Ukukhutshwa kweGolide yeCyanidation: Ukugxila kwiNkqubo yeCyanidation yePercolation

intshayelelo

Igolide ibisoloko inexabiso elikhulu kuyo yonke imbali yoluntu, kungekuphela nje ekusetyenzisweni kwayo kwizinto zokuhombisa kodwa nakwimizi-mveliso eyahlukeneyo efana ne-elektroniki, unyango lwamazinyo, kunye neenqwelo-moya. Ukukhupha igolide kwi-ore yayo yinkqubo enzima, kwaye i-cyanidation yenye yezona ndlela zisetyenziswa kakhulu. Ukukhupha igolide nge-cyanidation kubandakanya ukusebenzisa izisombululo ze-cyanide ukunyibilikisa igolide kwi-ore. Le nkqubo iyasebenza kuba igolide inako ukwenza ii-complex ezizinzileyo ngee-ion ze-cyanide. Eli nqaku lingena nzulu kwinkqubo ye-cyanidation, ngokugxininisa ngakumbi kwindlela ye -Percolation Cyanidation.

Ukuqonda Ukutsalwa kweGolide yeCyanidation

Umgaqo weCyanidation

Umgaqo osisiseko we-cyanidation usekelwe ekuphenduleni kwegolide kunye ne-cyanide phambi kwe-oxygen. Xa igolide idibana nesisombululo secyanide kwaye kukho ioksijini ekhoyo, ukusabela kweekhemikhali kwenzeka. Ngale ndlela yokusabela, igolide ifakwa ioksijini kwaye yenze into enyibilikayo. Iiyoni ze-cyanide zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kule nkqubo ngokuzibophelela kunye neeyoni zegolide, zenze ukuba zinyibilike kwisisombululo. Oku kunyibilika kuvumela ukwahlulwa kwegolide kwi-ore matrix, elinyathelo lokuqala lokukhupha igolide kwintsimbi ekrwada ekrwada.

Inkqubo Jikelele yeCyanidation

Inkqubo ye-cyanidation ngokuqhelekileyo inamanyathelo amaninzi abalulekileyo:

1. Ukulungiswa kwe-Ore : I-ore iyaqala icolwe ize igaywe ibe nkulu ngokwaneleyo. Eli nyathelo libalulekile njengoko linyusa indawo yomphezulu we-ore, livumela ukudibana okungcono nesisombululo se-cyanide. Le nkqubo inokubandakanya amanqanaba amaninzi okutyumza nokusila ukuze kufezekiswe ubuncinci obufunekayo.

2. Ukucocwa kweCyanide : Emva kokuba i-ore ilungisiwe, ifakwa kwi-leaching ngesisombululo se-cyanide. Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokucocwa, apho iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili ziyi-agitation cyanidation kunye ne-percolation cyanidation. Kwi-agitation cyanidation, i-ore ixutywa nesisombululo se-cyanide kwiitanki ezicocwayo. I-percolation cyanidation, eyona nto iphambili kweli nqaku, ibandakanya isisombululo se-cyanide esijikeleza kwi-ore bed.

3. Ukwahlulwa kwesisombululo seGolide-Bearing : Nje ukuba inkqubo yokukhuhla igqityiwe, isisombululo segolide-bearing kufuneka sahlulwe kwintsalela eqinileyo. Oku kunokufezekiswa ngeendlela ezifana nokuhluzwa okanye ukutsalwa kwenkunkuma.

4. Ukufunyanwa kweGolide : Emva kokwahlula isisombululo esithwala igolide, kusetyenziswa iindlela ezahlukeneyo ukubuyisa igolide kuso. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukuhla kwe-zinc, apho i-zinc yongezwa kwisisombululo sokususa igolide kwi-complex, yenze amasuntswana egolide eqinileyo. Enye indlela yi-activated Carbon adsorption, apho i-Activated Carbon isetyenziselwa ukufunxa i-gold complex kwisisombululo, ethi emva koko icutshungulwe ngakumbi ukuze kufunyanwe igolide ecocekileyo.

Inkqubo ye-Percolation Cyanidation

Isebenza njani iPercolation Cyanidation

I-Percolation cyanidation yinkqubo apho isisombululo se-cyanide esixubileyo sivumelekile ukuba sihlanjululwe ngokhuko lwe-ore etyumkileyo okanye edibeneyo. Intsimbi ekrwada idla ngokufakwa kwisikhongozeli esikhulu, esifana nevathi yokuvuza okanye imfumba. Isisombululo se-cyanide sisasazwa ngokulinganayo phezu komphezulu webhedi yentsimbi emva koko sihla ngokucothayo kwintsimbi ekrwada ngenxa yomxhuzulane. Njengoko isisombululo sidlula kwi-ore, i-cyanide isabela kunye negolide ekhoyo kwi-ore, yenze igolide enyibilikayo - i-cyanide complex. Le complex iqokelelwa ezantsi kwesikhongozeli.

Amacandelo aPhambili kunye namanyathelo kwi-Percolation Cyanidation

1. Ukulungiselela i-Ore ye-Percolation Cyanidation :

• Ukutyumza nokuHlola : I-ore iqala icolwe ibe yi-particle size ibe nobukhulu oburhabaxa, ngesiqhelo iphakathi kweesentimitha ezimbalwa ukuya kwiimilimitha ezimbalwa. Oku kwenzelwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho imingxuma eyaneleyo kwindawo ye-ore ukuze isisombululo se-cyanide singene kuyo. Emva kokutyumza, i-ore ingahlolwa ukuze kususwe naziphi na ii-particles ezinkulu.

• Ukuhlanganisana (Onganyanzelekanga) : Kwezinye iimeko, ingakumbi kwiintsimbi ezinomxholo ophezulu wodongwe okanye izinto ezicoliweyo, ukuhlanganisana kungafuneka. Ukuhlanganisana kubandakanya ukongeza into yokubopha, njengesamente okanye ilime, kwintsimbi uze uyixube namanzi. Oku kunceda ekwenzeni amasuntswana amakhulu nazinzileyo, ukuphucula ukungena kwamanzi kwintsimbi kunye nokuthintela ukuvaleka kweembobo ngexesha lenkqubo yokugqobhoza.

2. Ukuseta i-Leaching :

• Ukuvuza iiVat okanye ukuvuza ngenqwaba :

• IiVats zokuVula : Kwiimisebenzi ezincinci okanye eziphezulu, iivats zokuVula zihlala zisetyenziswa. Ezi zizikhongozeli ezinkulu, ezifakwe uludwe apho kubekwa khona i-ore. Iivats zixhotyiswe ngesiseko esingeyonyani, esivumela isisombululo se-cyanide ukuba siqokelele phantsi kombhede we-ore ngaphandle kokuthwala amasuntswana aqinileyo. Isisombululo se-cyanide singeniswa phezulu kwi-vat, nokuba ngenkqubo yokutshiza okanye ngokusithululela nje phezu kwe-ore.

• Ukucocwa kwe-Heap : Ukucocwa kwe-heap kulungele ngakumbi imisebenzi emikhulu kunye nee-ore ezikumgangatho ophantsi. Kwi-heap leaching, i-ore ifakwa kwi-liner engangeni manzi emhlabeni. I-heap ingaba nkulu kakhulu, ngamanye amaxesha igubungele iihektare ezininzi. Isisombululo se-cyanide sisasazwa phezu kwe-heap kusetyenziswa inethiwekhi yee-sprinkler okanye iinkqubo zokunkcenkceshela nge-drip.

• Ukulungiswa kwesisombululo seCyanide : Isisombululo seCyanide esisetyenziswa kwi-percolation cyanidation sihlala sisisisombululo esinyibilikisiweyo seSodium Cyanide okanye i-potassium cyanide, esinomlinganiselo ohlala uphakathi kwe-0.01% - 0.1% ngobunzima. Isisombululo sinokuba nezinye izongezo, ezifana nelayimu, ukulungisa i-pH yesisombululo. Ukugcina i-pH efanelekileyo kubalulekile, njengoko kuchaphazela ukuzinza kweCyanide kunye nesantya sokunyibilika kwegolide. I-pH efanelekileyo yeCyanidation idla ngokuba malunga ne-10 - 11.

3. Ukugqobhoza kunye nokukhuhla :

• Ukusasazwa kwesisombululo : Isisombululo se-cyanide sisasazwa ngokulinganayo phezu komphezulu wentsimbi. Kwimeko yeevathi zokuleyisha, oku kunokufezekiswa ngokusebenzisa umbhobho oneembobo okanye inkqubo yomlomo wokutshiza. Kwi-heap leaching, ii-sprinklers okanye iinkqubo zokunkcenkceshela ngedriphu ziqinisekisa ukuba isisombululo sifikelela kuzo zonke iindawo ze-heap.

• Ixesha Lokukhuhla : Ixesha lokukhuhla kwi-percolation cyanidation linokwahluka kakhulu ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto ezifana nohlobo lwe-ore, ubungakanani besuntswana, kunye noxinzelelo lwesisombululo se-cyanide. Ngokubanzi, sinokuqala kwiintsuku ezininzi ukuya kwiiveki ezininzi. Ngeli xesha, isisombululo se-cyanide siqhubeka siphuphuma kwi-ore, siphendula ngegolide kwaye siyinyibilikise.

• Ukubeka iliso noLawulo : Kuyo yonke inkqubo yokukhupha amanzi, kubalulekile ukujonga iiparameter ezahlukeneyo. Oku kuquka ukujonga rhoqo i-pH yesisombululo, uxinano lwe-cyanide kwisisombululo, kunye nobungakanani begolide enyibilikisiweyo kwisisombululo. Iisampulu zesisombululo zithathwa rhoqo kwaye zihlalutywe kwilebhu. Uhlengahlengiso lunokwenziwa kwi-pH okanye kuxinano lwe-cyanide ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuze kuphuculwe inkqubo yokukhupha amanzi.

4. Ukuqokelelwa kunye noNyango lweSisombululo esikhulelweyo :

• Ukuqokelelwa : Isisombululo esithwala igolide, esaziwa ngokuba sisisombululo esikhulelweyo, siqokelelwa ezantsi kwevati yokulea okanye kwinkqubo yokukhupha amanzi kwi-heap leaching. Kwi-leaching vats, isisombululo esikhulelweyo sitsalwa ngevalvu ezantsi kwe-false bottom. Kwi-heap leaching, isisombululo siqokelelwa kwi-sumps okanye emachibini akwisiseko se-heap.

• Unyango : Nje ukuba iqokelelwe, isisombululo esikhulelweyo siyanyangwa ukuze kubuyiselwe igolide. Njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, iindlela eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukuhla kwe-zinc kunye nokuhlanjwa kwe-carbon esebenzayo. Kwi-zinc precipitation, uthuli lwe-zinc okanye ii-zinc shavings zongezwa kwisisombululo esikhulelweyo. I-zinc isabela kwi-gold-cyanide complex, isusa igolide kwaye yenze amasuntswana egolide aqinileyo, anokuhluzwa aze aqhubeke nokucutshungulwa. Kwi-activated carbon adsorption, isisombululo esikhulelweyo sidlula kwikholamu ezaliswe yi-activated carbon. I-gold-cyanide complex ifunxwa phezu kwekhabhoni, kwaye ikhabhoni isuswa kwikholamu kwaye icutshungulwe ukuze kukhutshwe igolide.

Izinto eziluncedo kunye nokungalunganga kwePercolation Cyanidation

eziluncedo

1. Ukufaneleka kwe-Ore ezikumgangatho ophantsi : I-percolation cyanidation, ingakumbi i-heap leaching, isebenza kakhulu ekunyangeni i-ore zegolide ezikumgangatho ophantsi. Ekubeni le nkqubo ilula kwaye ayifuni kugaya okuninzi kunye nezixhobo ezibizayo zokucubungula i-ore ecolekileyo, inokuba luncedo ngokwezoqoqosho kwi-ore ezingenakuba luncedo ukuzicubungula kusetyenziswa ezinye iindlela ezinzima ngakumbi.

2. Iindleko Eziphantsi Zemali Nezokusebenza : Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela zokukhupha igolide, ezifana ne-agituration cyanidation efuna iitanki ezinkulu nezibizayo zokuxuba kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu ekuxubeni, i-percolation cyanidation ineendleko eziphantsi zemali. Izixhobo ezifunekayo, ezifana nee-leaching vats okanye izixhobo zokwakha ezilula, azibizi kakhulu. Ukongeza, iindleko zokusebenza nazo ziphantsi njengoko zisebenzisa amandla amancinci kwaye zifuna abasebenzi abancinci kwimisebenzi yemihla ngemihla.

3. Iingenelo zeNdalo (Ngokuthelekisa) : Ngokuphathelele impembelelo yokusingqongileyo, i-percolation cyanidation inokuba neengenelo ezithile. Umzekelo, kwi-heap leaching, i-ore ayigaywa kakhulu, nto leyo enciphisa ukuveliswa kothuli olucolekileyo. Kwakhona, ukusetyenziswa kwee-lined leaching vats okanye ii-heap liners kunceda ukuthintela ukuvuza kwe-cyanide - izisombululo eziqulathe i-cyanide kwindalo esingqongileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba i-cyanide isesisithako esinobungozi kakhulu, kwaye ulawulo olufanelekileyo lwendalo lusebalulekile.

4. Inkqubo elula : Inkqubo ye-percolation cyanidation ilula kwaye kulula ukuyiqonda nokuyisebenza. Oku kwenza ukuba ifikeleleke kwimisebenzi yemigodi emincinci enolwazi oluncinci lobuchwephesha.

nezingeloncedo

1. Izinga lokuVula elicothayo : Enye yezona ngxaki ziphambili ze-percolation cyanidation kukuvula okucothayo. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-agitation cyanidation, apho i-ore ixutywa rhoqo nesisombululo se-cyanide, inkqubo yokuvula ixhomekeke ekuhambeni kancinci kwesisombululo kwi-ore bed. Oku kunokubangela amaxesha amade okuvula, okusenokungafaneleki kwimisebenzi efuna amandla amaninzi okanye ukujikeleza ngokukhawuleza.

2. Ukubuyiselwa kweGolide ephantsi Kwezinye iimeko : Izinga lokubuyiselwa kwegolide kwi-percolation cyanidation linokuba liphantsi kunezinye iindlela, ingakumbi kwi-ores ezine-mineralology eyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuba igolide isasazwe kakuhle okanye itshixiwe kwezinye iiminerali, isisombululo se-cyanide sisenokungakwazi ukufikelela kuzo zonke iinxalenye zegolide ngokufanelekileyo, nto leyo ekhokelela kumanqanaba aphantsi okubuyiselwa.

3. Ubuthi beCyanide : ICyanide yinto enobuthi kakhulu, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwi-percolation i-cyanidation ibeka umngcipheko omkhulu kwindalo nokhuseleko. Nakuphi na ukuvuza okanye ukuphathwa kakubi kwezisombululo ezine-cyanide kunokuba nemiphumo emibi kwindalo nakwimpilo yabantu. Amanyathelo okhuseleko angqongqo kunye nemigaqo yokusingqongileyo kufuneka ilandelwe ukunciphisa le mingcipheko.

4. Uvakalelo kwiiMpawu zeNkunkuma : Impumelelo ye-percolation cyanidation ixhomekeke kakhulu kwiimpawu ze-ore. Ii-ore ezinomda wodongwe ophezulu, umzekelo, zinokubangela iingxaki ngokungena kwe-ore bed, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuphumeni kakuhle kwesisombululo kunye nokuphuma okungafanelekanga. Ukongeza, ii-ore eziqulethe iiminerali ezithile ezinokusabela kwi-cyanide, ezifana neeminerali ezithwele ubhedu, zinokutya i-cyanide kwaye zinciphise ukusebenza kwenkqubo yokuphuma.

Ukuthelekisa kunye nezinye iindlela zokutsalwa kweGolide

Ukuthelekisa kunye ne-Agitation Cyanidation

1. Ukusebenza Kokuhlanza : I-Agitation cyanidation idla ngokuba nokusebenza kakuhle kohlanza xa kuthelekiswa ne-percolation cyanidation. Kwi-agitation cyanidation, ukuxubana okuqhubekayo kwe-ore kunye nesisombululo se-cyanide kuqinisekisa unxibelelwano olungcono phakathi kwezi zimbini, nto leyo ekhokelela ekunyibilikeni kwegolide ngokukhawuleza. Oku kunokukhokelela kwixesha elifutshane lohlanza kunye namazinga aphezulu okubuyisa igolide, ngakumbi kwi-ore enomxholo ophezulu wegolide okanye i-complex mineralogy.

2. Izixhobo kunye neendleko : Ukuxuba i-cyanidation kufuna izixhobo ezintsonkothileyo nezibiza kakhulu, kubandakanya iitanki ezinkulu zokuxuba, iimoto ezinamandla zokuxuba, kunye neenkqubo zokumpompa i-slurry ezintsonkothileyo. Oku kubangela iindleko ezinkulu. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukuxuba i-percolation cyanidation kufuna izixhobo ezilula, ezifana nee-leaching vats okanye izixhobo zokwakha ezisisiseko, okwenza kube lula ngakumbi xa kuthelekiswa notyalo-mali lwemali. Nangona kunjalo, iindleko zokusebenza ze-agitation cyanidation zisenokungabi phezulu ngokuyimfuneko, njengoko amaxesha amafutshane okuxuba anokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okuphezulu kokuxuba.

3. Ukufaneleka kwiintlobo ze-Ore : I-Agitation cyanidation ifanelekile ngakumbi kwii-ore ezifuna ukugrunjwa kakuhle kunye nokucutshungulwa okunzulu, njenge-ore zegolide ezityebileyo nge-sulfide. I-percolation cyanidation, kwelinye icala, ifanelekile ngakumbi kwii-ore ezikumgangatho ophantsi, ezi-oxidized ezinokucutshungulwa zikwimeko enzima.

Ukuthelekisa kunye ne-Non-Cyanide Gold Extraction Methods

1. Impembelelo kwiNdalo : Iindlela zokukhupha igolide ezingasebenzisi i-cyanide, ezifana ne-thiourea leaching okanye i-bio-leaching, zihlala zithathwa njengezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo kuba azisebenzisi i-cyanide enobuthi kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, ezi ndlela zinemingeni yazo kwindalo. Umzekelo, i-thiourea inokuba yingozi kwindalo ukuba ayilawulwa kakuhle, kwaye i-bio-leaching inokufuna iimeko ezithile zendalo kunye namaxesha amade okucubungula. I-percolation cyanidation, nangona kusetyenziswa i-cyanide, inokulawulwa ngendlela efanelekileyo kwindalo kunye nokugcinwa ngokufanelekileyo kunye nonyango lwezisombululo ezine-cyanide.

2. Ixabiso kunye nokusebenza kakuhle : Iindlela ezingezizo i-cyanide zinokuba neendleko eziphezulu ngokwee-reagents okanye ukusetyenziswa kwamandla. Umzekelo, i-thiourea ibiza kakhulu kune-cyanide, kwaye i-bio-leaching ingafuna iinkcubeko ezikhethekileyo zeentsholongwane kunye neemeko ezilawulwayo zokusingqongileyo, ezinokunyusa iindleko. Ngokuphathelele ukusebenza kakuhle, i-cyanidation, kubandakanya i-percolation cyanidation, ngokubanzi inezinga eliphezulu lokubuyisa igolide xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela ezingezizo i-cyanide, ngakumbi kwii-ore zegolide zemveli.

isiphelo

I-Percolation cyanidation yindlela ebalulekileyo kwishishini lokutsalwa kwegolide, ngakumbi kunyango lwegolide ekrwada ekumgangatho ophantsi kunye neoxidized. Ukulula kwayo, ixabiso eliphantsi ngokwentelekiso, nokufaneleka kweentlobo ezithile zentsimbi ekrwada kuyenza ibe yinkqubo exabisekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ayinazithintelo zayo, ezinje ngesantya esicothayo sokuvuza, amandla okufumana igolide esezantsi, kunye nemingcipheko yokusingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko ehambelana nokusetyenziswa kwecyanide. Njengoko ishishini lemigodi liqhubeleka nokuvela, iinzame ziyenziwa zokuphucula inkqubo ye-cyanidation ye-percolation, efana nokulinganiswa kwe-ore engcono, ukuphuculwa kweeparameters zenkqubo, kunye nophuhliso lweendlela ezisebenzayo kunye nezilungele ukusingqongileyo zokulawula i-cyanide. Ukongeza, uphando kwezinye iindlela zokutsalwa kwegolide ezinokoyisa imida ye-cyanidation nayo iyaqhubeka. Ngaphandle kwale mingeni, i-cyanidation ye-percolation iya kuqhubeka ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimveliso yegolide kwixesha elizayo elibonakalayo, ngakumbi kwimimandla enemithombo yegolide yomgangatho ophantsi.