Ukubaluleka kweSodium Cyanide kuShishino loShishino

Sodium i-cyanide (I-NaCN), ngaphandle kobume bayo obunetyhefu kakhulu, idlala indima ebalulekileyo kunye nezinto ezininzi kwi- Shishini. Njengemathiriyeli ekrwada ephambili kwi-organic synthesis, isebenza njengebhloko yokwakha esisiseko sokwakha uluhlu olwahlukeneyo lweemolekyuli zamachiza. Eli nqaku lingena kwimisebenzi engundoqo ye Isodium cyanide kwimveliso yamayeza kunye nemilinganiselo yokhuseleko engqongqo ehambelana nokusetyenziswa kwayo.

Isodium Cyanide njengeSynthetic Intermediate: "I-Molecular Scalpel"

Iqela lecyano (-CN) linikezelwe ngu Isodium cyanide isembindini wexabiso layo ekudibaneni kweziyobisi. Eli qela lithatha inxaxheba kumanyathelo abalulekileyo:

Ukwaziswa kweNitrogen - equlethe amaQela aSebenzayo

Iqela lecyano linokuguqulwa libe ngamanye amaqela asebenzayo ayimfuneko. Ngokomzekelo, nge-hydrolysis, inokuguqulwa ibe yiqela le-carboxylic acid (-COOH), kwaye ngokunciphisa, ingaba liqela le-amino (-NH₂). La maqela ziisayithi ezisebenzayo kumachiza amaninzi. Kwi-antibiotics, iqela le-carboxylic acid linokubandakanyeka ekubopheleleni kwiindonga zeeseli zebhaktiriya, zithintele ukukhula kwazo. Kumachiza okulwa nomhlaza, amaqela e-amino anokunxibelelana nezamkeli ezithile kwiiseli zomhlaza, eziphazamisa ukwanda kwazo okungaqhelekanga. Ngokomzekelo, ekudibaneni kwe-cephalosporin - uhlobo oluthile lwe-antibiotics, ukuguqulwa kweqela le-cyano kwiqela le-carboxylic acid linyathelo eliphambili ekudaleni isithako esisebenzayo soxubo-mayeza.

Ulwakhiwo lwaMathambo aMathambo eMolekyuli

I-sodium cyanide iyimfuneko ekwakheni izakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo zeemolekyuli. Ukwenziwa kwevithamin B12. isondlo esibalulekileyo kwimpilo yabantu, sixhomekeke kukulungelelaniswa kweqela le-cyano kunye ne-cobalt ions. Olu lungelelaniso lubalulekile ekwenzeni isakhiwo esikhethekileyo sevithamin B12. eyimfuneko ekusebenzeni kwemithambo-luvo kunye ne-DNA synthesis. Kwi-synthesis ye-β-blockers njengepropranolol, sodium cyanide isetyenziselwa ukwazisa ikhonkco elisecaleni elingundoqo. Eli tyathanga elisecaleni linoxanduva lokukwazi ukuvala i-beta - i-adrenergic receptors, ngaloo ndlela inciphisa izinga lentliziyo kunye noxinzelelo lwegazi. Omnye umzekelo ukwi-synthesis ye-anti-cancer drug 5 - fluorouracil. I-sodium cyanide ibandakanyeka ekwakhiweni kweringi ye-pyrimidine, echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo umsebenzi we-anti - tumor. Ilungiselelo elichanekileyo le-athomu kwindandatho ye-pyrimidine, eququzelelwa ngokusetyenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide kwinkqubo yokudibanisa, ivumela i-5 - i-fluorouracil ukuba iphazamise i-DNA kunye ne-RNA synthesis kwiiseli zomhlaza.

Ukuqhuba iintshukumo ezingundoqo zeMichiza

Cyanidation Reaction

I-sodium cyanide ithatha inxaxheba kwi-nucleophilic substitution reactions (efana ne-SN2). Kule mpendulo, iqela le-cyano lingathatha indawo ye-athomu ye-halogen ye-halogenated hydrocarbon ukwenza i-nitrile compound. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-synthesis ye-antimalarial drug chloroquine, i-α - i-chloro valeronitrile, i-intermediate, yenziwa ngokuphendula okunjalo. Iqela le-nitrile kwi-α - chloro valeronitrile linokuthi ke lihlengahlengiswe ngakumbi ngokusabela okulandelayo ukuze kwakhiwe isakhiwo esintsonkothileyo se-chloroquine, esisebenzayo ekunyangeni isifo seengcongconi ngokuphazamisana nendlela yokususa ubutoksi be-parasite ye-heme.

Strecker Synthesis

Le mpendulo ibandakanya i-sodium cyanide esabelayo kunye ne-aldehyde/ketone kunye ne-ammonia ukwenza i-α - amino nitrile, enokuthi ifakwe i-hydrolyzed ukufumana i-amino acid. Ii-amino acids ziibhloko zokwakha zamachiza eprotheyini. Ngokomzekelo, i-alanine, i-amino acid, inokwenziwa ngokuphendula kwe-Strecker. Kushishino lwamayeza, ii-amino acids ezingezizo ezendalo nezendalo ezidityaniswe ngolu hlobo zisetyenziswa njengezithako ezisebenzayo ngokwazo okanye njengeziphakathi ezibalulekileyo kwiimolekyuli zamachiza ezintsonkothileyo. Ezinye iziyobisi peptide - ngokusekelwe amino acids ezidityanisiweyo kusetyenziswa sodium cyanide - reactioned mediated ukuphumeza iziphumo zabo zonyango, ezifana kwimeko ethile insulin analogs apho ulandelelwano oluchanekileyo kunye nolwakhiwo amino acid, kuquka ezo ziphuma Strecker - uhlobo syntheses, zibalulekile ukuze glucose efanelekileyo - umsebenzi olawulayo.

Ukusabela ngebhayisekile

Iqela le-cyano lingathatha inxaxheba kwi-intramolecular cyclization ukwenza i-nitrogen - equkethe i-heterocycles, njenge-pyridine kunye ne-pyrimidine. Ezi zakhiwo zifumaneka ngokubanzi kumachiza e-antiviral afana ne-oseltamivir (Tamiflu) kunye ne-anti-AIDS amachiza. Kwi-oseltamivir, i-pyrimidine ring, eyenziwe ngoncedo lweempendulo ezibandakanya iqela le-cyano kwi-sodium cyanide, ibalulekile kwikhono leyeza lokuthintela i-enzym ye-influenza virus neuraminidase. Esi sithintelo sithintela intsholongwane ukuba ingakhutshwa kwiiseli ezosulelekileyo, ngaloo ndlela inciphisa ukusasazeka kwale ntsholongwane ngaphakathi emzimbeni. Kwimichiza echasene ne-AIDS, i-nitrogen - equlethe i-heterocycles inokunxibelelana ne-enzyme ye-reverse transcriptase yentsholongwane ye-HIV, ivimbela inkqubo yayo yokuphindaphinda.

Ulawulo loMgangatho kunye noLawulo loKhuseleko

Ngenxa yetyhefu egqithisileyo ye-sodium cyanide, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kumashishini amayeza kulawulwa ngokungqongqo:

Ulawulo lwenkqubo epheleleyo

Ukususela ekuthengeni i-sodium cyanide kwisitoreji kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo, yonke imisebenzi kufuneka ihambelane "neMimiselo yoLawulo loKhuseleko lweMichiza enobungozi." Iinkqubo zokutshixa kabini umntu kabini zidla ngokuphunyezwa, apho abantu ababini abagunyazisiweyo kufuneka bafikelele kwisodium cyanide egciniweyo ngaxeshanye. Ukujongwa kwexesha lokwenyani kukwasetyenziswa ukulandelela ubungakanani kunye nendawo yesodium cyanide ngawo onke amaxesha. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba naluphi na ufikelelo olungagunyaziswanga okanye ukuvuza okunokwenzeka kunokubonwa ngoko nangoko. Ngokomzekelo, kwiziko lokuvelisa amayeza, iinzwa zifakwe kwiindawo zokugcina ukuze zibone ukuxinwa kwe-cyanide emoyeni, kwaye ukufikelela kwindawo yokugcina kuthintelwe ngokusebenzisa ukuqinisekiswa kwe-biometric kunye neekhowudi zokhuseleko, kunye neerekhodi zazo zonke iziganeko zokufikelela zifakwe.

Inkqubo yokuPhucula

Itekhnoloji ephucukileyo efana ne-microchannel reactors iya isetyenziswa kakhulu. IMicrochannel reactors ibonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi. Banokulawula ngokuchanekileyo iimeko zokusabela, ezifana neqondo lobushushu, uxinzelelo, kunye namazinga okuqukuqela okusabelayo, kwinqanaba elincinci. Oku akunciphisi kuphela umngcipheko wokuvezwa kwe-sodium cyanide njengoko iimpendulo zenzeka kwindawo equlathekileyo kwaye elawulwayo kodwa kuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokukhetha. Umzekelo, kwimpendulo ebandakanya i-sodium cyanide ukudibanisa ichiza elithile eliphakathi, i-microchannel reactor inokuqinisekisa ukuba impendulo iqhubeka nesivuno esiphezulu semveliso efunekayo ngelixa unciphisa ukwakheka kweemveliso ezingafunwayo, ezinokuqulatha intsalela yecyanide.

Ukuphononongwa kweeTechnologies ezizezinye

Ngomzamo wokunciphisa iingozi zendalo, iindlela eziluhlaza ezifana ne-biocatalysis (ukusebenzisa i-enzymes njenge-nitrile hydratase) kunye ne-electrochemical cyanidation zihlolwa. I-Biocatalysis ibonelela ngendlela ehambelana nokusingqongileyo ngakumbi njengoko isebenzisa ii-enzymes ukuvuselela ukusabela phantsi kweemeko ezibuthathaka. I-Nitrile hydratase inokuguqula i-nitriles (enokuthi ithathwe kwi-sodium cyanide-based reactions) ibe yi-amides ngaphandle kwesidingo se-reagents yeekhemikhali ezinzima. I-Electrochemical cyanidation, ngakolunye uhlangothi, inokunciphisa inani le-sodium cyanide esetyenziswayo ngokuvumela ukuphendula okusebenzayo kunye nokujoliswe kuyo ngokusetyenziswa kombane wangoku. Nangona obu buchwepheshe bungenye busekwinqanaba lophuhliso kwezinye iimeko, banesithembiso esikhulu sekamva leshishini loxubo-mayeza ekunciphiseni ukuthembela kwalo kwi-sodium cyanide enetyhefu kakhulu ngelixa ligcina amandla okudibanisa amachiza.

IiNdlela zexesha elizayo: Ukulungelelanisa uKhuseleko kunye nokusebenza kakuhle

Ukuqhelaniswa neChemistry eluhlaza

Ikamva lokusetyenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide kwishishini lamayeza lilele ekuphuhliseni i-cyanide - iindlela zokusabela zasimahla. Enye indlela kukusebenzisa metal - organic frameworks (MOFs). Ii-MOF zizinto ezixubileyo ezinezakhiwo ezizodwa ezinokukhetha ngokukhetha kwaye zivule iqela le-cyano. Oku kuvumela ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kweqela le-cyano ekuphenduleni ngelixa kunciphisa inani elipheleleyo le-sodium cyanide efunekayo njengento eluhlaza. Ngokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziluhlaza, oku akunciphisi kuphela impembelelo yokusingqongileyo ehambelana ne-sodium cyanide kodwa inokunciphisa iindleko zokuvelisa. Umzekelo, kuphononongo lwelabhoratri-isikali, ii-MOFs zasetyenziselwa ukuphembelela ukusabela okufuna i-sodium cyanide. Iziphumo zabonisa ukuba i-MOF - i-catalyzed reaction inokufikelela kwisivuno esifanayo semveliso efunwayo kunye nesixa esincitshisiweyo kakhulu segalelo le-sodium cyanide.

Ukubeka esweni okukrelekrele

Ukudibanisa i-AI kunye ne-sensor technologies yenye indlela evelayo. I-AI - i-algorithms enikwe amandla inokuhlalutya idatha evela kwi-sensors ebeka iliso kwi-residu ye-cyanide kwinkqubo yokusabela ngexesha langempela. Oku kuqinisekisa ubunyulu kunye nokhuseleko lwamachiza. Umzekelo, abenzi boluvo banokubona umkhondo we-cyanide kumxube wokusabela okanye kwimveliso yechiza lokugqibela. Idatha evela kula ma-sensor ke ifakwe kwinkqubo ye-AI, ekwazi ukuhlalutya ngokukhawuleza idatha kwaye inikeze izilumkiso ukuba amanqanaba e-cyanide adlula imida evumelekileyo. Le nkqubo yokuhlola ekrelekrele inokuqikelela imiba enokubakho kwinkqubo yokusabela ngokusekwe kwidatha yembali kunye nentsingiselo yexesha lokwenyani, ivumela uhlengahlengiso olusebenzayo ukuba lwenziwe ukuqinisekisa umgangatho kunye nokhuseleko lweemveliso zoxubo mayeza.

Ukuqukumbela, i-sodium cyanide idlala "indima emibini" kwishishini lamayeza. Zombini zingumqhubi ophambili wokuqalwa kweziyobisi, okwenza kube lula ukudityaniswa koluhlu olubanzi lobomi - ukusindisa kunye nempilo - ukuphuculwa kwamayeza, kunye nento eyingozi efuna ukhathalelo olukhulu ekuphatheni. Ngobuchule obuqhubekayo bezobuchwepheshe kunye nolawulo olungqongqo lokhuseleko, ukusetyenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide kwishishini loxubo mayeza kuguqukela kwikamva elikhuselekileyo nelisebenzayo, libonelela ngempembelelo ebalulekileyo eluntwini ekulweni nezifo.