IiNgcaciso zobuChwephesha zeMveliso yoKhuseleko kwiNkqubo yeCyanide Heap Leaching Leaching Gold

1. intshayelelo

The benqanda Inkqubo yokutsalwa kwegolide kwimfumba isetyenziswa kakhulu kushishino lwemigodi yegolide ngenxa yeenzuzo zayo ezifana nokulula, ixabiso eliphantsi, kunye nokusebenziseka kwizinto ezikrwada zomgangatho ophantsi. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko i-cyanide yinto enetyhefu kakhulu, imveliso engqongqo yokhuseleko kufuneka ilandelwe ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi, okusingqongileyo, kunye nokusebenza okuqhelekileyo kwenkqubo yokuvelisa. I-"Safety Production Technical Specifications for Cyanide Heap Leaching Gold Extraction Process" (YS / T 3019 - 2013) yaphunyezwa ngo-Matshi 1. 2014. enika izikhokelo ezicacileyo zokuvelisa kunye novavanyo lwesayithi lwale nkqubo.

2. IiMfuno eziSisiseko zoMveliso woKhuseleko

2.1 UKhetho lweSiza kunye noYilo

• Iimeko zeGeological: Indawo yokukhutshwa kwemfumba yecyanide kufuneka ikhethwe kumhlaba ozinzileyo oneemeko zokwakheka komhlaba ezilungileyo. Ziphephe iindawo ezithandwa kukudilika komhlaba, ukudilika kodaka, kunye nezikhukhula. Uvavanyo lwejoloji kufuneka lwenziwe kwangaphambili ukuvavanya uzinzo lwesiza.

• Umgama osuka kwiindawo ezinobuzaza: Indawo yokucoca imfumba kufuneka ibekwe kumgama owaneleyo ukusuka kwindawo zokuhlala, imithombo yamanzi, kunye nezinye iindawo ezinovakalelo. Iimfuno ezithe ngqo zomgama kufuneka zihambelane nemigaqo efanelekileyo yokusingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko. Umzekelo, kufuneka ubuncinane [X] yeemitha kude neendawo zokuhlala ukuthintela ifuthe lerhasi eyityhefu kunye nokuvuza kolwelo kubahlali.

• Uyilo loYilo: Ubume bendawo yengqumba yokucoca kufuneka bube nengqiqo. Iindawo zokupakishwa kwentsimbi, ukujikeleziswa kwesisombululo, ukufunyanwa kwegolide, kunye nokulahlwa kwenkunkuma kufuneka zohlulwe ngokucacileyo. Indawo eyaneleyo kufuneka igcinelwe ukufakela, ukusebenza, kunye nokugcinwa kwezixhobo. Iindinyana zokhuseleko kunye neendlela zokuphuma ngokukhawuleza kufuneka zisekwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhutshwa kakuhle kwabasebenzi kwimeko yongxamiseko.

2.2 Izixhobo kunye noKhuseleko lweZiko

• Anti - Seepage Facilities: Umzantsi kunye nendawo ejikelezileyo yemfumba yentsimbi kufuneka ixhotyiswe ngezixhobo ezithembekileyo zokunqanda ukuntywila ukuthintela ukuvuza kwecyanide - equlethe izisombululo emhlabeni namanzi aphantsi komhlaba. I-Polyethylene ephezulu (HDPE) ye-geomembranes okanye ezinye izinto ezichasene ne-seepage eziphezulu zinokusetyenziswa. I-anti-sepage layer kufuneka ihlolwe rhoqo ukuba kukho nawuphi na umonakalo okanye ukuvuza.

• UGcino lweLiquid kunye neZixhobo zoThutho: Iitanki, imibhobho, kunye neempompo zokugcina kunye nokuthutha icyanide - eziqulethe izisombululo kufuneka zenziwe ngezinto ezikwaziyo ukudleka. Ukuhlolwa rhoqo kufuneka kuqhutywe ukujonga umhlwa, ukuvuza, kunye nezinye iingozi ezinokuthi zikhuseleke. Zonke izixhobo zokugcina ulwelo kunye nezixhobo zothutho kufuneka zixhotyiswe ngezixhobo zokuthintela ukuphuphuma kunye neevalvu zokuvala ngokukhawuleza.

• Iinkqubo zokungenisa umoya kunye ne-Exhaust: Kwiindawo apho i-cyanide-equkethe imisebenzi eyenziwayo, i-ventilation esebenzayo kunye neenkqubo zokukhupha kufuneka zifakwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlanjululwa kunye nokususwa kweegesi ezinobuthi. Umthamo wokungenisa umoya kunye nesantya sokukhupha kufuneka sihlangabezane neemfuno zemigangatho efanelekileyo yokugcina indawo yokusebenza ekhuselekileyo.

2.3 Inkqubo yoLawulo loKhuseleko

• Ukusekwa kweMigaqo yoKhuseleko: Amashishini emigodi kufuneka aseke uluhlu olupheleleyo lwemigaqo yokhuseleko kunye neenkqubo zokusebenza kwinkqubo ye-cyanide heap leaching. Le mimiselo kufuneka ibandakanye yonke imiba yemveliso, kubandakanywa nokusebenza kwezixhobo, ukugcinwa, ulawulo lwe-cyanide, kunye nokuphendula ngokukhawuleza.

• Uqeqesho lwabasebenzi: Bonke abasebenzi ababandakanyekayo kwinkqubo ye-cyanide heap leaching kufuneka bafumane uqeqesho lokhuseleko rhoqo. Umxholo woqeqesho kufuneka ubandakanye iipropati kunye nobungozi be-cyanide, iindlela zokusebenza zokhuseleko, iinkqubo zokuphendula ngokukhawuleza, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokukhusela zomntu. Abasebenzi kufuneka baqeqeshwe kwaye bafaneleke ngaphambi kokuba bavunyelwe ukusebenza.

• UkuJonga uKhuseleko kunye noHlolo: Ukubeka iliso rhoqo kunye nokuhlolwa kokhuseleko kufuneka kuqhutywe kwinkqubo yokuvelisa. Izinto zokubeka iliso ziquka ukuxinwa kwe-cyanide emoyeni kunye nesisombululo, ukunyaniseka kwezixhobo ezichasayo, kunye nesimo sokusebenza kwezixhobo. Iirekhodi zokuhlola kufuneka zigcinwe ukuze zisetyenziswe kwixesha elizayo, kwaye naziphi na iingozi zokhuseleko ezifunyenweyo kufuneka zilungiswe ngexesha elifanelekileyo.

3. IiNgcaciso zoBugcisa boMsebenzi

3.1 Unyango lwangaphambili lwentsimbi

• Ukutyumza kunye neGranulation: Iintsimbi ezininzi ezikrwada zifuna ukucolwa ukuya kutsho kumlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wamasuntswana phambi kokuvuza kwemfumba. Ngokubanzi, ubungakanani bamasuntswana kufuneka bucunyuzwe bube yi-25.4 mm okanye bucoleke ngakumbi ukubonisa igolide kwintsimbi ekrwada kwaye kuphuculwe izinga lokubuyiswa kwegolide. Kwii-ores ezinokungena kakuhle kunye nomxholo ophezulu wodongwe, iteknoloji ye-granulation ingasetyenziswa. Ngexesha legranulation, umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wekalika kufuneka wongezwe ukulungisa ixabiso le-pH yentsimbi ekrwada phakathi kwe-9.5 - 10.5. Ngexesha elifanayo, ukugxininiswa kwe Isodium cyanide kwinkqubo yegranulation kufuneka ilawulwe ngokweepropati ore, ngokubanzi malunga 60 - 150 grams ngetoni yegolide ore. Isiqulatho sokufuma sisonke kwiipellets akufuneki sidlule kwi-30% ukuthintela iipellets ekubeni zixege kwaye zithambe. Ixesha lokunyanga kufuneka libe ngaphezu kweeyure ezingama-72. Kwimeko yemvula ngexesha le-pellets, iipellets kufuneka zigqunywe ukuthintela ukulahleka kwegolide.

• Ulawulo loMgangatho wentsimbi ekrwada eSetyenzisiwe: Umgangatho wentsimbi ekrwada elungisiweyo kufuneka ilawulwe ngokungqongqo. Ukuthathwa kwesampulu rhoqo kunye nohlalutyo kufuneka lwenziwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba ubungakanani bamasuntswana, ixabiso le-pH, kunye nezinye izikhombisi ziyahlangabezana neemfuno zenkqubo yokukhutshwa kwemfumba. Kuphela yintsimbi ekrwada esele ilungisiwe enokusetyenziselwa ukwakha imfumba.

3.2 Isakhiwo semfumba

• Ukulungiselela indawo: Ngaphambi kokwakha inqwaba, indawo kufuneka icocwe kwaye ilinganiswe. Ithambeka eliyi-3% - 5% kufuneka libekwe kwindawo ethe tyaba ukuze kube lula ukuhambisa amanzi kwizisombululo zokuvuza. Emva kokulinganisa, unyango oluchasene nokuvuza kufuneka lwenziwe kwindawo leyo. Umaleko womqamelo omalunga ne-0.5 m ubukhulu ungabekwa kwisiseko esixineneyo, uze emva koko utshizwe nge-sodium. ICarbonisisombululo sokuphucula ukusebenza kwaso okuchasene nokuvuza kwamanzi.

• Imfumba yoBude kunye neMilo: Ubude bokuqala bemfumba yentsimbi akufunekanga bube phezulu kakhulu, kukhethwa i-3 - 4 yeemitha. Njengoko izinga lokuvuza lizinza, ubude bemfumba yentsimbi bunganyuswa ngokufanelekileyo. Imilo yemfumba yentsimbi ekrwada kufuneka iyilwe ukuqinisekisa ukusasazwa kakuhle kwesisombululo kunye nokungena kwegesi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-conical okanye i-steped-shaped ore ore isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo.

• Ukhuseleko olungqonge: Imijelo yokhukula kufuneka imiselwe ukujikeleza isiza esivumbululayo ukunqanda amanzi emvula ukuba angangeni kwimfumba yentsimbi ekrwada kunye nokungxengxeza kwisisombululo sokuvuza. Kwangaxeshanye, kufuneka kumiswe ucingo olukhuselayo olujikeleze imfumba yentsimbi ekrwada ukuze kuthintelwe abasebenzi abangagunyaziswanga ukuba bangene kwindawo eyingozi.

3.3 Sitshiza ngokuLeaching

• Ulawulo lokuxinana kwesitshizi: Uxinzelelo lwe Isodium cyanide kwisisombululo sokutshiza kufuneka silungelelaniswe ngokwenqanaba le-leaching. Kwinqanaba lokuqala leaching, ngenxa yokwakheka okuntsonkothileyo kwegolide, ukuxinana kwe sodium cyanide inokongezwa ngokufanelekileyo. Emva kwexesha eliphakamileyo (xa i-concentration yegolide ye-leaching iphezulu), inokuncitshiswa ukuya kwi-0.08% - 0.06%. Kwinqanaba lokugqibela, lingancitshiswa ngakumbi libe yi-0.04% - 0.02%. I-concentration ye-sodium cyanide inokulungelelaniswa nangaliphi na ixesha ngokwe-concentration yegolide yolwelo olukhulelweyo.

• Umjikelo wokutshiza kunye nobunzulu: Ixesha lokutshiza lidla ngokuba ziiyure ezisi-7 ukuya kwezisi-8 ngosuku, kwaye ubuncinane akufanele lidlule iiyure ezili-10 (kodwa ubungakanani kufuneka buncitshiswe). Ngokuqhelekileyo, kusetyenziswa indlela yokutshiza ethi "spray 1 stop 1" okanye "spray 1 stop 2". Ixesha lokutshiza akufuneki libe lide kakhulu ukuvumela inqwaba ye-ore ukuba iphefumle ioksijini xa ingatshizi. Ubunzulu bokutshiza kufuneka bulawulwe kwi-6 - 20 L/m²•h, kwaye ubuninzi akufanele budlule kwi-25 - 30 L/m²•h. Ukuba ubunzulu bokutshiza bukhulu kakhulu, umthamo wolwelo olukhulelweyo uya kwanda, uxinaniso lwegolide luya kuncitshiswa, kwaye amandla okufunxa amanzi Ikhabhoni esebenzayo iya kuchaphazeleka.

3.4 UkuBuyiswa kweGolide kulwelo oluKhulelwayo

• Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokuBuyisa iGolide: Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokubuyisela igolide kwi-cyanide - equlethe ulwelo olukhulelweyo lubandakanya i-carbon adsorption (njenge-carbon - in - column method), i-zinc cementation (i-Merrill - i-Crowe indlela), kunye ne-solvent extraction. Indlela nganye ineempawu zayo kunye nobubanzi besicelo. Umzekelo, kwinkqubo ye-carbon-in-column, isisombululo se-cyanide leach simpontshelwa phezulu kwiikholamu ngesantya sokuhamba kwe-15 ukuya kwi-25 gpm / ft², ukukhupha ibhedi epakishweyo yekhabhoni esebenzayo (16 × 30 mesh) ukubhengeza igolide.

• Ukusebenza kunye noLawulo lweZixhobo zokuBuyisa iGolide: Ukusebenza kwezixhobo zokubuyisela igolide kufuneka kuhambelane ngokungqongqo neenkqubo zokusebenza. Ukuhlolwa rhoqo kunye nokugcinwa kwezixhobo kufuneka kwenziwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kwayo okuqhelekileyo. Iiparamitha ezifana nomthamo we-adsorption we-carbon activated, ukusebenza kakuhle kwemvula ye-zinc powder, kunye nesantya sokutsalwa kwe-solvent kufuneka sibekwe iliso kwaye silungiswe ngexesha elifanelekileyo ukuze kuphuculwe izinga lokubuyisela igolide.

3.5 Unyango lwemfumba yenkunkuma

• Ukubulala iintsholongwane kwiimfumba zeNkunkuma yentsimbi: Emva kokugqitywa kwenkqubo yokucoca, iimfumba zenkunkuma kufuneka zihlanjululwe nge-disinfected ukunciphisa ubuthi be-cyanide eseleyo. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokubulala iintsholongwane ziquka ukusetyenziswa kwee-oxidants ezifana ne-hydrogen peroxide okanye i-calcium hypochlorite. Ixesha lokubulala iintsholongwane kunye nethamo kufuneka limiselwe ngokwemeko yokwenyani yemfumba yenkunkuma ekrwada ukuqinisekisa ukuba intsalela yoxinaniso lwecyanide ihlangabezana nemigangatho yokukhutshelwa kokusingqongileyo.

• Ukothula kunye nokuLahlwa kweemfumba zeNkunkuma yentsimbi: Emva kokubulawa kweentsholongwane, iimfumba zenkunkuma zinokothulwa kwaye zilahlwe ngokufanelekileyo. Indlela yokulahla kufuneka ihambelane nemigaqo echaphazelekayo yokusingqongileyo. Umzekelo, inkunkuma ekrwada ingasetyenziselwa ukuzaliswa ngasemva emigodini okanye ithuthwe isiwe kwindawo echongiweyo yokulahla inkunkuma ukuze ilahlwe.

4. Amanyathelo okuPhendula ngokuNgxamisekileyo

4.1 Ukusekwa kweSicwangciso esiNgxamisekileyo

Amashishini ezimayini kufuneka enze isicwangciso esipheleleyo sokusabela kwimeko kaxakeka kwiingozi ezinokubakho kwinkqubo yokuvuza kwemfumba yecyanide, efana nokuvuza kwecyanide, umlilo, nokudubula. Isicwangciso esingxamisekileyo kufuneka sibandakanye imibutho yokusabela ngokukhawuleza, uxanduva lwelungu ngalinye, iinkqubo zokuphendula ngokukhawuleza, kunye namanyathelo okuhlangula ngokukhawuleza.

4.2 Izixhobo kunye neZixhobo zokuNhlangula kwiNgxaki

Izixhobo zokuhlangula ezingxamisekileyo ezaneleyo kunye nezixhobo kufuneka zilungiswe, njengeemaski zegesi, iimpahla zokukhusela iikhemikhali, izixhobo zoncedo lokuqala, ii-agent neutralizing for cyanide, kunye nezixhobo zokulwa nomlilo. Ezi zixhobo kunye nezixhobo kufuneka zihlolwe rhoqo kwaye zigcinwe ukuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kwazo okuqhelekileyo kwimeko engxamisekileyo.

4.3 Uqheliselo oluNgxamisekileyo

Uqeqesho oluthe gqolo olungxamisekileyo kufuneka lwenziwe ukuze kuphuculwe izakhono zokusabela ngokungxamisekileyo kubasebenzi. Isiqulatho se-drill kufuneka sigqume iimeko ezahlukeneyo zengozi ezinokubakho, ezinje nge-cyanide leakage drills kunye noqeqesho lokulwa nomlilo. Ngokusebenzisa ii-drills ezingxamisekileyo, abasebenzi banokuqhelana neenkqubo zokuphendula ngokukhawuleza kwaye baphucule amandla abo okujongana neemeko ezingxamisekileyo.

5. Isiphelo

Imveliso yokhuseleko lwenkqubo yokutsalwa kwegolide yimfumba yecyanide ibaluleke kakhulu. Ngokulandela ngokungqongqo imveliso yokhuseleko ingcaciso yobugcisa, ukomeleza ulawulo lokhuseleko, nokuphumeza iindlela zokusebenza zenzululwazi, iingozi zokhuseleko kwinkqubo yemveliso zinokulawulwa ngokufanelekileyo. Oku akuqinisekisi kuphela ukhuseleko nempilo yabasebenzi kunye nemekobume yendalo kodwa ikwakhuthaza uphuhliso oluzinzileyo lweshishini lemigodi yegolide. Amashishini emigodi kufuneka ahlale ekhumbula ukhuseleko kwaye aqhubeke ephucula amanqanaba emveliso yokhuseleko ukuze afezekise injongo yemveliso ekhuselekileyo nesebenzayo.