Usetyenziso lwezoShishino lweSodium Cyanide: Iindima ezininzi ukusuka kwiMigodi ukuya kwiMichiza yeSinthesi

I-sodium cyanide, into yekhemikhali evakala inzima, idlala indima ebalulekileyo neyahlukeneyo kwicandelo lemizi-mveliso. Ifumaneka kakhulu kumashishini amaninzi, ukusuka kwiMigodi ukuya kwiChemical Synthesis , kwaye inefuthe elikhulu kuphuhliso lwemizi-mveliso yanamhlanje.

Ukutsalwa kweGolide kwiMigodi

Kwishishini lezemigodi, ukusetyenziswa kweSodium Cyanide okwaziwayo kakhulu kukusetyenziswa kweGold Extraction . Igolide idla ngokubakho ngendlela yamasuntswana amancinci kakhulu asasazeke kwii-ores kwaye kunzima ukuwahlula ngokuthe ngqo. I-Sodium cyanide inokusabela ngokweekhemikhali kwigolide ukwenza i-water-soluble gold-cyanide complexes. Inkqubo ethile yile ilandelayo: emva kokuba i-ore equlethe igolide idlule kunyango lokuqala olufana nokutyumza nokugaywa, ixutywa nesisombululo esiqulethe i-sodium cyanide, kwaye umoya ungeniswa. Phantsi kweemeko ze-alkaline, i-cyanide ion (CN⁻) kwi-sodium cyanide isabela kwigolide ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: 4Au + 8NaCN+O₂ + 2H₂O = 4Na[Au(CN)₂]+4NaOH. I-gold-cyanide complex evelisiweyo ingancitshiswa kwisisombululo ngothotho lweenkqubo ezilandelayo, ezifana nokufuduswa nge-zinc powder, ukuze kufezekiswe ukwahlulwa kwegolide kwezinye izinto ezingcolileyo. Le ndlela iphucule kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kokukhupha igolide, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukumba igolide ekumgangatho ophantsi eyayinzima ukuyisebenzisa ekuqaleni, yabeka isiseko esiqinileyo sophuhliso lweshishini legolide lehlabathi. Kweminye imigodi emikhulu yegolide, isixa esikhulu se-sodium cyanide singasetyenziswa yonke imihla ukucubungula amashumi amawaka eetoni zegolide, sivelisa igolide exabisekileyo rhoqo.

IMathiriyeli ekrwada yokuDityaniswa kwemichiza

Kwicandelo lokwenziwa kweekhemikhali eziphilayo, i-sodium cyanide yinto ebaluleke kakhulu eluhlaza. Ihlala isetyenziselwa ukwazisa iqela elisebenzayo le-cyano (-CN), elibaluleke kakhulu kwi- Organic Synthesis kwaye linokuguqulwa libe ngamaqela ahlukeneyo asebenzayo ngokusebenzisa ii-chemical reactions ezilandelayo, njengeqela le-carboxyl (-COOH) kunye neqela le-amino (-NH₂). Umzekelo, xa i-halogenated hydrocarbon isabela ne-sodium cyanide kwi-nucleophilic substitution reaction, i-halogen atom ithathelwa indawo liqela le-cyano ukwenza i-nitrile compound. Ukuthatha impendulo ye-ethyl bromide kunye ne-sodium cyanide njengomzekelo: C₂H₅Br + NaCN → C₂H₅CN + NaBr. I-propionitrile evelisiweyo inokutsalwa ngakumbi ukuze kufunyanwe i-propionic acid okanye incitshiswe ukuze kufunyanwe i-propylamine. Le ndlela yokwazisa iqela le-cyano nge-sodium cyanide uze uguqule iqela elisebenzayo inika indlela ebalulekileyo yokwahlukahluka kwesakhiwo see-organic compounds kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu kumashishini afana nokwenziwa kwamayeza kunye nokwenziwa kwedayi. Iindlela zokwenziwa kwamayeza amaninzi aqhelekileyo ziquka i-sodium cyanide, kwaye ifana "nebhloko yokwakha" ebalulekileyo yokwakha ulwakhiwo lweemolekyuli ze-organic.

Ishishini leMichiza elungileyo

Kwimveliso yeekhemikhali ezintle, i-sodium cyanide nayo idlala indima ebalulekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, kwimveliso yeeplastiki ezithile zobunjineli obuphezulu kunye nezongezo zerabha, iimpendulo ezibandakanya i-sodium cyanide zinokunika iimveliso ezineempawu ezizodwa. Kwi-synthesis ye-polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-plexiglass), i-intermediate synthesized kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwe-sodium cyanide isetyenziswa. Ngokusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali ezithile, i-cyano-equlethe ikhompawundi iguqulwa ibe yi-monomer enesakhiwo esithile kunye neempawu, kwaye emva koko i-polymerized ukufumana imathiriyeli ye-PMMA kunye nokusebenza okugqwesileyo. Esi sixhobo sisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwintsimi ye-optical, i-architectural decoration, njl. Ukongeza, kwimveliso yezinye ii-accelerators ze-vulcanization ze-rubber yokusebenza ephezulu, i-sodium cyanide nayo iyinto ebalulekileyo ekrwada. Inokukhuthaza inkqubo ye-vulcanization yerabha kunye nokuphucula amandla, ukuxhathisa ukunxiba kunye nezinye iipropathi zeemveliso zerabha, ivumela iimveliso zerabha ukuba zifezekise ngcono iimfuno ezahlukeneyo zeemeko zokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu njengamatayara emoto kunye namabhanti okuhambisa amashishini.

Izicelo kuShishino lwe-Electroplating

Ishishini le -Electroplating lelinye icandelo elibalulekileyo lokusetyenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide. Kwinkqubo ye-electroplating, kuyimfuneko ukufaka ngokulinganayo umaleko wesinye isinyithi kumphezulu wesinyithi ukuphucula ukumelana nokugqwala, ukuhombisa kunye nezinye iimpawu zesinyithi. I-Sodium cyanide inemisebenzi emininzi kwisisombululo se-electroplating. Kwelinye icala, inokwenza ii-complexes ezizinzileyo ngee-ion zesinyithi kwisisombululo se-plating, ilawula izinga lokufakwa kwee-ion zesinyithi kumphezulu we-cathode, ukuze i-coating ifane ngakumbi kwaye icoceke. Umzekelo, kwinkqubo ye-copper plating, i-sodium cyanide yenza ii-ion ezintsonkothileyo ezifana ne-[Cu(CN)₂]⁻ ngee-ion ze-copper. Xa ezi ion ezintsonkothileyo ziphuma kwi-cathode, ii-athomu ze-copper zinokufakwa ngokulinganayo kumphezulu wento eza kufakelwa, zifumane i-copper coating egudileyo nexineneyo. Kwelinye icala, i-sodium cyanide inokuphucula ukuqhuba kombane kwesisombululo se-plating kunye nokukwazi ukusasazeka kwesisombululo se-plating, okuvumela izinto zokusebenza ezimile ngendlela entsonkothileyo ukuba nazo zifumane isiphumo esihle se-coating. Nangona ngenxa yobuthi be-sodium cyanide, iinkqubo ze-electroplating ezingenayo i-cyanide ziye zaphuhliswa kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kwezinye iindawo ezineemfuno eziphezulu kakhulu zomgangatho wokugquma, ezifana nokufakelwa kwe-electroplating kwezinto ze-elektroniki kunye neendawo zeenqwelo-moya, inkqubo yokufakelwa kwe-electroplating ene-cyanide isathatha isabelo esithile semarike ngenxa yeenzuzo zayo ezikhethekileyo, kwaye i-sodium cyanide isadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwezi zicelo ze-electroplating eziphezulu.

Ezinye ii-Aplikheshini zoShishino

Ukongeza kwiinkalo eziphambili ezikhankanyiweyo apha ngasentla, i-sodium cyanide ikwasetyenziswa nakwezinye iinkqubo zoshishino. Kwishishini le -Metal Heat Treatment , i-sodium cyanide ingasetyenziselwa unyango lwe-cyaniding yentsimbi. Ngokufudumeza intsimbi kwindawo equlethe i-sodium cyanide kunye nezinye izinto, i-nitrogen kunye ne-carbon zifakwa ngaxeshanye kumphezulu wentsimbi ukuze zenze umaleko we-cyanide onobunzima obuphezulu, ukumelana nokuguguleka okuphezulu kunye neepropati ezilungileyo zokulwa nokubanjwa, okuphucula ukusebenza okubanzi komphezulu wentsimbi. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kunyango lweendawo ezibalulekileyo kwicandelo lokwenziwa koomatshini kunye neendawo zezithuthi. Kwezinye iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo ze-metallurgical, i-sodium cyanide ingasetyenziselwa ukwahlula nokucoca ezinye iintsimbi ezinqabileyo. Ngokwenza ii-complexes ezithile ngeentsimbi ezinqabileyo, ukwahlulwa kweentsimbi ezinqabileyo kwezinye izinto ezingcolileyo kuyafezekiswa, okubonelela ngamathuba okusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kweentsimbi ezinqabileyo.

Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka siqonde ngokucacileyo ukuba i-sodium cyanide inetyhefu kakhulu kwaye ibeka isoyikiso esikhulu kwindalo kunye nempilo yabantu. Ngexesha lokuveliswa kwayo, ukugcinwa, ukuthutha kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo, imimiselo yokhuseleko olufanelekileyo kunye neemfuno zokusingqongileyo kufuneka zilandelwe ngokungqongqo, kwaye amanyathelo okukhusela afanelekileyo kunye neendlela zonyango lwenkunkuma kufuneka zamkelwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba iingozi zayo ezinokuthi zilawuleke ngokufanelekileyo. Nangona i-sodium cyanide idlala indima ebalulekileyo kushishino, kunye nenkqubela phambili eqhubekayo yesayensi kunye nethekhnoloji, abantu baphonononga ngenkuthalo ezinye iindlela ezikhuselekileyo nezinobuhlobo bokusingqongileyo ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kule nto inetyhefu kakhulu. Kodwa okwangoku, ngenxa yeepropathi zayo ezizodwa zeekhemikhali, i-sodium cyanide isabambelele ngokuqinileyo kwiindima eziphambili ezingenakuthathelwa indawo kwiindawo ezininzi zemizi-mveliso, ukusuka kwimigodi ukuya kwi-chemical synthesis, ngokuqhubekayo ikhuthaza uphuhliso lweshishini langoku.