Inkqubo ye-Sodium Cyanide Electroplating Zinc: Uhlalutyo oluBanzi

intshayelelo

I-Electroplating yinkqubo esetyenziswa kakhulu kumashishini ahlukeneyo ukuphucula iipropati zemiphezulu yesinyithi. Phakathi kweendlela ezahlukeneyo ze-electroplating, i-Sodium Cyanide electroplating zinc ibambe indawo ebalulekileyo ngenxa yeempawu zayo ezikhethekileyo kunye neenzuzo. Eli nqaku lijolise ekunikeni uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lwenkqubo ye -Sodium cyanide electroplating zinc , egubungela imigaqo yayo, amanyathelo enkqubo, ukwakheka kwebhafu, kunye nezinto eziqwalaselwayo zokusebenza.

Imigaqo yeSodium Cyanide Electroplating Zinc

Kwinkqubo ye-electroplating zinc ye -sodium cyanide , umgaqo ophambili usekelwe kwi-electrolysis. I-electroplating bath ine-zinc ions kunye nezinye izinto. Xa kusetyenziswa umbane, ii-zinc ions ebhafini ziyancitshiswa kwi-cathode (into eza kufakelwa), kwaye ii-athomu ze-zinc zifakwa kumphezulu we-cathode, zenze i-zinc coating. Ubukho be -Sodium cyanide ebhafini budlala indima ebalulekileyo. Isebenza njenge-complexing agent, yenza ii-complexes ezizinzileyo ezine-zinc ions. Olu complexation lunceda ukulawula izinga lokufakwa kwe-zinc kwaye luphucula umgangatho womaleko we-zinc ofakiweyo. Umzekelo, impendulo ingamelwa nje ngolu hlobo: I-Zn(CN)₄²⁻ + 2e⁻ → I-Zn + 4CN⁻ kwi-cathode. Ii-zinc ions eziyinkimbinkimbi ngendlela ye-Zn(CN)₄²⁻ zizinzile ngakumbi ebhafini, nto leyo ekhokelela ekufakweni kwe-zinc efanayo kwaye incinci xa kuthelekiswa neenkqubo ezingezizo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Inkqubo Amanyathelo

1. Ukulungiswa kwangaphambili kweSubstrate

Ngaphambi kokufakwa kwe-electroplating, i-substrate (into yentsimbi ekufuneka ifakwe kwi-platet) kufuneka ilungiswe kakuhle. Eli nyathelo liyimfuneko ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukunamathela kakuhle kwengubo ye-zinc.

• Ukususa amafutha : I-substrate iqale isuswe amafutha ukuze kususwe nayiphi na ioyile, igrisi, okanye izinto ezingcolisayo ezikumphezulu wayo. Oku kunokufezekiswa ngeendlela ezifana nokususa amafutha e-alkaline, apho i-substrate ifakwa kwisisombululo se-alkaline esine-surfactants. Isisombululo se-alkaline sisabela kunye negrisi, siyixube kwaye siyivumele ukuba ihlanjwe. Umzekelo, isisombululo esiqhelekileyo sokususa amafutha e-alkaline sinokuba ne-sodium hydroxide, i-sodium Carbon ate, kunye ne-surfactants ezifana ne-sodium dodecyl sulfate.

• Ukucola : Emva kokususa amafutha, ukucola kwenziwa ukuze kususwe umhlwa, ii-oxides, kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolileyo ezingaphiliyo kumphezulu we-substrate. Isisombululo se-asidi, esifana ne-hydrochloric acid okanye i-sulfuric acid, sisetyenziswa kakhulu ekucoleni. I-asidi isabela kunye nee-oxides ezikumphezulu, izinyibilikise. Umzekelo, kwimeko yomhlwa (i-iron oxide) kwi-substrate yentsimbi, impendulo kunye ne-hydrochloric acid yile: Fe₂O₃ + 6HCl → 2FeCl₃ + 3H₂O. Emva kokucola, i-substrate ihlanjwa kakuhle ngamanzi ukuze kususwe nayiphi na i-asidi eseleyo.

2. Ukulungiswa kweBhafu ye-Electroplating

Ukulungiswa kwebhafu yokucoca nge-electroplating linyathelo elibalulekileyo kwinkqubo ye-sodium cyanide electroplating zinc.

• Izithako : Izinto eziphambili zebhafu ziquka i-zinc oxide (ZnO) njengomthombo wee-ion ze-zinc, i-sodium cyanide (NaCN) njenge-complexing agent, kunye ne-sodium hydroxide (NaOH) njengetyuwa eqhubayo. Ukongeza, ezinye izongezo zingafakwa ukuphucula umgangatho weplating, ezifana nezikhanyisi. Kwibhafu eqhelekileyo ye-cyanide electroplating ephantsi, ukwakheka kwayo kungaba: ZnO 8 - 12 g/L, NaCN 10 - 20 g/L, NaOH 80 - 120 g/L.

• Inkqubo yokuxuba : Okokuqala, inxalenye yamanzi (malunga nesinye kwisithathu somthamo webhafu iyonke) yongezwa kwitanki yokugquma. Emva koko, kongezwa ubungakanani obufunekayo be-sodium cyanide kunye ne-sodium hydroxide kwaye kuxutywe de kunyibilike ngokupheleleyo. Okulandelayo, i-zinc oxide yongezwa kancinci kwisisombululo ngelixa ixutywa rhoqo. I-zinc oxide isabela kunye ne-sodium hydroxide kunye ne-sodium cyanide ukwenza ii-complexes ezifunekayo. Emva kokongezwa kwe-zinc oxide, ibhafu ixutywa ukuya kumthamo ofunekayo ngamanzi. Ekugqibeleni, izongezo zongezwa ngokwemiyalelo yomenzi.

3. Inkqubo ye-Electroplating

• Ukuseta iSeli ye-Electroplating : ISeli ye-electroplating iqulathe i-plating bath, i-cathode (i-substrate eza kufakelwa i-plated), kunye ne-anode. I-anode idla ngokwenziwa ngesinyithi se-zinc. Xa umbane udlula ebhafini, ii-ion ze-zinc ziyanyibilika kwi-anode ziye ebhafini kwaye zibekwe ngaxeshanye kwi-cathode. Uxinano lwangoku, oluyinani langoku ngokweyunithi yendawo ye-cathode, lulawulwa ngononophelo. Kwi-sodium cyanide electroplating zinc, uxinano lwangoku oluqhelekileyo luqala kwi-1 - 5 A/dm². Uxinano lwangoku oluphantsi lunokubangela izinga lokufakwa kancinci kodwa lunokukhokelela kwi-coating efanayo ne-grained. Kwelinye icala, uxinano lwangoku oluphezulu lunokunyusa izinga lokufakwa kodwa lunokubangela iingxaki ezifana ne-equation plating kunye nokutsha kwe-coating kwiindawo zangoku eziphezulu.

• Ubushushu kunye nokuVuthelana : Ubushushu bebhafu ye-electroplating buchaphazela nenkqubo yokuvuthelana. Ngokubanzi, ubushushu bebhafu bugcinwa buphakathi kwama-20 ukuya kuma-40 °C. Ubushushu obuphezulu bunokunyusa izinga lokufumba kodwa bunokunciphisa ukuvuleka kwe-cathode, okukhokelela ekugqumeni okuqinileyo. Ukuvuthelana kwebhafu kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukusasazwa okufanayo kwee-ion ezijikeleze i-cathode. Oku kunokufezekiswa ngokuvuthelana koomatshini, njengokusebenzisa i-stirrer, okanye ngokubhabha komoya. Ukuvuthelana kunceda ukugcwalisa ii-ion ze-zinc kufutshane nomphezulu we-cathode, ukuthintela ukwakheka kwe-gradients zoxinzelelo ezinokukhokelela ekuvutheleni okungalinganiyo.

4. Isithuba - unyango

• Ukuhlanjwa : Emva kokufakelwa nge-electroplating, into efakwe ipleyiti ihlanjwa kakuhle ngamanzi ukususa nasiphi na isisombululo sokuhlanjwa esiseleyo kumphezulu wayo. Amanyathelo amaninzi okuhlanjwa anokwenziwa, apho ukuhlamba kokuqala kusenziwa emanzini abandayo ukususa uninzi lwesisombululo, kulandele ukuhlamba okongezelelweyo emanzini acocekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukususwa ngokupheleleyo kwayo nayiphi na into engcolileyo.

• Ukubumba iChromating : Ukubumba iChromating kudla ngokwenziwa ukuze komelezwe ngakumbi ukuxhathisa ukubola komaleko ogqunywe yizinc. Into egqunywe ifakwa kwisisombululo sechromating, esine-chromic acid okanye iityuwa zayo. Inkqubo yokubumba ikromating yenza umaleko obhityileyo, okhuselayo wokuguqulwa kwechromate kumphezulu wengubo yezinc. Olu maleko lubonelela ngokhuseleko olongezelelweyo ekubola ngokusebenza njengomqobo kwaye nangokuziphilisa ngokwawo ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba elithile xa umphezulu ukrwelwe. Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokubumba ichromating, ezifana nokubumba ichromating etyheli, ukubumba ichromating eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kunye nokubumba ichromating emnyama, nganye inikezela ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo okuchasana nokubola kunye nokubonakala kobuhle.

• Ukomisa : Okokugqibela, into egqunywe ngeplastiki ne-chromated iyomiswa. Kwiindawo ezincinci, zingomiswa kwi-centrifugal dryer enomoya oshushu, ngelixa iindawo ezinkulu zingomiswa ngomoya kubushushu begumbi. Ukomisa kubalulekile ukuthintela ukwakheka kwamabala amanzi nokuqinisekisa uzinzo lwexesha elide lwengubo.

Ukwakhiwa kweBhafu kunye nempembelelo yayo

1. I-Zinc oxide (ZnO)

I-Zinc oxide ngumthombo we-zinc ion kwindawo yokuhlamba i-electroplating. Ukuxinwa kwe-zinc oxide kwindawo yokuhlambela kuchaphazela izinga lokubeka i-zinc. Uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-zinc oxide ngokubanzi lukhokelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu lokubeka. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba i-ion ye-zinc iphezulu kakhulu, inokubangela iingxaki ezinje ngamandla okuphosa (amandla esisombululo sokubeka idiphozithi efanayo kwizinto ezintsonkothileyo) kunye ne-coarser- grained coating. Kwiibhafu ezisezantsi-cyanide, i-zinc oxide yoxinaniso idla ngokuba kuluhlu olukhankanywe ngaphambili (8 - 12 g/L), olubonelela ngolungelelwaniso phakathi komlinganiselo wokubekwa kunye nomgangatho wokugquma.

2. ISodium Cyanide (NaCN)

I-sodium cyanide isebenza njenge-agent eyinkimbinkimbi kwindawo yokuhlambela. Yenza iikhompleksi ezinezinc ion, ezifana neZn(CN)₄²⁻. Ukuxinwa kwe-sodium cyanide kuchaphazela ukuzinza kwezi zinki kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ukuziphatha kwe-zinc. Kwiibhafu eziphezulu ze-cyanide, kusetyenziswa i-concentration ephezulu ye-sodium cyanide, enika amandla agqwesileyo okujula kunye nokwaleka okucolekileyo kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, iibhafu eziphezulu ze-cyanide zibeka umngcipheko omkhulu wokusingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko ngenxa yetyhefu yecyanide. Ngokwahlukileyo, iibhafu eziphantsi-cyanide, ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo namhlanje, zisebenzisa i-concentration ephantsi ye-sodium cyanide (umzekelo, i-10 - 20 g / L). Ezi bhafu zisabonelela ngamandla okujula okuhle kunye nomgangatho wokugquma ngelixa unciphisa inkxalabo yokusingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko kwinqanaba elithile. Umlinganiselo we-sodium cyanide kwi-zinc oxide (i-NaCN / ZnO ratio) nayo idlala indima ebalulekileyo. Umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo uqinisekisa ukubunjwa kwee-complexes ezizinzileyo kunye neemeko ezifanelekileyo zokubeka. Ngokomzekelo, kwezinye izicelo, umlinganiselo we-NaCN/ZnO ojikeleze i-1.5 - 2.5 ukhethwa.

3. ISodium Hydroxide (NaOH)

I-sodium hydroxide isebenza njengetyuwa eqhubayo kwindawo yokuhlambela, inyusa umbane wesisombululo. Oku kuvumela ukudluliselwa ngokufanelekileyo kwangoku ngexesha le-electroplating. Kwakhona kunceda ukugcina i-pH yebhafu. I-pH ye-sodium cyanide electroplating i-zinc bath ngokuqhelekileyo kuluhlu lwe-alkaline, malunga ne-pH 12 - 14. I-pH ezinzileyo ibalulekile ekuzinzeni kwee-complexes kunye nenkqubo yokucoca ngokubanzi. Ukuba i-pH iphantsi kakhulu, ii-complexes zinokubola, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiziphumo ezibi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuba i-pH iphezulu kakhulu, inokubangela iingxaki ezifana nokubola okugqithisileyo kwe-anode kunye nokwakhiwa kwe-zinc hydroxide precipitates ebhafini.

4. Izongezo

• Izikhanyisi : Izikhanyisi zongezwa ebhafini ukuphucula ukukhanya kunye nokukhazimla kwengubo ye-zinc. Zisebenza ngokuguqula imo yomphezulu womaleko we-zinc obekwe kwinqanaba le-athomu. Iikhompawundi ze-organic ezifana ne-saccharin, i-coumarin, kunye neetyuwa ezithile ze-quaternary ammonium zihlala zisetyenziswa njengezikhanyisi. Umzekelo, i-saccharin inokufunxa kumphezulu we-cathode ngexesha lokufakelwa kwe-electroplating, ithintele ukukhula kweekristale ze-zinc kwiindlela ezithile kwaye ikhuthaze ukwakheka komphezulu ogudileyo nokhanyayo.

• Iileveli : Iileveli zinceda ekugudiseni naziphi na iingxaki kumphezulu we-substrate ngexesha lokufakelwa kwe-electroplating. Zikhetha ukugalela kwiindawo ezinoxinano oluphezulu lwe-substrate, nto leyo enciphisa umahluko wobukhulu phakathi kweendawo ezinoxinano oluphezulu noluphantsi kwaye oku kukhokelela ekubeni kubekho uboya obufanayo. Ezinye iipolymers kunye nee-surfactants zinokusebenza njengezileveli kwi-electroplating bath.

• IiAntioxidants kunye neeStabilizers : Ezi zongezo zisetyenziselwa ukuthintela i-oxidation yezinto ezikwibhafu, ingakumbi ii-ion ze-cyanide. I-Cyanide inokuoxidized xa kukho umoya kunye nokungcola okuthile, okunokukhokelela ekunciphiseni ukusebenza kwe-complexing agent kunye notshintsho kwi-chemistry yebhafu. IiAntioxidants ezifana ne-sodium sulfite zingongezwa kwibhafu ukuze zikhuphe ioksijini kwaye zithintele i-oxidation ye-cyanide. IiStabilizers zongezwa ukugcina uzinzo lwebhafu ngokuhamba kwexesha, ukuqinisekisa iziphumo ezihambelanayo zokugquma.

Ukuqwalaselwa kokuSebenza

1. Amanyathelo okhuseleko

Ekubeni i-sodium cyanide inetyhefu kakhulu, amanyathelo okhuseleko angqongqo kufuneka athathwe ngexesha lokuphatha kunye nokusebenza kwenkqubo ye-electroplating. Bonke abasebenzi ababandakanyekayo kule nkqubo kufuneka banxibe izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokuzikhusela, kubandakanya iigloves, iiglavu, kunye neziphefumla. Indawo ye-electroplating kufuneka ifakwe kakuhle umoya ukuze kuthintelwe ukuqokelelwa komsi onetyhefu. Kwimeko nayiphi na into echithekileyo okanye iingozi ezibandakanya i-sodium cyanide, iinkqubo zokuphendula ngokukhawuleza kufuneka zilandelwe. Oku kunokubandakanya ukungathathi hlangothi kwe-cyanide ngeekhemikhali ezifanelekileyo (ezifana nezisombululo ze-hypochlorite) kunye nokwazisa amagunya afanelekileyo okhuseleko.

2. Ukugcinwa kweBhafu

• Uhlalutyo Oluqhelekileyo : Ukwakheka kwebhafu ye-electroplating kufuneka kuhlalutywe rhoqo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ubuninzi be-zinc oxide, i-sodium cyanide, i-sodium hydroxide, kunye nezongezo zingaphakathi koluhlu olufanelekileyo. Iindlela zokuhlalutya ezifana ne-titration zingasetyenziselwa ukumisela ubuninzi bezi zinto. Umzekelo, ubuninzi bee-ion ze-zinc bunokufunyanwa ngokufaka isampuli yebhafu ngesisombululo esiqhelekileyo se-EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid).

• Ulawulo Longcoliseko : Ungcoliseko lwebhafu lunokwenzeka kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo, njengokungcola kwizixhobo eziluhlaza, ukungcoliseka kwezinto zangaphandle ezivela kwi-substrate ngexesha lokufakelwa, kunye nokwakheka kwempendulo evela kwiimveliso. Ukulawula ungcoliseko, kufuneka kuhluzwe ngokufanelekileyo ibhafu. Inkqubo yokucoca ene-filter media efanelekileyo inokususa amasuntswana aqinileyo kunye nezinye izinto ezingcoliseko eziphilayo. Ukongeza, ukucoca ibhafu rhoqo kunokufuneka. Umzekelo, ukuba ukungcola kwesinyithi esinzima (okufana nobhedu okanye i-lead) kuqokelelene ebhafini, kunokususwa ngokongeza iikhemikhali ezenza iiprecipitates kunye nongcoliseko, kulandele ukucoca.

• Ukuphinda kuzaliswe iiComponents : Njengoko inkqubo yokufakelwa kwee-electroplating iqhubeka, iicomponents ezisebhafini ziyasetyenziswa. I-Zinc ifakwa kwi-cathode, kwaye ezinye zezinto ezidibanisayo kunye nezongezo zinokubola okanye zisetyenziswe kwiimpendulo ezingezizo. Ke ngoko, kufuneka ukuphinda kuzaliswe i-zinc oxide, i-sodium cyanide, i-sodium hydroxide, kunye nezongezo ukuze kugcinwe ukwakheka kwebhafini. Izinga lokuphinda kuzaliswe linokugqitywa ngokusekelwe kwixesha lokufakelwa kweeplatini, ubungakanani beendawo ezifakelwayo, kunye neziphumo zohlalutyo lwebhafini.

3. Ukuxazulula ingxaki

• Ukuncamathela Okubi Kokugquma : Ukuba i-zinc coating ayinakunamathela kakuhle kwi-substrate, izizathu ezinokubakho ziquka ukunganyangeki kakuhle kwe-substrate ngaphambi kokuba igutyungelwe, ukwakheka okungafanelekanga kwebhafu (njengokuba ne-pH engalunganga okanye uxinano oluphantsi lwe-complexing agent), okanye amanqanaba aphezulu okungcoliswa kwebhafu. Ukujongana nale ngxaki, inkqubo yonyango lwangaphambi kokuba igutyungelwe kufuneka ihlolwe kwaye iphuculwe. Ukwakheka kwebhafu kufuneka kuhlalutywe kwaye kulungiswe ukuba kuyimfuneko, kwaye kufuneka kuthathwe amanyathelo okunciphisa ungcoliseko.

• Ukudibanisa Okungalinganiyo : Ukudibanisa okungalinganiyo kunokubangelwa zizinto ezifana nokusasazwa okungafanelekanga kwangoku kwiseli ye-electroplating, ukuxubana okungalinganiyo kwebhafu, okanye utshintsho kwijometri yesiseko. Ukusombulula le ngxaki, ukuseta iseli ye-electroplating kunokulungiswa ukuqinisekisa ukusasazwa kwangoku okufanayo. Indlela yokuxuba inokulungiswa, kwaye izixhobo zinokuyilwa ukubamba isiseko ngendlela ekhuthaza ukuxubana okufanayo. Kwisiseko esinemilo eyinkimbinkimbi, iindlela ezikhethekileyo zokudibanisa okanye ukusetyenziswa kwee-anode ezincedisayo kunokufuneka.

• Ukwaleka Okungacacanga okanye Okumnyama : Ukwaleka okungacacanga okanye okumnyama kwe-zinc kunokubangelwa kukungagcwalisi ngokwaneleyo kwe-brightener ebhafini, amanqanaba aphezulu okungcola, okanye iiparameter zokugquma ezingachanekanga (ezifana noxinano lwangoku oluphezulu kakhulu okanye ubushushu bebhafini). Ukwaleka okukhanyayo kufuneka kuhlolwe kwaye kulungiswe ukuba kuyimfuneko. Ibhafu kufuneka icocwe ukuze kususwe ukungcola, kwaye iiparameter zokugquma kufuneka ziphuculwe.

isiphelo

Inkqubo ye-zinc ye-sodium cyanide electroplating zinc yindlela esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwaye ibalulekileyo yokubonelela ukuxhathisa ukubola kunye nokugqitywa kokuhlobisa kwizinto zetsimbi. Ukuqonda imigaqo yayo, amanyathelo enkqubo, ukwakhiwa kwebhafu, kunye neengqwalasela zokusebenza kubalulekile ekuphumezeni iziphumo zomgangatho ophezulu. Nangona inemingeni ethile yokusingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko olunxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide, kunye namanyathelo okhuseleko afanelekileyo kunye nophuhliso lwezinye iindlela zokusingqongileyo (ezifana ne-cyanide ephantsi okanye i-cyanide - iinkqubo zamahhala), iyaqhubeka idlala indima ebalulekileyo kumashishini ahlukeneyo, kuquka i-automotive, i-aerospace, kunye ne-electronics. Ngokulawula ngononophelo yonke imiba yenkqubo, abavelisi banokuvelisa i-zinc - imveliso ecwecwe kunye nomgangatho obalaseleyo kunye nokusebenza.