Inkqubo ye-Sodium Cyanide Electroplating Zinc: Uhlalutyo oluBanzi

intshayelelo

I-Electroplating yinkqubo esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumashishini ahlukeneyo ukunyusa iimpawu zemigangatho yesinyithi. Phakathi kweendlela ezahlukeneyo ze-electroplating, Isodium cyanide i-electroplating zinc ibambe isikhundla esibalulekileyo ngenxa yeempawu zayo ezizodwa kunye neenzuzo. Eli nqaku lijolise ekunikezeni uhlalutyo olucacileyo lwe I-sodium cyanide electroplating zinc inkqubo, egubungela imigaqo yayo, amanyathelo enkqubo, ukwakheka kwebhafu, kunye nokuqwalaselwa kokusebenza.

Imigaqo yeSodium Cyanide Electroplating Zinc

Kwi sodium cyanide inkqubo ye-zinc electroplating, umgaqo ophambili usekelwe kwi-electrolysis. Ibhafu ye-electroplating iqulethe i-zinc ions kunye namanye amacandelo. Xa umbane wombane usetyenziswa, i-zinc ions kwindawo yokuhlambela iyancitshiswa kwi-cathode (into eza kuhlanjululwa), kwaye ii-athomu ze-zinc zifakwe kumphezulu we-cathode, zenza i-zinc coating. Ubukho be Isodium cyanide ebhafini idlala indima ebalulekileyo. Isebenza njenge-agent eyinkimbinkimbi, yenza ii-complexes ezizinzileyo kunye ne-ion zinc. Olu bunzima lunceda ukulawula izinga lokubeka i-zinc kunye nokuphucula umgangatho we-zinc layer. Umzekelo, impendulo inokumelwa ngokulula njenge: Zn(CN)₄²⁻ + 2e⁻ → Zn + 4CN⁻ kwi-cathode. I-ion ze-zinc eziyinkimbinkimbi ngendlela ye-Zn(CN)₄²⁻ zizinzile ngakumbi kwindawo yokuhlambela, nto leyo ekhokelela kwi-zinc efanayo kunye ne-fine-grained zinc deposition xa kuthelekiswa neenkqubo ezingenzima.

Inkqubo Amanyathelo

1. Ukulungiswa kwangaphambili kweSubstrate

Ngaphambi kokufakwa kwe-electroplating, i-substrate (into yentsimbi ekufuneka ifakwe kwi-platet) kufuneka ilungiswe kakuhle. Eli nyathelo liyimfuneko ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukunamathela kakuhle kwengubo ye-zinc.

• Ukuthoba isidima: I-substrate iqale isuswe amafutha ukuze kususwe nayiphi na ioyile, amafutha, okanye izinto ezingcolisayo eziphilayo kumphezulu wayo. Oku kunokufezekiswa ngeendlela ezifana nokususa amafutha kwi-alkaline, apho i-substrate ifakwa kwisisombululo se-alkaline esine-surfactants. Isisombululo se-alkaline sisabela kunye namafutha, siyixube kwaye siyivumele ukuba ihlanjwe. Umzekelo, isisombululo esiqhelekileyo sokususa amafutha kwi-alkaline sinokuba ne-sodium hydroxide, i-sodium ICarbonkunye nezinto ezibangela ukuvuvukala ezifana ne-sodium dodecyl sulfate.

• Ukukhetha: Emva kokuhlanjululwa, i-pickling iqhutyelwa ukususa i-rust, i-oxides, kunye nobunye ukungcola kwe-inorganic kumphezulu we-substrate. Isisombululo se-asidi, esifana ne-hydrochloric acid okanye i-asidi ye-sulfuric, isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ukukha. I-asidi iphendula kunye nee-oxides phezu komhlaba, izinyibilikise. Ngokomzekelo, kwimeko ye-rust (i-iron oxide) kwi-substrate yensimbi, impendulo nge-hydrochloric acid yile: Fe₂O₃ + 6HCl → 2FeCl₃ + 3H₂O. Emva kokukhetha, i-substrate ihlanjululwe kakuhle ngamanzi ukuze isuse nayiphi na i-asidi eseleyo.

2. Ukulungiswa kweBhafu ye-Electroplating

Ukulungiswa kwebhafu ye-electroplating yinyathelo elibalulekileyo kwi-sodium i-cyanide inkqubo ye-zinc electroplating.

• Izithako: Izinto eziphambili zokuhlamba ziquka i-zinc oxide (ZnO) njengomthombo we-zinc ions, i-sodium cyanide (NaCN) njenge-agent eyinkimbinkimbi, kunye ne-sodium hydroxide (NaOH) njengetyuwa eqhubayo. Ukongeza, ezinye izongezo zingabandakanywa ukuphucula umgangatho we-plating, ezifana nezikhanyisi. Ukuhlamba okuqhelekileyo kwe-cyanide electroplating, ukubunjwa kunokuba: ZnO 8 - 12 g / L, NaCN 10 - 20 g / L, NaOH 80 - 120 g / L.

• Inkqubo yokuxuba: Okokuqala, inxalenye yamanzi (malunga nesinye kwisithathu somthamo opheleleyo wokuhlambela) yongezwa kwitanki yokucoca. Emva koko, inani elifunekayo le-sodium cyanide kunye ne-sodium hydroxide yongezwa kwaye ixutywe ide ichithwe ngokupheleleyo. Emva koko, i-zinc oxide yongezwa ngokukhawuleza kwisisombululo ngelixa iqhubeka ivuselela. I-Zinc oxide iphendula kunye ne-sodium hydroxide kunye ne-sodium cyanide ukwenza ii-complexes eziyimfuneko. Emva kokongezwa kwe-zinc oxide, ibhafu ihlanjululwe kumthamo ofunekayo ngamanzi. Ekugqibeleni, izongezo zongezwa ngokwemiyalelo yomenzi.

3. Inkqubo ye-Electroplating

• Ukumisela iSeli ye-Electroplating: Iseli ye-electroplating iqukethe i-plating bath, i-cathode (i-substrate eya kuhlanjululwa), kunye ne-anode. I-anode ngokuqhelekileyo yenziwe ngentsimbi ye-zinc. Xa umbane wombane ugqithiswa kwindawo yokuhlambela, i-zinc ions iyachithwa kwi-anode ukuya kwindawo yokuhlambela kwaye ifakwe ngexesha elifanayo kwi-cathode. Uxinaniso lwangoku, oluyimali yangoku kwiyunithi yendawo ye-cathode, ilawulwa ngokucophelela. Kwi-sodium cyanide electroplating zinc, ingxinano eqhelekileyo yangoku isuka kwi-1 - 5 A/dm². Uxinaniso lwangoku olusezantsi lunokukhokelela kwisantya esicothayo sokubekelwa ecaleni kodwa kunokukhokelela kukwaleka okufanayo kunye nokucolekileyo. Kwelinye icala, uxinaniso oluphezulu lwangoku lunokunyusa izinga lokubekwa kodwa lunokubangela iingxaki ezifana nokungalinganiyo kokutyabeka kunye nokutshiswa kwento yokugquma kwiindawo zangoku eziphezulu.

• Ubushushu kunye nokuphazamiseka: Ubushushu bebhafu ye-electroplating nayo ichaphazela inkqubo yokubeka. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ubushushu bokuhlamba bugcinwa kuluhlu lwe-20 - 40 °C. Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu anokunyusa izinga lokubekwa kodwa anokunciphisa i-cathode polarization, ekhokelela kwityabeka erhabaxa. Ukuphazamiseka kokuhlamba kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa okufanayo kweeyoni ezijikeleze i-cathode. Oku kunokufezekiswa ngokuphazamiseka koomatshini, njengokusebenzisa isivusi, okanye ngokubhubhudla komoya. Ukuphazamiseka kunceda ukugcwalisa ii-ion ze-zinc kufuphi nomphezulu we-cathode, ukuthintela ukubunjwa kwee-gradients zoxinaniso ezinokuthi zikhokelele kwi-plating engalinganiyo.

4. Isithuba - unyango

• Ukujikeleza: Emva kwe-electroplating, into edibeneyo ihlanjululwe ngokucokisekileyo ngamanzi ukuze isuse nayiphi na isisombululo se-plating eseleyo kumphezulu wayo. Amanyathelo okuhlamba amaninzi anokuthi aqhutywe, kunye nokuhlamba kokuqala kumanzi abandayo ukususa ubuninzi besisombululo, kulandele ukuhlanjululwa okongeziweyo emanzini acocekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukukhutshwa okupheleleyo kwanoma yimuphi ukungcola.

• I-Chromating: I-Chromating isoloko isenziwa ukuqhubela phambili ukunyusa ukuxhathisa ukubola kwe-zinc - plated layer. Into edibeneyo ifakwe kwisisombululo se-chromating, equkethe i-chromic acid okanye iityuwa zayo. Inkqubo ye-chromating yenza uluhlu oluncinci, olukhuselayo lokuguqula i-chromate kumphezulu we-zinc coating. Lo maleko ubonelela ngokhuseleko olongezelelweyo ngokuchasene nomhlwa ngokusebenza njengesithintelo kunye nangokuziphilisa ukuya kwinqanaba elithile xa umphezulu ukrwela. Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zechromating, ezinje ngechromating emthubi, blue-white chromating, kunye nechromating emnyama, nganye ibonelela ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo okumelana nomhlwa kunye nenkangeleko yobuhle.

• Ukoma: Okokugqibela, into eplathiweyo kunye nekhromatiki yomisiwe. Kwiindawo ezincinci, zingomiswa kwi-centrifugal dryer kunye nomoya oshushu, ngelixa iindawo ezinkulu zinokuba ngumoya - zomiswe kwiqondo lokushisa. Ukomisa kubalulekile ukukhusela ukubunjwa kwamabala amanzi kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwexesha elide lokugquma.

Ukwakhiwa kweBhafu kunye nempembelelo yayo

1. I-Zinc oxide (ZnO)

I-Zinc oxide ngumthombo we-zinc ion kwindawo yokuhlamba i-electroplating. Ukuxinwa kwe-zinc oxide kwindawo yokuhlambela kuchaphazela izinga lokubeka i-zinc. Uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-zinc oxide ngokubanzi lukhokelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu lokubeka. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba i-ion ye-zinc iphezulu kakhulu, inokubangela iingxaki ezinje ngamandla okuphosa (amandla esisombululo sokubeka idiphozithi efanayo kwizinto ezintsonkothileyo) kunye ne-coarser- grained coating. Kwiibhafu ezisezantsi-cyanide, i-zinc oxide yoxinaniso idla ngokuba kuluhlu olukhankanywe ngaphambili (8 - 12 g/L), olubonelela ngolungelelwaniso phakathi komlinganiselo wokubekwa kunye nomgangatho wokugquma.

2. ISodium Cyanide (NaCN)

I-sodium cyanide isebenza njenge-agent eyinkimbinkimbi kwindawo yokuhlambela. Yenza iikhompleksi ezinezinc ion, ezifana neZn(CN)₄²⁻. Ukuxinwa kwe-sodium cyanide kuchaphazela ukuzinza kwezi zinki kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ukuziphatha kwe-zinc. Kwiibhafu eziphezulu ze-cyanide, kusetyenziswa i-concentration ephezulu ye-sodium cyanide, enika amandla agqwesileyo okujula kunye nokwaleka okucolekileyo kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, iibhafu eziphezulu ze-cyanide zibeka umngcipheko omkhulu wokusingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko ngenxa yetyhefu yecyanide. Ngokwahlukileyo, iibhafu eziphantsi-cyanide, ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo namhlanje, zisebenzisa i-concentration ephantsi ye-sodium cyanide (umzekelo, i-10 - 20 g / L). Ezi bhafu zisabonelela ngamandla okujula okuhle kunye nomgangatho wokugquma ngelixa unciphisa inkxalabo yokusingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko kwinqanaba elithile. Umlinganiselo we-sodium cyanide kwi-zinc oxide (i-NaCN / ZnO ratio) nayo idlala indima ebalulekileyo. Umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo uqinisekisa ukubunjwa kwee-complexes ezizinzileyo kunye neemeko ezifanelekileyo zokubeka. Ngokomzekelo, kwezinye izicelo, umlinganiselo we-NaCN/ZnO ojikeleze i-1.5 - 2.5 ukhethwa.

3. ISodium Hydroxide (NaOH)

I-sodium hydroxide isebenza njengetyuwa eqhubayo kwindawo yokuhlambela, inyusa umbane wesisombululo. Oku kuvumela ukudluliselwa ngokufanelekileyo kwangoku ngexesha le-electroplating. Kwakhona kunceda ukugcina i-pH yebhafu. I-pH ye-sodium cyanide electroplating i-zinc bath ngokuqhelekileyo kuluhlu lwe-alkaline, malunga ne-pH 12 - 14. I-pH ezinzileyo ibalulekile ekuzinzeni kwee-complexes kunye nenkqubo yokucoca ngokubanzi. Ukuba i-pH iphantsi kakhulu, ii-complexes zinokubola, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiziphumo ezibi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuba i-pH iphezulu kakhulu, inokubangela iingxaki ezifana nokubola okugqithisileyo kwe-anode kunye nokwakhiwa kwe-zinc hydroxide precipitates ebhafini.

4. Izongezo

• Izikhanyisi: Izikhanyisi zongezwa kwindawo yokuhlambela ukuphucula ukukhanya kunye nokukhanya kwengubo ye-zinc. Basebenza ngokuguqula i-morphology yomgangatho we-zinc layer egciniweyo kwinqanaba le-athomu. Iikhompawundi ze-Organic ezifana ne-saccharin, i-coumarin, kunye neetyuwa ezithile ze-quaternary ammonium zidla ngokusetyenziswa njengezikhanyisi. Ngokomzekelo, i-saccharin inokubhengeza phezu kwe-cathode ngexesha le-electroplating, inqanda ukukhula kwe-zinc crystals kwiindlela ezithile kunye nokukhuthaza ukubunjwa kwendawo epholileyo kunye nekhanyayo.

• Abaxhasi: Amanqanaba anceda ukugudisa nakuphi na ukutenxa kwindawo engaphantsi komhlaba ngexesha lokufakwa kwe-electroplating. Bakhetha ukudipozitha kwiindawo eziphezulu - zangoku - zoxinaniso lwe-substrate, ukunciphisa ukutyeba umahluko phakathi kwemimandla ephezulu kunye nephantsi-yangoku - yoxinano kwaye kubangele ukugquma okufanayo. Ezinye iipolymers kunye ne-surfactants zinokusebenza njengemigangatho kwindawo yokuhlambela ye-electroplating.

• I-Antioxidants kunye ne-Stabilizers: Ezi zongezo zisetyenziselwa ukuthintela i-oxidation yamacandelo kwindawo yokuhlambela, ngakumbi i-ion cyanide. I-Cyanide inokuthi i-oxidized phambi komoya kunye nokungcola okuthile, oku kunokukhokelela ekunciphiseni ukusebenza kwe-agent eyinkimbinkimbi kunye noshintsho kwi-chemistry yokuhlamba. I-Antioxidants efana ne-sodium sulfite inokongezwa kwibhafu ukukhupha ioksijini kunye nokuthintela i-oxidation ye-cyanide. I-Stabilizers nayo yongezwa ukuze kugcinwe ukuzinza kwebhafu ngokuhamba kwexesha, ukuqinisekisa iziphumo ezihambelanayo ze-plating.

Ukuqwalaselwa kokuSebenza

1. Amanyathelo okhuseleko

Ekubeni i-sodium cyanide inetyhefu kakhulu, amanyathelo okhuseleko angqongqo kufuneka athathwe ngexesha lokuphatha kunye nokusebenza kwenkqubo ye-electroplating. Bonke abasebenzi ababandakanyekayo kule nkqubo kufuneka banxibe izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokuzikhusela, kubandakanya iigloves, iiglavu, kunye neziphefumla. Indawo ye-electroplating kufuneka ifakwe kakuhle umoya ukuze kuthintelwe ukuqokelelwa komsi onetyhefu. Kwimeko nayiphi na into echithekileyo okanye iingozi ezibandakanya i-sodium cyanide, iinkqubo zokuphendula ngokukhawuleza kufuneka zilandelwe. Oku kunokubandakanya ukungathathi hlangothi kwe-cyanide ngeekhemikhali ezifanelekileyo (ezifana nezisombululo ze-hypochlorite) kunye nokwazisa amagunya afanelekileyo okhuseleko.

2. Ukugcinwa kweBhafu

• Uhlalutyo oluthe rhoqo: Ukubunjwa kwebhafu ye-electroplating kufuneka kuhlalutywe rhoqo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba ukugxininiswa kwe-zinc oxide, i-sodium cyanide, i-sodium hydroxide, kunye nezongezo zingaphakathi koluhlu olufanelekileyo. Iindlela zokuhlalutya ezifana ne-titration zingasetyenziselwa ukumisela ugxininiso lwala malungu. Ngokomzekelo, ukuxinwa kwee-ion ze-zinc kunokumiselwa ngokulinganisa isampula yokuhlamba kunye nesisombululo se-EDTA esiqhelekileyo (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid).

• Ulawulo loNgcoliseko: Ukungcoliswa kwebhafu kunokwenzeka kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo, njengokungcola kwimpahla ekrwada, 带入 yezinto zangaphandle ezivela kwi-substrate ngexesha lokucoca, kunye nokwakhiwa kokuphendula kweemveliso. Ukulawula ukungcola, ukuhluzwa okufanelekileyo kokuhlamba kufuneka kwenziwe. Inkqubo yokucoca enemithombo yokucoca efanelekileyo inokususa amasuntswana aqinileyo kunye nongcoliseko oluthile lwendalo. Ukongezelela, ukuhlanjululwa kwexesha lokuhlambela kunokufuneka. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba ukungcola kwesinyithi esinzima (njengobhedu okanye ilothe) kuqokelelwa kwindawo yokuhlambela, kunokususwa ngokudibanisa imichiza eyenza i-precipitates kunye nolu kungcola, kulandele ukuhluzwa.

• Ukuzaliswa kwakhona kwaMacandelo: Njengoko inkqubo ye-electroplating iqhubeka, amacandelo kwindawo yokuhlambela adliwe. I-Zinc ifakwe kwi-cathode, kwaye ezinye zee-agent ezixubileyo kunye nezongezo zinokuchithwa okanye zidliwe kwiimpendulo zecala. Ngoko ke, ukuzaliswa rhoqo kwe-zinc oxide, i-sodium cyanide, i-sodium hydroxide, kunye ne-additives kuyadingeka ukugcina ukubunjwa kwebhafu. Umlinganiselo wokuzaliswa kwakhona unokumiselwa ngokusekelwe kwixesha lokutya, inani leenxalenye ezicatshulweyo, kunye neziphumo zokuhlalutya ukuhlamba.

3. Ukuxazulula ingxaki

• Ukuncamathela okungalunganga kokutyabeka: Ukuba i-zinc i-coating ine-adhesion embi kwi-substrate, izizathu ezinokuthi zibandakanya ukunyanzeliswa kwangaphambili kwe-substrate, ukubunjwa okungafanelekanga kwebhafu (njenge-pH engalunganga okanye i-concentration ye-agent ephantsi), okanye amanqanaba aphezulu okungcola kwindawo yokuhlambela. Ukujongana nalo mba, inkqubo yonyango lwangaphambili kufuneka iqwalaselwe kwaye iphuculwe. Ukubunjwa kokuhlamba kufuneka kuhlalutywe kwaye kulungiswe ukuba kuyimfuneko, kwaye kufuneka kuthathwe amanyathelo okunciphisa ukungcola.

• Ukulinganisa okungalinganiyo: Ukutya okungafaniyo kunokubangelwa yizinto ezifana nokusasazwa okungafanelekanga kwangoku kwiseli ye-electroplating, i-non-uniform agitation of the bath, okanye ukuhluka kwijometri ye-substrate. Ukusombulula le ngxaki, ukuseta i-electroplating cell setup inokulungiswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhanjiswa kwangoku okufanayo. Indlela yokuphazamiseka inokuphuculwa, kwaye izilungiso zinokuyilwa ukubamba i-substrate ngendlela ekhuthaza ukucwenga okufanayo. Kwi-substrates enemilo entsonkothileyo, iindlela ezikhethekileyo zokucwenga okanye ukusetyenziswa kwee-anode ezincedisayo kunokufuneka.

• Ubuthuntu okanye iCoating emnyama: Ukugquma kwe-zinc ebumnyama okanye emnyama inokuba ngenxa yokungonelanga kogxininiso olukhanyayo kwindawo yokuhlambela, amanqanaba aphezulu okungcola, okanye iiparitha ze-plating ezingalunganga (ezifana noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwangoku okanye ubushushu bebhafu). Ugxininiso olukhanyayo kufuneka luhlolwe kwaye lulungiswe xa luyimfuneko. Ibhafu kufuneka ihlanjululwe ukuze isuse ukungcola, kwaye iiparamitha zeplating kufuneka ziphuculwe.

isiphelo

Inkqubo ye-zinc ye-sodium cyanide electroplating zinc yindlela esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwaye ibalulekileyo yokubonelela ukuxhathisa ukubola kunye nokugqitywa kokuhlobisa kwizinto zetsimbi. Ukuqonda imigaqo yayo, amanyathelo enkqubo, ukwakhiwa kwebhafu, kunye neengqwalasela zokusebenza kubalulekile ekuphumezeni iziphumo zomgangatho ophezulu. Nangona inemingeni ethile yokusingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko olunxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide, kunye namanyathelo okhuseleko afanelekileyo kunye nophuhliso lwezinye iindlela zokusingqongileyo (ezifana ne-cyanide ephantsi okanye i-cyanide - iinkqubo zamahhala), iyaqhubeka idlala indima ebalulekileyo kumashishini ahlukeneyo, kuquka i-automotive, i-aerospace, kunye ne-electronics. Ngokulawula ngononophelo yonke imiba yenkqubo, abavelisi banokuvelisa i-zinc - imveliso ecwecwe kunye nomgangatho obalaseleyo kunye nokusebenza.