Unyango lweCyanide enetyhefu Kakhulu-Equlethe ulwelo lweNkunkuma

I-cyanide - equlathe ulwelo oluyinkunkuma iyityhefu egqithisileyo kwaye ibeka isoyikiso esimandla kwimpilo yabantu nakwindalo esingqongileyo. Ngoko ke, unyango olululo lolwelo oluyinkunkuma lubaluleke kakhulu. Eli nqaku liza kwazisa iindlela ezininzi zonyango eziqhelekileyo zetyhefu kakhulu i-cyanide - equlathe ulwelo oluyinkunkuma.

1. Iindlela ze-Chemical Oxidation

1.1 Indlela ye-Alkaline klorination

• Siseko: Kwimeko-bume yealkaline, ii-oxidizing agents ezinamandla ezifana negesi yeklorin, i-sodium hypochlorite, okanye i-calcium hypochlorite yongezwa kwi-cyanide-equlethe ulwelo olulahlwayo. Iiyoni ze-hypochlorite zisabela kunye neeyoni ze-cyanide kwinkqubo yezigaba ezibini. Okokuqala, i-cyanide i-oxidized kwi-cyanate, kwaye iphinde ifakwe kwi-oxidized kwizinto ezingenayo ityhefu ezifana ne-carbon dioxide kunye negesi ye-nitrogen.

• Inkqubo yokuPhuma:

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• Uhlengahlengiso lwe-pH: Qala ngokudibanisa i-sodium hydroxide kwi-cyanide - equlethe ulwelo olulahlwayo ukuseta ixabiso le-pH phakathi kwe-10 - 11.

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• Ukongezwa kweOxidant: Yazisa kancinci ubungakanani obufanelekileyo be-oxidant ekhethiweyo, njengesisombululo se-sodium hypochlorite. Ubungakanani be-oxidant efunekayo buxhomekeke kugxininiso lwecyanide kulwelo lwenkunkuma. Gxuma ngokuqhubekayo ngexesha lokudibanisa ukuqinisekisa ukudibanisa.

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• Ukusabela kunye nokuBeka iliso: Vumela ukusabela kuqhubeke iiyure ezininzi kwaye ujonge rhoqo ugxininiso lwecyanide kulwelo lwenkunkuma kulo lonke. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokubeka iliso ziquka ukusebenzisa i-cyanide - i-electrodes ethile okanye iindlela ze-colorimetric.

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• Ukungathathi hlangothi kunye nokukhutshwa: Emva kokuba i-reaction iphelile kwaye i-concentration ye-cyanide idibana nomgangatho wokukhupha (ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphantsi kwe-0.5 mg / L kwimimandla emininzi), lungisa i-pH yolwelo lwenkunkuma kuluhlu olungathathi hlangothi (pH = 6 - 9) kunye ne-asidi efanelekileyo njenge-asidi ye-sulfuric, uze uyikhuphe.

1.2 Indlela ye-Hydrogen Peroxide

• Siseko: I-hydrogen peroxide yi-agent eyomeleleyo ene-oxidizing. Xa kukho izinto ezincedayo ezifana neeyoni zobhedu, zinokukhupha ii-ion zecyanide kulwelo olulahlwayo, ziguqule i-cyanide ibe yinitrogen necarbon dioxide.

• Inkqubo yokuPhuma:

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• Uhlengahlengiso lwe-pH: Guqula ixabiso le-pH yecyanide - equlathe ulwelo olulahlwayo ukuya kuluhlu oluneasidi, ngokuqhelekileyo malunga ne-pH = 3 - 5, njengoko impendulo ye-oxidation ye-hydrogen peroxide kunye ne-cyanide isebenza ngakumbi phantsi kweemeko ze-asidi.

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• I-Catalyst kunye ne-Hydrogen Peroxide Ukongeza: Yongeza inani elincinci le-catalyst, umzekelo, i-sulfate yobhedu, kwi-liquid yenkunkuma, kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe wongeze isisombululo se-hydrogen peroxide. Isixa sehydrogen peroxide eyongeziweyo kufuneka yanele ukukhupha ngokupheleleyo icyanide. Ekubeni impendulo i-exothermic, nikela ingqalelo ekulawuleni ubushushu bokusabela ukunqanda ukushisa.

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• Ukusabela kunye nokwahlukana: Emva kokuba udibaniso lugqityiwe, vumela ukusabela kuqhube okwethutyana. Emva koko, yenza okuqinileyo - ukwahlula kolwelo, okufana nentlenga okanye ukuhluzwa, ukususa naziphi na izinto ezimanzi, ezifana neehydroxides zesinyithi ukuba kukho iiyoni zetsimbi enzima kulwelo lwenkunkuma.

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• Isithuba - unyango: I-supernant enyangwayo inokuqhubeka nonyango isebenzisa ezinye iindlela, ezifana ne-adsorption okanye i-membrane separation, ukuqinisekisa ukuba umgangatho wokugqibela wamanzi amdaka uyahlangabezana nemigangatho efanelekileyo.

1.3 Indlela ye-Ozone Oxidation

• Siseko: I-ozone yi-agent enamandla ene-oxidation ene-oxidation ephezulu. Xa ifakwe kwi-cyanide - equlethe ulwelo olulahlwayo, idibana ngqo neeyoni zecyanide, izifake kwi-oxidizing kwizinto ezingeyiyo ityhefu njengecarbonate kunye nenitrogen. Indlela yokusabela inzima kwaye inokubandakanya iimveliso eziphakathi. Ubukho bee-catalysts zensimbi, ezifana ne-copper kunye ne-magnesium ion, zinokukhawulezisa izinga lokuphendula.

• Inkqubo yokuPhuma:

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• iNkunkuma yolwelo Pretreatment: Okokuqala, susa ukungcola kwamasuntswana amakhulu kunye nezinto eziqinileyo kwicyanide - equlathe ulwelo olulahlwayo ngokuhluzwa okanye intlenga. Oku kuthintela ukuvaleka kwe-ozone - izixhobo zokuvelisa kwaye kuqinisekisa ukusabela kuqhubeka kakuhle.

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• Isizukulwana seOzone kunye nentshayelelo: Sebenzisa ijenereyitha ye-ozone ukuvelisa igesi ye-ozone, ethi emva koko ifakwe kwinkunkuma ngesixhobo sokuhambisa igesi. Isixa se-ozone esaziswayo kufuneka sihlengahlengiswe ngokuhambelana noxinzelelo lwe-cyanide kunye nomthamo wolwelo lwenkunkuma.

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• Ukusabela kunye nokuBeka iliso: Yenza impendulo kwitanki yokusabela evaliweyo kangangexesha elithile. Beka iliso kwi-concentration ye-cyanide kulwelo lwenkunkuma ngexesha lokwenyani ngexesha lokuphendula. Ixesha lokusabela lidla ngokuba lifutshane kunezinye iindlela ze-oxidation, kodwa lisaxhomekeke kwiimeko ezithile zolwelo lwenkunkuma.

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• Unyango Lwenkunkuma: Emva kokusabela, ulwelo lwenkunkuma oluphathwayo lunokufuna unyango olongezelelweyo, olufana nokulungelelanisa ixabiso le-pH kunye nokususa nayiphi na i-ozone eseleyo-enxulumene nemveliso, ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho yokukhupha.

2. Physical - Iindlela Chemical

2.1 Indlela yoTshintsho lwe-Ion

• Siseko: I-ion ekhethekileyo - iiresin zokutshintshiselana zisetyenziswa. Ezi resins zinamaqela asebenzayo anokuthi akhethe ngokukhethayo adsorb ion cyanide okanye metal - cyanide complexes kulwelo lwenkunkuma. Ngokomzekelo, ezinye i-anion-exchange resins zinokutshintshisa i-anion yazo kunye ne-cyanide ion kwisisombululo.

• Inkqubo yokuPhuma:

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• Ukukhethwa kweResin kunye nokuLungisa: Khetha i-ion efanelekileyo - i-resin yokutshintshiselana ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu ze-cyanide - eziqulethe ulwelo lwenkunkuma, njengohlobo lwesinyithi - i-cyanide complexes ekhoyo. Pretreat resin ngokuyihlamba nge-asidi kunye nezisombululo zealkali ukuze kusebenze umsebenzi wayo wokutshintshiselana.

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• Ukupakishwa kweKholam: Pakisha i-resin efakwe ngaphambili kwikholamu ye-ion-yotshintshiselwano.

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• Ukudlula kolwelo lweNkunkuma: Dlulisa kancinane icyanide - equlethe ulwelo olulahlwayo kwi-ion - ikholomu yotshintshiselwano. Lawula izinga lokuhamba ukuqinisekisa ixesha elaneleyo loqhagamshelwano phakathi kolwelo lwenkunkuma kunye nentlaka.

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• Ukuhlaziywa kwakhona kweResin: Emva kokuba i-resin ibhengeze inani elithile le-cyanide, kufuneka ihlaziywe. Inkqubo yokuhlaziya ngokuqhelekileyo ibandakanya ukusebenzisa isisombululo sokuvuselela, njenge-asidi eqinile okanye isisombululo esisisiseko esinamandla, ukususa i-ion adsorbed cyanide kwi-resin. I-resin ehlaziyiweyo ingaphinda isetyenziswe.

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• Unyango lwe-Regeneration liquid: Ulwelo lokuphinda uhlaziye, oluqulethe ukuxinana okuphezulu kwecyanide, lufuna unyango olongezelelekileyo, ngokuqhelekileyo nge iindlela zekhemikhali oxidation echazwe ngasentla, ukuguqula i-cyanide kwizinto ezingenayo ityhefu.

2.2 Indlela ye-Adsorption

• Siseko: Ii-Adsorbents ezifana nekhabhoni esebenzayo kunye ne-zeolite zinommandla omkhulu ocacileyo kunye nomthamo onamandla we-adsorption. Bayakwazi ukubhengeza iiyoni ze-cyanide kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo kulwelo olulahlwayo ngokusebenzisa i-adsorption ebonakalayo, njengemikhosi ye-van der Waals, kunye ne-adsorption yeekhemikhali, ezifana nokwenza iibhondi zeekhemikhali kunye namaqela asebenzayo angaphezulu. Ikhabhoni esebenzayo, ngakumbi, isetyenziswa kakhulu ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuphezulu kwe-adsorption kwizinto ezahlukeneyo.

• Inkqubo yokuPhuma:

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• Ukhetho lwe-Adsorbent kunye noNyango lwangaphambili: Khetha i-adsorbent efanelekileyo ngokobume bolwelo lwenkunkuma. Umzekelo, i-granular activated carbon isoloko isetyenziselwa unyango lwezinga elikhulu, ngelixa ikhabhoni eyenziwe ngumgubo inokulungela ngakumbi unyango oluthile oluncinci okanye oluchanekileyo. Phatha i-adsorbent ngokuhlamba kunye nokomisa ukususa ukungcola.

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• Inkqubo yeAdsorption: Yongeza i-adsorbent kwi-cyanide - equlethe ulwelo lwenkunkuma kwaye uvuselele ngokuqhubekayo ukwandisa indawo yokudibanisa phakathi kwe-adsorbent kunye nolwelo lwenkunkuma. Ixesha le-adsorption liyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kugxininiso lwe-cyanide kunye nohlobo lwe-adsorbent, ngokuqhelekileyo ukusuka kwimizuzu emininzi ukuya kwiiyure ezininzi.

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• Ukwahlula: Emva kokuba i-adsorption igqityiwe, yahlula i-adsorbent kulwelo lwenkunkuma usebenzisa iindlela ezinje ngokucoca okanye ukucolwa.

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• Ukuhlaziywa kwakhona kwe-Adsorbent: Ngokufana ne-ion - exchange resin, i-adsorbent esetyenzisiweyo inokuhlaziywa kwakhona. Kwikhabhoni esebenzayo, iindlela zokuvuselela ziquka ukuvuselelwa kwe-thermal (ukufudumala i-carbon activated kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu ukutshabalalisa izinto ze-adsorbed) kunye nokuhlaziywa kweekhemikhali (ukusebenzisa i-reagents yeekhemikhali ukusabela kunye nezinto ezibhengezwayo).

3. Iindlela zonyango lwebhayoloji

• Siseko: Iintsholongwane ezithile zinamandla okuthoba icyanide. Ezi microorganisms zisebenzisa icyanide njengomthombo wekhabhoni, initrogen, okanye amandla phantsi kweemeko ezithile zokusingqongileyo. Ngokomzekelo, ezinye iibhaktheriya ziyakwazi ukuguqula i-cyanide ibe yinto enetyhefu encinci njenge-ammonia kunye ne-carbon dioxide ngokusebenzisa uchungechunge lwe-enzymatic reactions. Yonke le nkqubo ibandakanya i-metabolism ye-microorganisms, kwaye ii-microorganisms ezahlukeneyo zinokuba neendlela ezahlukeneyo ze-metabolic zokuthotywa kwe-cyanide.

• Inkqubo yokuPhuma:

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• UkuKhethwa kweMicroorganism kunye nokuLinywa: Khetha i-cyanide efanelekileyo - i-microorganisms ezonakalisayo, ezinokuthi zibe zodwa kwiindawo zendalo ezifana nomhlaba okanye izityalo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka. Hlakulela ezi microorganisms kwibhubhoratri ukufumana isixa esaneleyo se-microbial inoculum. Indawo yokulima kufuneka iqulathe izondlo ezifanelekileyo zokuxhasa ukukhula kwee microorganisms.

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• Umiselo lweReactor: Seta isixhobo sokwenza unyango lwebhayoloji, njengesixhobo sokwenza udaka olusebenzayo okanye i-biofilm reactor. Kwi-reactor ye-sludge esebenzayo, ii-microorganisms zikwimeko emisiweyo kulwelo olulahlwayo, ngelixa kwi-reactor ye-biofilm, ii-microorganisms zincamathela kwindawo eqinileyo yokuxhasa ukwenza i-biofilm.

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• Unyango lolwelo lweNkunkuma: Yazisa ngecyanide - equlathe inkunkuma engamanzi kwireactor yonyango lwebhayoloji. Lawula iimeko zokusingqongileyo kwi-reactor, kubandakanywa ubushushu (ngokuqhelekileyo malunga ne-25 - 35 °C), i-pH (idla ngokumalunga ne-7 - 8), kunye nomxholo we-oksijini onyibilikisiweyo, ukudala indawo efanelekileyo yokuhlala kwi-microorganisms.

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• Ukubeka iliso kunye noLawulo: Qhubeka ubeka iliso kwi-concentration ye-cyanide kunye nezinye iiparitha ezifanelekileyo kulwelo lwenkunkuma ngexesha lonyango. Lungisa iimeko zokusebenza ze-reactor ngokukhawuleza ngokweziphumo zokubeka iliso ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzileyo kwenkqubo yonyango yebhayoloji.

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• Unyango Lwenkunkuma: Emva konyango lwebhayoloji, amanzi amdaka asenokuthi aqulathe iimicroorganisms kunye nezixa ezincinci zezinto eziphilayo. Unyango olongezelelweyo, olufana ne-disinfection (ukusebenzisa iindlela ezifana ne-ultraviolet irradiation okanye ukongeza i-disinfectants) kunye nokucoca, kunokuba yimfuneko ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho yokukhutshwa.

4. Ukuqwalaselwa kuNyango

• LoKhuselo lokuqala: I-Cyanide - equlethe ulwelo olulahlwayo luyityhefu kakhulu, kwaye yonke imisebenzi yonyango kufuneka iqhutywe kwindawo enomoya ococekileyo, ngokukodwa kwi-fume hood. Abanini-zithuthi kufuneka banxibe izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokuzikhusela, kubandakanywa negesi-iglavu eziqinileyo, iiglasi, kunye nezixhobo zokhuselo lokuphefumla.

• Uzimiselo Oluchanekileyo Lokugxininiswa: Ngaphambi kokuba unyango, ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo ukuxinwa kwe-cyanide kulwelo lwenkunkuma. Oku kubalulekile ekukhetheni indlela efanelekileyo yonyango kunye nokumisela idosi yee-arhente zonyango.

• Unyango oludibeneyo: Kwiimeko ezininzi, indlela yonyango enye ayinakwanela ukuhlangabezana ngokupheleleyo nemigangatho yokukhutshwa. Ngoko ke, cinga ukusebenzisa iindlela zonyango ezidibeneyo. Umzekelo, indibaniselwano yekhemikhali oxidation kunye nonyango lwebhayoloji kaninzi inokufikelela kwiziphumo zonyango ezingcono.

• Impembelelo kokusiNgqongileyo: Xa ukhetha iindlela zonyango kunye nee-arhente zonyango, qwalasela impembelelo yabo enokubakho kwimeko-bume. Khetha iindlela kunye neearhente ezihambelana nokusingqongileyo kwaye zivelise ungcoliseko lwesibini oluncinci.

• Ukuthotyelwa kweMigaqo: Ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yonyango kunye nomgangatho wokugqibela wamanzi amdaka uhambelana nemithetho efanelekileyo yokhuselo lokusingqongileyo. Ukubeka iliso rhoqo kwaye uxele iziphumo zonyango kumasebe afanelekileyo okhuseleko lokusingqongileyo.

Ukuqukumbela, unyango lwe-cyanide enetyhefu kakhulu - equlathe ulwelo oluyinkunkuma lufuna ukuqwalaselwa okubanzi kwezinto ezahlukeneyo. Ngokukhetha indlela efanelekileyo yonyango kunye nokulandela ngokungqongqo iinkqubo zokusebenza, sinokunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo ubutyhefu be-cyanide - equlethe i-liquid yenkunkuma kunye nokukhusela okusingqongileyo kunye nempilo yabantu.