enyibilikisiweyo, iqokelelwa ezantsi kwemfumba kwaye iqhutywe ngakumbi ukubuyisela igolide.

I-Heap Leaching yindlela engabizi kakhulu yokunyanga umthamo omkhulu we-ore yomgangatho ophantsi. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide kule nkqubo kuvumela ukutsalwa kwegolide kwi-ores enokuthi ingabikho imali yokwenza. Nangona kunjalo, ifuna ukulawulwa ngononophelo ukuthintela ukungcoliseka kwendalo, njengoko isisombululo secyanide sinokungena kumhlaba ojikelezileyo kunye namanzi ukuba asigcinwanga kakuhle.

Iinkqubo zeCarbon-in-Leach (CIL) kunye neCarbon-in-Pulp (CIP).

Iinkqubo ze-CIL kunye ne-CIP ziqhele ukusetyenziselwa ukusetyenzwa kweentsimbi zegolide zodidi oluphezulu okanye ugxininiso lwegolide. Kwezi nkqubo, intsimbi ekrwada ngumhlaba wokuqala kwaye emva koko ixutywe nesisombululo sesodium cyanide kuthotho lweetanki eziphazamisekileyo. Igolide inyibilika kwisisombululo secyanide, yenze igolide enyibilikayo.

Kwinkqubo ye-CIL, i-carbon activated yongezwa ngokuthe ngqo kwiitanki ze-leach. Ikhabhoni ibhengeza i-complex yegolide, ihlula ngokufanelekileyo igolide kwisisombululo. Ikhabhoni elayishiweyo emva koko isuswe kwiitanki kwaye iphinde icutshungulwe ukubuyisela igolide. Kwinkqubo ye-CIP, i-slurry e-leached iqala ukuhlukana nesisombululo, kwaye isisombululo sigqithiswa ngoluhlu lweekholomu zekhabhoni, apho igolide ibhengezwa kwikhabhoni.

Zombini iinkqubo ze-CIL kunye ne-CIP zibonelela ngamazinga aphezulu okubuyisela igolide kwaye zisebenza kakuhle ngokwemigaqo yosetyenziso lwe-reagent. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide kwezi nkqubo kuvumela ukuchithwa okukhethiweyo kwegolide, ukunciphisa ukutsalwa kwezinye izinyithi ezikhoyo kwi-ore.

Izinto ezichaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kweSodium Cyanide ekuLeaching

Ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-sodium cyanide kwi Ukuvuza kwegolide Inkqubo iphenjelelwa zizinto ezininzi:

1. Iimpawu zeOre: Uhlobo kunye nokwakhiwa kwentsimbi ekrwada kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokucoca. Intsimbi ekrwada enesiqulatho segolide ephezulu kunye nemineralogy efanelekileyo, efana nezo zinesulfide encinci, zikholisa ukuvelisa amazinga aphezulu egolide. Ukongeza, ubungakanani bamasuntswana entsimbi ekrwada buchaphazela indawo engaphezulu ekhoyo yokusabela. Iintsimbi ezikrwada ezicolwe kakuhle zikholisa ukuphumela ekuvuzeni okusebenzayo ngakumbi.

2. Ugxininiso lweCyanide: Ukuxinwa kwe-sodium cyanide kwisisombululo se-leaching yiparameter ebalulekileyo. Ugxininiso oluphezulu lwecyanide lunokunyusa izinga lokuchithwa kwegolide, kodwa lunyusa ixabiso le-reagent kunye nobungozi obunokubakho bokusingqongileyo. Ukuphucula ukuxinana kwecyanide kubalulekile ukulungelelanisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwegolide kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwezoqoqosho kunye nokusingqongileyo.

3. Ukufumaneka kweoksijini: Njengoko ioksijini idingeka kwi-oxidation yegolide, ukufumaneka kwayo kwinkqubo yokukhupha ibalulekile. I-aeration eyaneleyo okanye ukongezwa kwee-oxidizing agents kunokuphucula inkqubo yokucoca. Kwezinye iimeko, ezinye ii-oxidants ezifana ne-hydrogen peroxide okanye i-ozone zingasetyenziselwa ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokusabela.

4. pH yeSisombululo: I-pH yesisombululo se-leaching ichaphazela ukuzinza kweeyoni ze-cyanide kunye ne-solubility ye-complex yegolide. I-alkaline pH kancinane, ngokuqhelekileyo kuluhlu lwe-10 ukuya kwi-11. yeyona ifanelekileyo kwinkqubo ye-cyanidation. Ukulungelelanisa i-pH kunokunceda ukukhusela i-hydrolysis ye-cyanide kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuchithwa okusebenzayo kwegolide.

Iingqwalasela zokusiNgqongileyo noKhuseleko

Isodium cyanide yinto enetyhefu kakhulu, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwimigodi yegolide kufuna ukuba kubekho amanyathelo angqongqo okusingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko:

Impembelelo kokusiNgqongileyo

Inkxalabo ephambili yokusingqongileyo ehambelana nokusetyenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide kwimigodi yegolide yinto enokwenzeka yokukhutshwa kwe-cyanide kwindawo. I-cyanide inokuba yityhefu kubomi basemanzini, kwizityalo nakwizilwanyana ukuba ingena emanzini okanye emhlabeni. Ukunciphisa lo mngcipheko, imisebenzi yemigodi isebenzisa uluhlu lweendlela zolawulo lwendalo esingqongileyo, kubandakanywa ukusetyenziswa kwamadama aneentsalela zezimbiwa ezinezinyibiliko ezinezinyibiliko ezine-cyanide, ukucocwa kwamanzi amdaka ukuze kucuthwe amanqanaba ecyanide, kunye nokuphunyezwa kweenkqubo zokubeka iliso ukuze kubonwe nakuphi na ukuvuza okunokubakho okanye ukuchitheka.

Amanyathelo oKhuseleko kubasebenzi

Abasebenzi ababandakanyekayo kwinkqubo yokwembiwa kwegolide, ngakumbi abo baphatha i-sodium cyanide, basengozini yokuchanabeka kule khemikhali iyityhefu. Ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwazo, iinkampani zemigodi zisebenzisa imigaqo engqongqo yokhuseleko. Oku kubandakanya ukubonelela abasebenzi ngezixhobo zokuzikhusela, ezifana neglavu, izibuko, kunye nezixhobo zokuphefumla, kunye nokuqeqesha ngendlela efanelekileyo kunye nokugcinwa kwe-sodium cyanide. Ukongezelela, iinkqubo zokhuseleko zikhona ukuze kuthintelwe ukuchitheka ngengozi kunye nokusabela ngokukhawuleza kwimeko yongxamiseko.

Isakhelo soLawulo

Ukusetyenziswa kwesodium cyanide kwimigodi yegolide kuxhomekeke kulawulo olungqongqo kumazwe amaninzi. Imigaqo ilawula ukuveliswa, ukuthuthwa, ukugcinwa, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide, kunye nokulawulwa kwenkunkuma ene-cyanide. Iinkampani zemigodi kulindeleke ukuba ziyithobele le migaqo ukuze ziqinisekise ukusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo nokuzinzileyo kwemigodi yazo.

Iindlela ezizezinye kwiSodium Cyanide

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kuye kwakho umdla okhulayo ekuphuhliseni ezinye iindlela zokukhutshwa kwegolide ezingathembeli ekusebenziseni i-sodium cyanide. Ezinye zeendlela ezinokuthi zibekho ziquka:

I-Thiosulfate Leaching

I-Thiosulfate leaching yinkqubo esebenzisa i-ion ze-thiosulfate, ezifana ne-sodium thiosulfate, ukunyibilikisa igolide. Le ndlela ibonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi ngaphezulu kwe-cyanidation, kubandakanywa ubutyhefu obuphantsi, ukukhawuleza kwamazinga okuvuza, kunye nokukwazi ukucubungula i-ores ekunzima ukuyiphatha nge-cyanide. Nangona kunjalo, i-thiosulfate leaching nayo inemingeni yayo, efana nesidingo sokulawula ngononophelo iimeko zokuvuza kunye neendleko eziphezulu ze-reagent.

Bioleaching

I-Bioleaching yinkqubo yebhayoloji esebenzisa i-microorganisms ukukhupha igolide kwi-ore. Le ndlela ihambelana nokusingqongileyo kwaye ingasetyenziselwa ukunyanga iintsimbi ezikumgangatho ophantsi. Nangona kunjalo, i-bioleaching yinkqubo ecothayo, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwayo okwangoku kulinganiselwe kwiintlobo ezithile ze-ores.

Ezinye iiTekhnoloji ezisakhulayo

Kukwakho nobunye ubugcisa obuvelayo, obufana nokusetyenziswa kolwelo lwe-ionic kunye nolwelo olubaluleke kakhulu, olubonisa isithembiso sokutsalwa kwegolide. Ezi teknoloji zisekwinqanaba lovavanyo, kodwa zinamandla okubonelela ngeendlela ezisebenza ngokufanelekileyo nezilungele ukusingqongileyo kwiindlela zemveli ze-cyanidation.

isiphelo

Isodium cyanide idlale indima ebalulekileyo kwishishini lemigodi yegolide isithuba esingaphezulu kwenkulungwane, ivumela ukutsalwa okusebenzayo kwegolide kwintsimbi ekrwada yayo. Ukukwazi kwayo ukwenza ii-soluble complexes ngegolide phambi kwe-oksijini yenza ukuba i-reagent iphumelele kakhulu kwinkqubo yokucoca. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide kuza kunye nemingeni ebalulekileyo yokusingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko, oye wakhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kwemigaqo engqongqo yokulawula kunye nokukhangela ezinye iindlela zokukhutshwa kwegolide.

Njengoko ishishini lemigodi yegolide liqhubeleka nokukhula, kusenokwenzeka ukuba siza kubona ugxininiso olukhulu kuphuhliso nokwamkelwa kobuchwepheshe obuzinzileyo nobunobungani nokusingqongileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kwixesha elizayo elibonakalayo, i-sodium cyanide inokuthi ihlale iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yokutsalwa kwegolide, nangona ngokunyuka kokuhlolwa kunye nokuphunyezwa kweendlela eziphuculweyo zokusingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko.