I-Sodium Cyanide: Iipropati zeMichiza kunye neendlela zokuSebenza

intshayelelo

Sodium i-cyanide (I-NaCN) yikhompawundi yeekhemikhali enazo zombini iinkqubo zoshishino kunye neempembelelo ezibalulekileyo zokhuseleko ngenxa yobume bayo obuyityhefu kakhulu. Ukuqonda kwayo Iimpawu zeMichiza kunye neendlela zokusabela zibalulekile kulawulo olukhuselekileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwemizi-mveliso, kunye nokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo. Eli nqaku lijolise ekunikeni uphononongo olubanzi lweempawu zeekhemikhali kunye neendlela zokusabela ze Isodium cyanide.

Iipropati zeMichiza yeSodium Cyanide

Imbonakalo yomzimba

Isodium cyanide imhlophe, icrystalline eqinileyo kubushushu begumbi. Ine-cubic crystal structure kwaye ihlala ibonakala incinci, ingenavumba (xa yomile) iigranules okanye umgubo. Noko ke, xa idibana nokufuma okanye iiasidi, inokukhupha igesi yehydrogen cyanide, enevumba elicacileyo nelikrakra lealmondi. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ayinguye wonke umntu onokulibona eli vumba, njengoko ukukwazi ukulijoja kumiselwe ngokwemfuza.

Umzimba

I-NaCN inyibilika kakhulu emanzini. Xa inyibilika emanzini, iyahlukana ibe yi-sodium ion (Na⁺) kunye ne-cyanide ion (CN⁻) ngokweequation ilandelayo:

I-NaCN(s) H2O, Na+(aq) Na+ (aq) + CN-(aq)

Oku kunyibilika kuphezulu emanzini kwenza kube yingozi enokubakho kokusingqongileyo njengoko inokungcolisa ngokulula imithombo yamanzi. Ikwanokunyibilika kwezinye izinyibilikisi zepolar eziphilayo ezifana ne-methanol kunye ne-ethanol.

Uzinzo

I-sodium cyanide izinzile phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, inovelwano kubushushu, kumswakama, nakwii-asidi. Xa ishushu, inokubola, ikhuphe igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide enobuthi kakhulu. Xa kukho ii-asidi, nee-asidi ezibuthathaka ezifana ICarboni-ic acid (eyenziwe xa ikharbon dioxide inyibilika emanzini), le mpendulo ilandelayo iyenzeka:-I-NaCN + H2O + CO2 → NaHCO3 + HCN↑

Le ndlela yokusabela ibalaselisa ukubaluleka kokugcina Isodium cyanide kwindawo eyomileyo nepholileyo kude nezinto ezineasidi.

Iindlela zokusabela zeSodium Cyanide

Ukusabela ngeentsimbi

I-sodium cyanide iyaziwa ngokukwazi kwayo ukwenza ii-complex kunye neentsimbi. Esinye sezona zicelo zixhaphakileyo kukutsalwa kwegolide nesilivere kwi-ores yazo kwishishini lemigodi. Phambi kweoksijini kunye namanzi, sodium cyanide idibana negolide (Au) kwintsimbi ekrwada ukwenza igolide enyibilikayo - icyanide complex. Impendulo iyonke inokubonakaliswa ngolu hlobo:

4Au+8NaCN+O2+2H2O→4Na[Au(CN)2]+ 4NaOH

Kule mpendulo, ii-ion zecyanide zinxibelelana neeathom zegolide, ziguqula igolide enganyibilikiyo kwintsimbi ekrwada ibe yinto enyibilikayo enokwahlulwa ngokulula kwilitye eliseleyo kunye nobunye ukungcola. Indlela yokusabela ibandakanya i-oxidation yegolide yioksijini, ilandelwa kukudityaniswa kwegolide ene-oxidized ion cyanide.

Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions

Iiyoni zeCyanide (CN⁻) ziinucleophiles ezinamandla. Kwi-organic chemistry, banokuthatha inxaxheba kwi-nucleophilic substitution reactions. Ngokomzekelo, xa i-alkyl halide (R - X, apho i-R liqela le-alkyl kunye ne-X yi-halogen) isabela nge-sodium cyanide kwi-solvent ye-aprotic njenge-dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), le mpendulo ilandelayo iyenzeka:I-RX + NaCNR-CN + NaX

I-ion ye-cyanide ihlasela i-athomu yekhabhoni ebotshelelwe kwi-halogen, isusa i-athomu ye-halogen kwimpendulo yokutshintsha. Le mpendulo isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-synthesis ye-nitriles, ebaluleke kakhulu kwi-intermediates ekuveliseni iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto eziphilayo ezifana ne-carboxylic acids, i-amines, kunye ne-heterocyclic compounds.

Ukusabela ngamanzi (Hydrolysis)

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, i-sodium cyanide inokusabela ngamanzi kwi-hydrolysis reaction. Phambi kwamanzi, i-ion ye-cyanide inokwamkela iproton emanzini ukwenza i-hydrogen cyanide kunye ne-hydroxide ion:CN-(aq) + H2O(l) HCN (aq) + OH-(aq)

Le mpendulo ye-hydrolysis iyabuyiswa, kwaye indawo yokulinganisa ixhomekeke kwizinto ezifana ne-pH kunye nobushushu. Kwizisombululo ze-acidic, i-equilibrium shifts ngokubhekiselele ekubunjweni kwegesi ye-hydrogen cyanide, ngelixa kwizisombululo ezisisiseko, i-ion cyanide ihlala ininzi kwifom ye-anionic.