Ukukhutshwa kweGolide yeCyanidation: Ukugxila kwiNkqubo yeCyanidation yePercolation

intshayelelo

Igolide ibisoloko inexabiso elibalulekileyo kwimbali yoluntu, kungekuphela nje ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwizacholo kodwa nakwimizi-mveliso eyahlukeneyo efana ne-electronics, amazinyo, kunye ne-aerospace. Ukukhutshwa kwegolide kwintsimbi yayo yinkqubo entsonkothileyo, kunye ne-cyanidation yenye yezona ndlela zisetyenziswa kakhulu. Ukukhutshwa kwegolide ye-cyanidation kubandakanya ukusebenzisa i-cyanide izisombululo zokunyibilikisa igolide kwintsimbi ekrwada. Le nkqubo isebenza kuba igolide inamandla okwenza ii-complexes ezizinzileyo kunye ne-cyanide ions. Eli nqaku lingena nzulu kwinkqubo ye-cyanidation, ngokugxininisa ngokukodwa kwi Percolation Cyanidation indlela.

Ukuqonda Ukutsalwa kweGolide yeCyanidation

Umgaqo weCyanidation

Umgaqo osisiseko we-cyanidation usekelwe ekuphenduleni kwegolide kunye ne-cyanide phambi kwe-oxygen. Xa igolide idibana nesisombululo secyanide kwaye kukho ioksijini ekhoyo, ukusabela kweekhemikhali kwenzeka. Ngale ndlela yokusabela, igolide ifakwa ioksijini kwaye yenze into enyibilikayo. Iiyoni ze-cyanide zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kule nkqubo ngokuzibophelela kunye neeyoni zegolide, zenze ukuba zinyibilike kwisisombululo. Oku kunyibilika kuvumela ukwahlulwa kwegolide kwi-ore matrix, elinyathelo lokuqala lokukhupha igolide kwintsimbi ekrwada ekrwada.

Inkqubo Jikelele yeCyanidation

Inkqubo ye-cyanidation ngokuqhelekileyo inamanyathelo amaninzi abalulekileyo:

1. Ukulungiselela intsimbi: Intsimbi ekrwada iqale icunyuzwe ize iculwe ibe yincinci isayizi efanelekileyo. Eli nyathelo libalulekile njengoko linyusa ummandla we-ore, livumela uqhagamshelwano olungcono kunye nesisombululo se-cyanide. Inkqubo inokubandakanya amanqanaba amaninzi okutyumza kunye nokusila ukufezekisa ukucoleka okufunayo.

2. I-Cyanide Leaching: Emva kokuba i-ore ilungisiwe, ixhomekeke kwi-leaching kunye nesisombululo se-cyanide. Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuvuza, kunye neentlobo ezimbini eziphambili yi-agitation cyanidation kunye ne-percolation cyanidation. Kwi-agitation cyanidation, intsimbi ekrwada ixutywa nesisombululo secyanide kumatanki aphazamisekileyo. I-Percolation cyanidation, eyona nto igxininiswe kweli nqaku, ibandakanya isisombululo se-cyanide esiqhekeza ibhedi yentsimbi.

3. Ukwahlulwa kweGolide - Ukuthwala Isisombululo: Emva kokuba inkqubo yokucoca igqityiwe, isisombululo segolide kufuneka sihlulwe kwintsalela eqinile. Oku kunokufezekiswa ngeendlela ezifana nokuhluzwa okanye ukucolwa kwentlenga.

4. Ukubuyiswa kweGolide: Emva kokwahlula isisombululo esithwala igolide, kusetyenziswa iindlela ezahlukeneyo ukubuyisa igolide kuso. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukuna kwe-zinc, apho i-zinc yongezwa kwisisombululo sokususa igolide kwi-complex, yenze amasuntswana egolide eqinileyo. Enye indlela iyavuselelwa ICarbon ukufunxwa, apho Ikhabhoni esebenzayo isetyenziselwa ukufunxa igolide edibeneyo kwisisombululo, ize emva koko isetyenzwe ngakumbi ukuze kufunyanwe igolide ecocekileyo.

Inkqubo ye-Percolation Cyanidation

Isebenza njani iPercolation Cyanidation

I-Percolation cyanidation yinkqubo apho isisombululo se-cyanide esixubileyo sivumelekile ukuba sihlanjululwe ngokhuko lwe-ore etyumkileyo okanye edibeneyo. Intsimbi ekrwada idla ngokufakwa kwisikhongozeli esikhulu, esifana nevathi yokuvuza okanye imfumba. Isisombululo se-cyanide sisasazwa ngokulinganayo phezu komphezulu webhedi yentsimbi emva koko sihla ngokucothayo kwintsimbi ekrwada ngenxa yomxhuzulane. Njengoko isisombululo sidlula kwi-ore, i-cyanide isabela kunye negolide ekhoyo kwi-ore, yenze igolide enyibilikayo - i-cyanide complex. Le complex iqokelelwa ezantsi kwesikhongozeli.

Amacandelo aPhambili kunye namanyathelo kwi-Percolation Cyanidation

ULungiselelo lwe-Ore ye-Percolation Cyanidation:

• Ukutyumza kunye nokuHlola: Intsimbi ekrwada iqala ukutyunyuzwa ukuya kutsho kubungakanani besuntswana elirhabaxa, ngokwesiqhelo kuluhlu lweesentimitha ezimbalwa ukuya kwimilimitha ezimbalwa. Oku kukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho i-voids eyaneleyo kwibhedi yentsimbi ukuze isisombululo secyanide sigqobhoze. Emva kokutyunyuzwa, intsimbi ekrwada inokujongwa ukuze kususwe nawaphina amasuntswana angaphezulu komlinganiselo.

• Agglomeration (Ngokuzikhethela): Kwezinye iimeko, ngokukodwa kwi-ores enomxholo ophezulu wodongwe okanye izinto ezicolekileyo, i-agglomeration ingafuneka. I-agglomeration ibandakanya ukongeza into ebophayo, efana nesamente okanye ikalika, kwintsimbi ekrwada kwaye ixutywe namanzi. Oku kunceda ukwenza iinqununu ezinkulu, ezizinzile, ukuphucula ukunyanzeliswa kwebhedi ye-ore kunye nokuthintela ukuvala ama-pores ngexesha lenkqubo ye-percolation.

2.Leaching Setup:

• Iivathi eziLeaching okanye ukuLeaching kweMfumba:

• IiVats eziLeaching: Kwimisebenzi emincinci okanye ephezulu yebakala, iivathi zokuvuza ziqhele ukusetyenziswa. Ezi zikhongozeli ezinkulu, ezinemigca apho intsimbi ekrwada ibekwe khona. I-vats ixhotyiswe nge-bottom yamanga, evumela ukuba isisombululo se-cyanide siqokelele phantsi kwebhedi ye-ore ngaphandle kokuthwala iinqununu eziqinileyo. Isinyibiliko secyanide singeniswa phezulu kwivat, mhlawumbi ngenkqubo yokutshiza okanye ngokuyigalela nje phezu kwentsimbi ekrwada.

• Haap Leaching: Ukukhutshwa kwemfumba kufanelekile ngakumbi kwimisebenzi yomgangatho omkhulu kunye ne-ores yomgangatho ophantsi. Kwimfumba evuzayo, intsimbi ekrwada ifunjwa kwilinen engangenekiyo emhlabeni. Imfumba inokuba nkulu kakhulu, ngamanye amaxesha igubungela iihektare ezininzi. Isisombululo secyanide sisasazwa phezu kwemfumba kusetyenziswa inethiwekhi yezitshizi okanye iinkqubo zokunkcenkceshela.

• Ukulungiswa kweSisombululo seCyanide: Isisombululo secyanide esisetyenziswa kwi-percolation cyanidation siqhelekile sisinyibiliko se-dilute Isodium cyanide okanye i-potassium cyanide, ene-concentration ngokuqhelekileyo kuluhlu lwe-0.01% - 0.1% ngobunzima. Isisombululo sinokuqulatha ezinye izongezo, ezifana nekalika, ukulungisa i-pH yesisombululo. Ukugcina i-pH efanelekileyo kubalulekile, njengoko kuchaphazela ukuzinza kwe-cyanide kunye nesantya sokuchithwa kwegolide. Eyona pH ye-cyanidation idla ngokuba malunga ne-10 - 11.

3.Ukugqobhoza nokuLeaching:

• Ukusasazwa kwesisombululo: Isisombululo secyanide sisasazwa ngokulinganayo phezu komphezulu webhedi yentsimbi. Kwimeko ye-vats leaching, oku kunokufezekiswa ngokusebenzisa umbhobho we-perforated okanye i-spray nozzle system. Kwimfumba yemfumba, izitshizi okanye iinkqubo zokunkcenkceshela ziqinisekisa ukuba isisombululo sifikelela kuzo zonke iindawo zengqumba.

• Ixesha lokuphumla: Ixesha le-leaching kwi-percolation cyanidation lingahluka kakhulu kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezifana nohlobo lwe-ore, ubukhulu be-particle size, kunye nokugxininiswa kwesisombululo se-cyanide. Ngokuqhelekileyo, inokuvela kwiintsuku ezininzi ukuya kwiiveki ezininzi. Ngeli xesha, isisombululo se-cyanide siqhubeka sihamba nge-ore, sisabela ngegolide kwaye siyinyibilikise.

• Ukubeka iliso kunye noLawulo: Kuyo yonke inkqubo yokufundisa, kubalulekile ukujonga iiparamitha ezahlukeneyo. Oku kubandakanya ukujonga rhoqo i-pH yesisombululo, ukuxinwa kwe-cyanide kwisisombululo, kunye nenani legolide elichithwe kwisisombululo. Iisampulu zesisombululo zithathwa ngamaxesha aqhelekileyo kwaye zihlalutywe kwibhubhoratri. Uhlengahlengiso lunokwenziwa kwi-pH okanye kugxininiso lwecyanide ukuba kukho imfuneko yokwandisa inkqubo yokukhutshwa kwamanzi.

4.Ukuqokelelwa kunye noNyango lweSisombululo esikhulelweyo:

• Ukuqokelela: Isisombululo esithwele igolide, esaziwa ngokuba sisisombululo esikhulelweyo, siqokelelwa ezantsi kwi-vat leaching okanye kwi-drainage system kwi-leaching yemfumba. Kwii-vats ezikhuphayo, isisombululo esikhulelweyo sitsalwa ngevalve emazantsi ezantsi okungeyonyani. Kwimfumba yemfumba, isisombululo siqokelelwa kwiisumps okanye amachibi abekwe kwisiseko semfumba.

• impatho: Xa sele iqokelelwe, isisombululo esikhulelweyo siphathwa ukubuyisela igolide. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, iindlela eziqhelekileyo ziquka i-zinc precipitation kunye ne-activated carbon adsorption. Kwi-zinc precipitation, uthuli lwe-zinc okanye i-zinc shavings yongezwa kwisisombululo esikhulelweyo. I-zinc idibana negolide-cyanide complex, isusa igolide kwaye yenze amasuntswana egolide aqinileyo, anokuthi emva koko ahluzwe kwaye aqhutywe ngakumbi. Kwi-carbon adsorption esebenzayo, isisombululo esikhulelweyo sidlula kwikholomu egcwele i-carbon activated. Igolide - icyanide complex ibhengezwa kumphezulu wekhabhoni, kwaye ikharbhoni isuswe kwikholamu kwaye icutshungulwe ukuze kukhutshwe igolide.

Izinto eziluncedo kunye nokungalunganga kwePercolation Cyanidation

eziluncedo

1. Ukufaneleka kweOre zeBanga eliPhantsi: I-Percolation cyanidation, ngakumbi i-heap leaching, iyasebenza kakhulu ekunyangeni i-ores yegolide yomgangatho ophantsi. Ekubeni le nkqubo ilula ngokwentelekiso kwaye ayifuni zixhobo zokusila kakhulu kunye neendleko eziphezulu zokusetyenzwa kwentsimbi ekrwada ecolekileyo, inokusebenza ngokwezoqoqosho kwiintsimbi ezikrwada ezingayi kuba nengeniso ukusetyenzwa kusetyenziswa ezinye iindlela ezintsonkothileyo.

2. Imali Ephantsi Neendleko Zokusebenza: Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela zokutsalwa kwegolide, ezifana ne-agitation cyanidation efuna iitanki ezinkulu ezixabisayo zokuzulisa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu ekuxubeni, i-percolation cyanidation ineendleko ezinkulu eziphantsi. Izixhobo ezifunekayo, ezifana neevathi zokuvuza okanye imfumba elula - izinto zokwakha, azibizi kakhulu. Ukongeza, iindleko zokusebenza nazo ziphantsi njengoko zisebenzisa amandla amancinci kwaye zifuna umsebenzi omncinci wemihla ngemihla.

3. IiNzuzo zokusiNgqongileyo (Ngokuthelekisayo): Ngokwempembelelo yokusingqongileyo, i-percolation cyanidation ingaba neenzuzo ezithile. Ngokomzekelo, kwimfumba yentsimbi, intsimbi ekrwada ayigalelwa kakhulu, nto leyo enciphisa ukwenziwa kothuli olucolekileyo. Kwakhona, ukusetyenziswa kwee-vats ezivuzayo ezinemigca okanye i-heap liners kunceda ukuthintela ukuvuza kwe-cyanide-equlethe izisombululo kwindawo. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba i-cyanide iseyinto eyityhefu kakhulu, kwaye ulawulo olufanelekileyo lokusingqongileyo lusabalulekile.

4. Inkqubo elula: Inkqubo ye-percolation cyanidation ithe ngqo kwaye kulula ukuyiqonda nokusebenza. Oku kwenza ukuba kufikeleleke kwimisebenzi yemigodi emincinci enobuchwephesha obulinganiselweyo.

nezingeloncedo

1. Ireyithi yokuLeaching ecothayo: Enye yeengxaki ezinkulu ze-percolation cyanidation kukucotha kwesantya sokuvuza. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-agitation cyanidation, apho i-ore ixutywa ngokuqhubekayo kunye nesisombululo se-cyanide, inkqubo ye-percolation ixhomekeke kwintshukumo ecothayo yesisombululo ngokusebenzisa ibhedi ye-ore. Oku kunokukhokelela kumaxesha amade okuvuza, asenokungalulungeli umsebenzi odinga ukusebenza okuphezulu okanye ukuguqulwa ngokukhawuleza.

2. UkuBuyiswa kweGolide ephantsi kwezinye iimeko: Izinga lokubuyiswa kwegolide kwi-percolation cyanidation linokuba ngaphantsi kunelo lezinye iindlela, ngakumbi kwi-ore enemineralogy entsonkothileyo. Ukuba igolide isasazwa ngokucokisekileyo okanye itshixiwe ngaphakathi kwezinye izimbiwa, isisombululo se-cyanide asinakukwazi ukufikelela kuzo zonke iincinci zegolide ngokufanelekileyo, okukhokelela kumazinga aphantsi okubuyisela.

3. Ubuthi beCyanide: I-Cyanide yinto enetyhefu kakhulu, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwi-percolation cyanidation kubangela ingozi ebalulekileyo yendalo kunye nokhuseleko. Nakuphi na ukuvuza okanye ukuphathwa ngendlela engafanelekanga kwe-cyanide - equlethe izisombululo kunokuba nemiphumo emibi kwindalo kunye nempilo yabantu. Amanyathelo okhuseleko angqongqo kunye nemimiselo yokusingqongileyo kufuneka ilandelwe ukunciphisa le mingcipheko.

4. Uvakalelo kwiiPropati zeOre: Impumelelo ye-percolation cyanidation ixhomekeke kakhulu kwiipropati ze-ore. I-Ores enomxholo ophezulu wodongwe, umzekelo, inokubangela iingxaki ngokugqithiswa kwebhedi ye-ore, ekhokelela ekuhambeni kwesisombululo esibi kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle. Ukongezelela, ii-ores eziqulethe iiminerali ezithile ezinokusabela nge-cyanide, ezifana neeminerali ezinobhedu, zinokutya i-cyanide kwaye zinciphise ukusebenza kwenkqubo yokucoca.

Ukuthelekisa kunye nezinye iindlela zokutsalwa kweGolide

Ukuthelekisa kunye ne-Agitation Cyanidation

1. Leaching Efficiency: I-agitation cyanidation inokusebenza kakuhle kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa ne-percolation cyanidation. Kwi-agitation cyanidation, ukuxutywa okuqhubekayo kwe-ore kunye nesisombululo se-cyanide kuqinisekisa uqhagamshelwano olungcono phakathi kwezi zimbini, okukhokelela ekunyibilikeni ngokukhawuleza kwegolide. Oku kunokukhokelela kumaxesha amafutshane okuvuza kunye namazinga aphezulu okubuyisela igolide, ngakumbi kwiintsimbi ezikrwada ezinegolide ephezulu okanye i-mineralogy entsonkothileyo.

2. Izixhobo kunye neendleko: I-Agitation cyanidation ifuna izixhobo ezintsonkothileyo nezixabisa kakhulu, kuqukwa neetanki ezinkulu eziphazamisayo, iimotor ezinamandla zokuxutywa, kunye neenkqubo eziphucukileyo zokumpompa uludaka. Oku kubangela iindleko eziphezulu zenkunzi. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, i-percolation cyanidation ifuna izixhobo ezilula, ezifana ne-leaching vats okanye i-basic heap - izinto zokwakha, okwenza kube neendleko ezingaphezulu - ezisebenzayo malunga notyalo-mali lwenkunzi. Nangona kunjalo, iindleko zokusebenza ze-agitation cyanidation zisenokungabi phezulu, njengoko amaxesha amafutshane okujikeleza anokuphelisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu ekuxubeni.

3. Ukufaneleka kwiintlobo zentsimbi: I-Agitation cyanidation ifaneleke ngakumbi kwiintsimbi ezikrwada ezifuna ukucolwa kakuhle kunye nokulungiswa okunzulu, okufana ne-sulfide-rich gold ores. I-Percolation cyanidation, kwelinye icala, ifaneleka ngcono kwibakala eliphantsi, i-ores ene-oxidized enokulungiswa kwimeko enzima.

Ukuthelekisa kunye ne-Non-Cyanide Gold Extraction Methods

1. Impembelelo kokusiNgqongileyo: Iindlela zokutsalwa kwegolide ezingezizo icyanide, ezifana nethiourea leaching okanye ibio-leaching, zihlala zithathwa njengonobuhlobo kakhulu nokusingqongileyo njengoko zingasebenzisi icyanide enetyhefu kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, ezi ndlela zinemingeni yazo yokusingqongileyo. Umzekelo, i-thiourea inokuba yingozi kokusingqongileyo ukuba ayilawulwa ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye i-bio-leaching inokufuna iimeko ezithile zokusingqongileyo kunye namaxesha amade okusebenza. I-Percolation cyanidation, nangona usebenzisa i-cyanide, inokulawulwa ngendlela ejongene nokusingqongileyo kunye nokugcinwa okufanelekileyo kunye nokunyangwa kwe-cyanide - equlethe izisombululo.

2. Iindleko kunye nokusebenza kakuhle: Iindlela ezingezizo ze-cyanide zinokuba neendleko eziphezulu ngokwemiqathango ye-reagents okanye ukusetyenziswa kwamandla. Umzekelo, i-thiourea ibiza kakhulu kune-cyanide, kwaye i-bio-leaching inokufuna iinkcubeko ezikhethekileyo ze-microbial kunye neemeko ezilawulwayo zokusingqongileyo, ezinokunyusa iindleko. Ngokumalunga nokusebenza kakuhle, i-cyanidation, kuqukwa ne-percolation cyanidation, ngokubanzi inezinga eliphezulu lokufunyanwa kwegolide xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela ezingezizo i-cyanide, ngakumbi kwiintsimbi zegolide zesintu.

isiphelo

I-Percolation cyanidation yindlela ebalulekileyo kwishishini lokutsalwa kwegolide, ngakumbi kunyango lwegolide ekrwada ekumgangatho ophantsi kunye neoxidized. Ukulula kwayo, ixabiso eliphantsi ngokwentelekiso, nokufaneleka kweentlobo ezithile zentsimbi ekrwada kuyenza ibe yinkqubo exabisekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ayinazithintelo zayo, ezinje ngesantya esicothayo sokuvuza, amandla okufumana igolide esezantsi, kunye nemingcipheko yokusingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko ehambelana nokusetyenziswa kwecyanide. Njengoko ishishini lemigodi liqhubeleka nokuvela, iinzame ziyenziwa zokuphucula inkqubo ye-cyanidation ye-percolation, efana nokulinganiswa kwe-ore engcono, ukuphuculwa kweeparameters zenkqubo, kunye nophuhliso lweendlela ezisebenzayo kunye nezilungele ukusingqongileyo zokulawula i-cyanide. Ukongeza, uphando kwezinye iindlela zokutsalwa kwegolide ezinokoyisa imida ye-cyanidation nayo iyaqhubeka. Ngaphandle kwale mingeni, i-cyanidation ye-percolation iya kuqhubeka ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimveliso yegolide kwixesha elizayo elibonakalayo, ngakumbi kwimimandla enemithombo yegolide yomgangatho ophantsi.