Ukusetyenziswa kweSodium Cyanide kwiPesticide Synthesis

1. intshayelelo

Sodium i-cyanide (i-NaCN), eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwikhompawundi ye-inorganic, idlala indima ebalulekileyo kumacandelo ahlukeneyo oshishino. Kwindawo ye Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinambuzane, iimpawu zayo ezizodwa zeekhemikhali zivumela ukudala uluhlu olubanzi lwee-agent ezisebenzayo zokulawula izinambuzane. Eli nqaku lingena kusetyenziso olubanzi lwe Isodium cyanide ekudibaneni kwesibulali zinambuzane, ukuhlola iindlela zokusabela kwayo, iintlobo zezitshabalalisi enegalelo kuzo, kunye nokhuseleko olunxulumeneyo nokuqwalaselwa kokusingqongileyo.

2. Iimpawu zeMichiza yeSodium Cyanide

Isodium cyanide yinto eqinileyo emhlophe, eyikristale enyibilika lula emanzini. Inobunzima bemolar obuyi-49.01 g/mol kwaye inyibilika kuma-563.7 °C. Enye yeempawu zayo eziphawulekayo kukuthambekela kokuqhekeka kwizisombululo ezisekelwe emanzini, ukukhupha iiyoni ze-cyanide ezisebenza kakhulu. Ezi ion zithatha inxaxheba kwiinguqu ezininzi zeekhemikhali, ezisetyenziswa ekuhlanganiseni amayeza ezinambuzane.

Nini Isodium cyanide isabelana namanzi, inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yihydrolysis iyenzeka, ivelise ihydrogen cyanide kunye nesodium hydroxide. Oku kusabela kungaya kumacala omabini, kwaye izinto ezifana neqondo lobushushu kunye ne-pH zinokuchaphazela ibhalansi phakathi kwee-reactants kunye neemveliso. Kwi-pesticide synthesis, ukulawula ngokuchanekileyo ukukhutshwa kweeyoni ze-cyanide ukusuka sodium cyanide ngundoqo ekuqhubeni ukusabela kweekhemikhali ezithile.

3. Ukusetyenziswa kwi-Pesticide Synthesis

3.1. I-Synthesis ye-Organonitrile Pesticides

abaninzi Amayeza e-Organonitrile Zenziwa kusetyenziswa i-sodium cyanide njengesixhobo esibalulekileyo sokuqala. Umzekelo, ekuvelisweni kwe-cypermethrin, isibulali-zinambuzane esibalulekileyo se-pyrethroid, i-sodium cyanide ibandakanyeka kwinqanaba elibalulekileyo. Ngokwesiqhelo, i-3 - i-phenoxybenzaldehyde isabela kunye ne-sodium cyanide xa kukho i-catalyst. I-ion ye-cyanide ihlasela ICarbonIqela le-yl le-3 - i-phenoxybenzaldehyde, eyenza ikhompawundi ephakathi. Emva koku, kwenzeka ezinye ii-reaction ezifana ne-cyclization kunye ne-esterification, ekugqibeleni zikhokelela ekwakhiweni kwe-cypermethrin. Le ndlela yokusabela ayipheleli kwi-cypermethrin kuphela; ikwasetyenziswa ekuhlanganiseni ezinye izibulali-zinambuzane ze-pyrethroid ezifana ne-deltamethrin kunye ne-permethrin.

3.2. I-Synthesis ye-Nitrile - equlethe i-Herbicides

Isodium cyanide ikwadlala indima ekudaleni imichiza ethile yokutshabalalisa ukhula. Kwimveliso yenitrile-equlethe imichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula, iqela lecyanide elaziswa kwisodium cyanide liba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yemolekyuli yokutshabalalisa ukhula. Indlela yokusabela ihlala ibandakanya ukusabela kwe-nucleophilic substitution.

Umzekelo, xa i-halogen-efakwe endaweni yekhompawundi enevumba elimnandi idibana nesodium cyanide, iion yecyanide isebenza njengenucleophile kwaye ithatha indawo yeathomu yehalogen. Isiphumo se-nitrile- equlathe i-intermediate emva koko iye yenze uthotho lohlengahlengiso olongezelelweyo ukuvelisa imveliso yokugqibela yokutshabalalisa ukhula. Le ndlela ivumela uphuhliso lwe-herbicides ngeendlela ezithile zokusebenza, ezifana nokuthintela i-enzymes eziphambili kwi-metabolism yezityalo.

3.3. Indima kwiNdibaniselwano yeziLawuli zokuKhula kwezinambuzane

Kwi-synthesis yabalawuli abathile bokukhula kwezinambuzane, i-sodium cyanide ingasetyenziselwa ukwazisa amaqela asebenzayo abalulekileyo kumsebenzi webhayoloji wemveliso yokugqibela. Ngokomzekelo, ekudalweni kwamanye ama-hormone olutsha okulinganisa, iqela le-cyanide lifakwe kwisakhiwo se-molecular ngokusebenzisa amanyathelo amaninzi okuphendula. Inkqubo idla ngokuqala nge-precursor molecule eneqela elifanelekileyo lokushiya. I-sodium cyanide isabela kunye nesi sandulela, ithatha indawo yeqela elishiyayo kunye neqela lecyanide. Emva koko, iimpendulo ezilandelayo ziguqula ngakumbi i-cyanide-equlethe i-intermediate ukudala umlawuli wokukhula kwezinambuzane kunye nomsebenzi othile. Olu hlobo lolawulo lunokuphazamisa ukukhula okuqhelekileyo kunye nophuhliso lwezinambuzane, njengokuthintela i-metamorphosis yazo, ngaloo ndlela inceda ukulawula izinambuzane.

4. Iingqwalasela zoKhuseleko nokusiNgqongileyo

4.1. Ubuthi beSodium Cyanide

Isodium cyanide inetyhefu kakhulu. Ukuyiphefumlela, ukuyiginya, okanye ukuyidibanisa nolusu kunokuba yingozi. Iiyoni zecyanide ezikhutshwa kwisodium cyanide zinokubophelela kwi-enzyme ebizwa ngokuba yicytochrome c oxidase kwiiseli. Oku kubopha kumisa ikhonkco lokuthutha i-electron, ukuthintela iiseli ekusebenziseni ioksijini ngokufanelekileyo. Ngenxa yoko, iiseli zifa ngokukhawuleza, ezinokubangela imiba yempilo enzima kunye nokufa ebantwini nakwizilwanyana. Ubungakanani be-sodium cyanide enokubulala abantu buncinci, ngokuqhelekileyo ukusuka kwi-50 - 100 mg. Ke ngoko, iinkqubo ezingqongqo zokhuseleko kufuneka zilandelwe xa kuphathwa, kugcinwa, kwaye kusetyenziswa i-sodium cyanide kwizibonelelo zokwenziwa kwe-pesticide. Abasebenzi ababandakanyekayo kwinkqubo yokuvelisa kufuneka banxibe izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokuzikhusela, kubandakanya ukhuseleko lokuphefumla, iiglavu kunye nempahla yokukhusela.

4.2. Impembelelo yokusingqongileyo

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide kwi-pesticide synthesis kuzisa nemingcipheko yokusingqongileyo. Kwimeko yokuchitheka ngengozi okanye ukulahlwa ngendlela engafanelekanga, i-sodium cyanide inokungcolisa umhlaba kunye nemithombo yamanzi. Xa sele ikwimo engqongileyo, inokuqhekeka yenze ihydrogen cyanide, irhasi eguquguqukayo neyityhefu kakhulu.

Kwimizila yamanzi, icyanide inokuba yingozi kubomi basemanzini. Nakwiqondo eliphantsi, kunokuchaphazela ukuphila, ukukhula, kunye nokuzala kweentlanzi, izilwanyana ezingenamqolo, kunye nezinye izinto eziphila emanzini. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba amanzi ane-cyanide asetyenziselwa ukunkcenkceshela, anokonakalisa izityalo kwaye angene kwikhonkco lokutya.

Ukunciphisa le mingcipheko yokusingqongileyo, abavelisi bezibulali-zinambuzane kufuneka baphumeze izicwangciso ezifanelekileyo zokulawula inkunkuma. Oku kubandakanya ukucocwa kwamanzi amdaka ane-cyanide ukususa okanye ukwenza i-cyanide ingasebenzi phambi kokuba ilahlwe. Itekhnoloji yonyango eqhelekileyo ibandakanya i-chemical oxidation, unyango lwebhayoloji, kunye nemvula.

5. Isiphelo

I-sodium cyanide yimathiriyeli ekrwada eyimfuneko ekudibaneni kwezitshabalalisi, eyenza ukuveliswa kweentlobo ngeentlobo zezibulali-zinambuzane ezineendlela ezahlukeneyo zesenzo. Ukukwazi kwayo ukwazisa iqela le-cyanide kwiimolekyuli ze-pesticide ngokusebenzisa ii-chemical reactions ezithile kukhokelele kuphuhliso lwee-arhente ezisebenzayo zokulawula izinambuzane ezibalulekileyo kwezolimo zanamhlanje kunye nokukhusela impilo yoluntu.

Nangona kunjalo, i-toxicity ephezulu ye-sodium cyanide kunye nobungozi obunokuthi bube khona kwindalo ayinakuhoywa. Njengoko ishishini lokubulala izitshabalalisi liqhubeka nokukhula, kubalulekile ukufumana ibhalansi phakathi kokuthatha ithuba le-sodium cyanide ekudibaneni kwezitshabalalisi kunye nokuphumeza ukhuseleko olungqongqo kunye namanyathelo okhuseleko lokusingqongileyo. Oku kunokubandakanya ukuphuhlisa iindlela ezizezinye, iindlela zokudityaniswa ezinetyhefu encinci okanye ukuphuculwa kweenkqubo ezikhoyo zokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kunye nokukhululwa kwe-sodium cyanide. Ngolawulo olufanelekileyo kunye nenkqubela phambili yezobuchwepheshe, ukusetyenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide kwi-pesticide synthesis kunokuqhubeka negalelo ekukhuseleni kokutya kwehlabathi kunye nokulawulwa kwezinambuzane ngelixa ukhusela impilo yabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo.