Iinkqubo zeMveliso zamva nje zeSodium Cyanide

1. intshayelelo

Sodium i-cyanide (I-NaCN) yikhompawundi ebalulekileyo yeekhemikhali esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumashishini ahlukeneyo, afana nemigodi yegolide, i-electroplating, kunye ne-chemical synthesis. I Iinkqubo zemveliso of Isodium cyanide bezisoloko zivela ukuze kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle, ukunciphisa iindleko, kunye nokomeleza ukuhambelana kokusingqongileyo. Eli nqaku lizakwazisa ezininzi iinkqubo zemveliso zamva nje ze Isodium cyanide.

2. Ammonia - Indlela yeSodium

2.1 Umgaqo-nkqubo weNkqubo

Kwi-ammonia - indlela ye-sodium, i-metallic sodium kunye ne-petroleum coke yongezwa okokuqala kwi-reactor kwi-reactor ethile. Iqondo lobushushu liyanyuswa liye kuma-650 °C, kwaye igesi ye-ammonia iyaziswa. Njengoko iqondo lobushushu linyuka ngakumbi ukuya kwi-800 ° C, ukusabela kwenzeka kwisithuba seeyure ezisi-7, apho isodiyam yesinyithi iguqulwa ngokupheleleyo sodium cyanide. Emva koko, ii-reactants zihluzwa kwiqondo lobushushu le-650 °C ukususa i-petroleum coke engaphezulu. Imveliso etyhidiweyo iyakhutshwa kwaye iphoswe kwimilo efunekayo ukufumana iimveliso zesodium cyanide.

2.2 Izinto eziluncedo nezingeloncedo

• eziluncedo: Le nkqubo inomgaqo wokusabela olula, kunye nezixhobo zesodium kunye ne-ammonia zixhaphake kakhulu kwishishini lemichiza.

• nezingeloncedo: Iimeko zokusabela okuphezulu kobushushu zifuna umthamo omkhulu wokusetyenziswa kwamandla. Kwakhona, ukusetyenziswa kwe-metallic sodium kubangela imingcipheko ethile yokhuseleko ngenxa ye-reactivity ephezulu.

3. Indlela yeCyanide Melt

3.1 Umgaqo-nkqubo weNkqubo

I-cyanide inyibilika kunye ne-oxide oxide yongezwa kwitanki yokukhupha. Umlinganiselo oqhelekileyo we-cyanide enyibilikayo kwi-oxide oxide (500 - 700):1. Ukongezwa kwe-lead oxide kunceda kwi-desulfurization ngokwenza i-lead sulfide precipitate. Ulwelo olutsalwayo luvumelekile ukuba luhlale, kwaye ulwelo olucacileyo olunesiphumo luqulethe i-80 - 90 g/L ye-NaCN. Kwijenereyitha, olu lwelo ludibana ne-asidi yesulfuric exineneyo ukwenza igesi yehydrogen cyanide. Emva kokujiya ukuze kususwe amanzi, igesi yehydrogen cyanide ingena kwireactor yokufunxa ize idibane nolwelo lwealkali (isisombululo sesodium hydroxide) yenze isodium cyanide.

3.2 Izinto eziluncedo nezingeloncedo

• eziluncedo: Le nkqubo inokususa ngokufanelekileyo ukungcola kwesulfure ngokudibanisa i-lead oxide, enenzuzo ekuphuculeni umgangatho wemveliso yokugqibela.

• nezingeloncedo: Ukusetyenziswa kwelothe oxide kunokukhokelela kwiingxaki zongcoliseko lwemekobume ezinxulumene nelothe. Ukongeza, inkqubo ibandakanya amanyathelo amaninzi anje ngokutsalwa, ukusabela, kunye nokufunxa, okwandisa ubunzima bokusebenza.

4. Inkqubo yeAndrussow (Indlela yeAnshig)

4.1 Umgaqo-nkqubo weNkqubo

Inkqubo ye-Andrussow isebenzisa igesi yendalo, i-ammonia, kunye nomoya njengezinto eziluhlaza. Okokuqala, irhasi yendalo ihlanjwa kwindawo yokuhlambela yamanzi ukuze isuse isulfure ephilayo kunye nenxalenye yesulfure ephilayo. Emva kokucoca, igesi yendalo esulungekisiweyo kufuneka ibe nomxholo wesulfure we-≤1 mg/m³ kwaye umxholo we-hydrocarbons ngaphezulu kwe-C₂ kufuneka ube ngaphantsi kwe-2%. I-ammonia yolwelo ifakwa ngumphunga kwi-vaporizer, kwaye umoya uhluzwa ngesihluzo. Izinto ezintathu eziluhlaza zixutywe kwi-mixer ngokomlinganiselo we-ammonia: i-methane: umoya = 1: (1.15 - 1.17): (6.70 - 6.80). Irhasi exutyiweyo ingena kwi-reactor ye-oxidation kunye neplatinam - i-rhodium alloy njenge-catalyst. Kwiqondo lokushisa le-1070 - 1120 ° C, ukusabela kwenzeka ukuvelisa igesi edibeneyo equlethe i-8.5% ye-hydrogen cyanide.

Irhasi ipholile kwaye ingena kwi-ammonia-absorption tower, apho i-ammonia eseleyo ifunxwa yi-asidi ye-sulfuric. Emva koko, ipholiswa ngamanzi kwaye i-hydrogen cyanide ifunxwa ngamanzi obushushu obuphantsi. Irhasi yomsila ikhutshwa emva kokuhlanjwa yi-alkali-wash tower. Unyibiliko lwehydrogen cyanide efunxwa ngamanzi bubushushu - butshintshisana kwaye bungene kwinqaba yokulahla. Phezulu kwinqaba ye-desorption, i-hydrogen cyanide enobunyulu be-98% ifunyenwe. Le hydrogen cyanide ke isabela kunye nesisombululo sealkali ukwenza isisombululo sesodium cyanide, ephinda icutshungulwe ngokunyuka komphunga, icrystallization, ukomiswa, kunye nokubunjwa ukuze kufumaneke imveliso yokugqibela yesodium cyanide.

4.2 Izinto eziluncedo nezingeloncedo

• eziluncedo: Kwimimandla enobutyebi berhasi yendalo, ixabiso lemathiriyeli ekrwada liphantsi. Inkqubo sele ikhulile kwizicelo zemizi-mveliso, kwaye isikali semveliso sinokuba sikhulu.

• nezingeloncedo: Kwimimandla engenamithombo yegesi yendalo, echatshazelwa zizinto ezinjengokunqongophala kwegesi yendalo, imigaqo-nkqubo namaxabiso, iindleko zokuvelisa zinokuguquguquka kakhulu. Izimo eziphezulu zokuphendula ubushushu zifuna ubushushu obuphezulu - izixhobo ezixhathisayo kwaye zidla isixa esikhulu samandla.

5. Inkqubo yeFlame

5.1 Umgaqo-nkqubo weNkqubo

Irhasi yendalo, ioksijini, kunye neammonia zisetyenziswa njengezinto ezisetyenziswayo. Ezi gesi zintathu zihluzwa ngokwahlukeneyo ukuze zisuse ukungcola kwaye emva koko zingene kumxube emva kokuzinziswa kunye nemitha. Ingxenye ye-oksijini isetyenziselwa i-oksijini ephambili yokungena kumxube, kwaye enye inxalenye yondliwa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-nozzle yokutshisa. Izixhobo ezithathu eziluhlaza zidityaniswe kumlinganiselo othile kwaye zingene kwintshukumo yokutsha ukuze zidibanise ihydrogen cyanide kubushushu obuyi-1500 °C.

Irhasi yokusabela icinywa ngokutshiza amanzi ize ipholiswe kwisipholile. Emva koko ingena kwi-ammonia - inqaba yokufunxa, apho i-ammonia eseleyo kwigesi yokusabela ifunxeka nge-15% - 20% ye-asidi ye-sulfuric, kunye ne-ammonium sulfate inokufunyanwa. Irhasi yokusabela equlethe ihydrogen cyanide ipholiswa ngamanzi ize emva koko ifunxelwe ngamanzi obushushu obuphantsi ukwenza isisombululo se-1.5% sehydrogen cyanide. Esi sisombululo sifakwe kwi-distillation tower ukufumana i-hydrogen cyanide enomxholo we-98% - 99%. Ekugqibeleni, ifunxwa yisisombululo se-alkali, kwaye emva kokunyuka kwe-evaporation, i-crystallization, ukomisa, kunye nokubunjwa, imveliso ye-sodium cyanide ifunyenwe.

5.2 Izinto eziluncedo nezingeloncedo

• eziluncedo: Le nkqubo inokufezekisa imveliso ye-hydrogen cyanide ephezulu ngokwentelekiso. Ukufunyanwa kwakhona kwe-ammonium sulfate njengemveliso ephumayo kunokuzisa iinzuzo ezithile kwezoqoqosho.

• nezingeloncedo: Ubushushu obuphezulu bokutsha kweqondo lobushushu bufuna umthamo omkhulu wegalelo lamandla. Le nkqubo ikwabandakanya imisebenzi entsonkothileyo efana nokuxuba igesi, ukutsha, ukucima, nokufunxa, nto leyo efuna ulawulo lwenkqubo yenqanaba eliphezulu.

6. Indlela yePyrolysis yeoli eKhanya

6.1 Umgaqo-nkqubo weNkqubo

I-oyile ekhanyayo kunye ne-ammonia zixutywe kwi-atomizer ngokomlinganiselo othile kwaye zifudunyezwe ngaphambili ukuya kuma-280 °C. Emva koko umxube ungena kwisithando sombane se-arc ukwenzela ukusabela kwepyrolysis. I-petroleum coke isetyenziswa njenge-carrier, kwaye i-nitrogen isetyenziswa njengegesi ekhuselayo ukukhusela i-oxidation kwindawo evaliweyo. Kwiqondo lobushushu le-1450 °C, ukusabela kwenzeka ukuvelisa igesi yehydrogen cyanide. Irhasi ke iluthuli-lususwe, lupholiswe, luphinde luqhubekeke ngokwamanyathelo anjengokususwa kweammonia, ukuhlamba amanzi, ukufunxwa, kunye nedistillation ukufumana ihydrogen cyanide esulungekileyo. Ekugqibeleni, i-hydrogen cyanide iphendula kunye nesisombululo sealkali (i-sodium hydroxide) ukwenza i-sodium cyanide.

6.2 Izinto eziluncedo nezingeloncedo

• eziluncedo: Iteknoloji yenkqubo ikhulile. Inokusebenzisa ioyile ekhaphukhaphu, into eqhelekileyo ekrwada kwishishini lepetrochemical.

• nezingeloncedo: Kukho ubunzima kwi-desulfurization kunye nokususwa kokungcola kwe-hydrogen cyanide. Imveliso inokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu, kwaye unyango "lwenkunkuma emithathu" (inkunkuma yegesi, amanzi amdaka, kunye nenkunkuma eseleyo) kunzima. Iindleko zemveliso ziphezulu.

7. I-Acrylonitrile Nge-Method yeMveliso

7.1 Umgaqo-nkqubo weNkqubo

Kwinkqubo yokuvelisa i-acrylonitrile nge-ammoxidation yepropylene, igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide iveliswa njengemveliso (ixabiso lilingana ne-4% - 10% yemveliso ye-acrylonitrile). Irhasi equlethe ihydrogen cyanide ifunxwa sisisombululo sealkali. Emva kokuphuma komphunga, ukugxininiswa, ukuhlukana, kunye nokomisa, imveliso ye-sodium cyanide ifunyenwe.

7.2 Izinto eziluncedo nezingeloncedo

• eziluncedo: Le yinkqubo yokusetyenziswa kwemveliso, enokuthi isebenzise ngokupheleleyo izibonelelo kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zemveliso ukuya kumlinganiselo othile.

• nezingeloncedo: Ukuveliswa kwe-sodium cyanide kukhawulelwe ngumlinganiselo wemveliso ye-acrylonitrile. Umgangatho wemveliso ye-hydrogen cyanide inokuchaphazeleka yinkqubo ephambili yokuvelisa i-acrylonitrile, efuna ukulawulwa ngokungqongqo kunye nokucocwa.

8. Indlela ye-Methanol Ammoxidation

8.1 Umgaqo-nkqubo weNkqubo

Umoya udlula kwisihluzi kunye nesifudumezi sangaphambili kwaye ungene kwisithando somlilo. I-ammonia yolwelo iyakhutshwa ibe ngumphunga kwaye i-methanol ikhutshwa ngumphunga. Bangena kwi-pre-heater yokuxuba kwaye emva koko basabela ngomoya kwisithando somlilo. Phantsi kwentshukumo ye-catalyst eyenziwe ikakhulu yi-Fe-Mo oxide, impendulo ivelisa i-hydrogen cyanide. Irhasi yehydrogen cyanide ingena kwinqaba yede -ammonia ukuze isuse iammonia emva koko ifumane ihydrogen cyanide. Ekugqibeleni, ifunxwa sisisombululo se-alkali ukulungiselela i-sodium cyanide.

8.2 Izinto eziluncedo nezingeloncedo

• eziluncedo: Ukusetyenziswa kwe-methanol kunye ne-ammonia njengezinto eziluhlaza kuxhaphakile, kwaye i-catalyst inokuphinda isetyenziswe kwaye iphinde isetyenziswe ukusa kwinqanaba elithile. Inkqubo inokulungiswa ngokweemfuno zemveliso.

• nezingeloncedo: I-catalyst ivakalelwa kwiimeko zokusabela, kwaye utshintsho oluncinci kwiqondo lokushisa, uxinzelelo, kunye nomlinganiselo wezinto eziluhlaza kunokuchaphazela umsebenzi kunye nokukhetha kwe-catalyst, ngaloo ndlela kuchaphazela isivuno kunye nomgangatho wemveliso.

9. Isiphelo

Iinkqubo zokuvelisa i-sodium cyanide nganye ineempawu zayo. Ukhetho lwenkqubo yemveliso luxhomekeke kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ezifana nokufumaneka kwempahla ekrwada, ixabiso, iimfuno zokusingqongileyo, kunye nesikali semveliso. Ngophuhliso oluqhubekayo lwetheknoloji, iinkqubo ezintsha zokuvelisa zingavela kwixesha elizayo, zijolise ekuphuculeni ngakumbi ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokusebenza kokusingqongileyo kwemveliso ye-sodium cyanide. Njengoko imfuno ye-sodium cyanide kumashishini ahlukeneyo iqhubeka nokukhula, ukulungiswa kunye nokutsha kweenkqubo zemveliso kuya kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuhlangabezaneni neemfuno zemarike ngelixa kuqinisekiswa uphuhliso oluzinzileyo.