Isodium cyanide Leaching kwiMigodi yeGolide

intshayelelo

Ukutsalwa kweGolide kunye nendima yeCyanide Leaching

Igolide ithe yathimba uluntu iwaka leminyaka, ukubengezela kwayo kunye nokunqaba kwayo kuyenza ibe luphawu lobutyebi, amandla, kunye nobuhle kuzo zonke iinkcubeko. Ukusukela kwizinto ezenziwe ngegolide zamandulo zaseYiputa ukuya koovimba begolide bale mihla abagcinwe ziibhanki ezingoovimba, ukubaluleka kwegolide kuqoqosho lwehlabathi kunye nenkcubeko akunakuphikiswa. Isebenza njengendawo yokugcina ixabiso, uthango oluchasene nokungaqiniseki kwezoqoqosho, kunye necandelo eliphambili kubucwebe, i-electronics, kunye nemizi-mveliso ye-aerospace.

Kwindawo ye ukumbiwa kwegolide, i-cyanide Leaching iye yavela njengeyona ndlela ibalaseleyo yokutsala. Ukusukela oko yamkelwa kwimizi-mveliso ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, i-cyanide leaching iye yaliguqula ishishini lemigodi yegolide, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ukutsalwa kwegolide kwi-ore yomgangatho ophantsi ebekade ingenaqoqosho ukuba iqhubeke. Le ndlela isebenzisa iimpawu ezizodwa zeekhemikhali ze-cyanide ukunyibilikisa igolide kwintsimbi ekrwada, yenze izixhobo zegolide ezinyibilikayo zecyanide ezinokwahlulwa lula kwaye zisulungekiswe.

IKhemistri eNgemva kweCyanide Leaching

Ukuphinda kusebenze kweCyanide ngeGolide

Inkqubo ye-cyanide leaching ixhomekeke kwi-reactivity eyodwa yeekhemikhali phakathi kwee-ion ze-cyanide kunye negolide. Nini Isodium cyanide (I-NaCN) ichithwa emanzini, iyahlukana ibe yi-sodium ion (Na⁺) kunye ne-cyanide ions (CN⁻). Ezi ion zecyanide zisebenza kakhulu kwigolide, kwaye xa kukho ioksijini, ziqalisa ukusabela kweekhemikhali ezintsonkothileyo.

I-equation yekhemikhali yokusabela phakathi kwegolide, Isodium cyanide, ioksijini, kunye namanzi zimi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH

Kule ndlela yokusabela, iiathom zegolide ezikwintsimbi ekrwada zidibana nee-ion ze-cyanide zenze i-soluble complex, i-sodium dicyanoaurate (Na[Au(CN)₂]). I-oksijini ekhoyo kwisisombululo isebenza njenge-oxidizing agent, iququzelela ukusabela ngokubonelela ngee-electron eziyimfuneko ekubunjweni kwegolide - i-cyanide complex. Iimolekyuli zamanzi nazo zidlala indima ekuphenduleni, ukuthatha inxaxheba ekubunjweni kobunzima kunye nemveliso, i-sodium hydroxide (NaOH).

Le mpendulo yinkqubo ye-redox. Igolide inyibilikiswa kwisimo sayo se-elemental (Au⁰) ukuya kwisimo se-+1 se-oxidation kwi-complex [Au(CN)₂]⁻, ngelixa i-oxygen incitshiswa. Ukwakheka kwe-soluble gold-cyanide complex kubalulekile njengoko kuvumela igolide, eyayikwimo eqinileyo, enganyibilikiyo ngaphakathi kwe-ore, ukuba ichithwe kwisisombululo. Le golide inyibilikisiweyo inokwahlulwa kwiinxalenye ze-ore eziseleyo ngamanyathelo okucubungula alandelayo, afana nokutsalwa kwi-activated. ICarbon okanye ukuna kwemvula kusetyenziswa umgubo we-zinc.

Kutheni iCyanide? Iipropati eziZodwa zeSodium Cyanide

I-sodium cyanide ineempawu ezininzi ezenza ukuba ibe yeyona nto ikhethwayo yokushiswa kwegolide kushishino lwezimayini:

1. Ukukhetha okuphezulu kweGolide: I-Cyanide ion inekhono elimangalisayo lokunyibilikisa igolide ngokukhetha kukho ezinye izimbiwa ezininzi ezifumaneka kwigolide-ethwele intsimbi. Oku kukhetha kubalulekile njengoko kuvumela ukutsalwa kwegolide kwi-ores yomgangatho ophantsi apho igolide ihlala ixutywa nezixa ezikhulu zeminerali ye-ganggue. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-ore equlethe i-quartz, i-feldspar, kunye nezinye iiminerali ezingabalulekanga, i-cyanide iya kusabela ngokukhethekileyo ngegolide, ishiya uninzi lweeminerali ze-ganggue zingaphendulwanga kwaye zihlulwe ngokulula kwisisombululo segolide.

2. Ukunyibilika okuphezulu emanzini: I-sodium cyanide i-soluble kakhulu emanzini, eyimfuneko ekusetyenzisweni kwayo kwiinkqubo ze-leaching. I-solubility ephezulu iqinisekisa ukuba i-ion cyanide inokusasaza ngokukhawuleza kulo lonke i-ore slurry, ukwandisa ukudibanisa phakathi kwe-cyanide kunye neengqungquthela zegolide. Oku kusasazwa ngokukhawuleza kukhokelela kumazinga okusabela ngokukhawuleza kunye namazinga aphezulu okubuyisela igolide. Umzekelo, kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi, inani elikhulu sodium cyanide inokunyibilika emanzini, inika i-concentration ephezulu yeeyoni ze-cyanide ezisebenzayo kwisisombululo se-leaching.

3. Iindleko ezizalanayo - Ukusebenza kakuhle: Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iirejenti ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe ekutsalweni kwegolide, i-sodium cyanide ayibizi kakhulu. Ezi ndleko - ukusebenza kakuhle ngumba ophambili ekusetyenzisweni kwayo ngokubanzi kwishishini lemigodi yegolide, ngakumbi kwimisebenzi emikhulu. Abasebenzi basezimayini banokufumana i-sodium cyanide ngobuninzi ngexabiso elifanelekileyo, elinceda ukugcina ixabiso elipheleleyo lokutsalwa kwegolide ngaphakathi koluhlu olunoqoqosho.

4. Uzinzo kwiZisombululo zeAlkaline: I-Cyanide izinzile kwizisombululo ze-alkaline, eyinzuzo kwinkqubo yokucoca. Ngokugcina isisombululo se-leaching kwi-pH ephezulu (ngokuqhelekileyo malunga ne-10 - 11), ukubola kwe-cyanide kwi-hydrogen cyanide (HCN), igesi enetyhefu kakhulu kunye ne-voltative, ingancitshiswa. Oku kuzinzo kuqinisekisa ukuba i-cyanide ihlala ikwimo yayo esebenzayo ixesha elide, ivumela ukuchithwa kwegolide okusebenzayo. Ikalika isoloko yongezwa kwisisombululo se-leaching ukugcina indawo ye-alkaline kunye nokuphucula ukuzinza kwe-cyanide.

Inyathelo ngeNyathelo leNkqubo yeCyanide Leaching kwiMigodi yeGolide

Unyango lwangaphambili: Ukutyumza kunye nokusila

Phambi kokuba kuqale inkqubo yokukhupha icyanide, intsimbi ekrwada enegolide ingena kwinqanaba elibalulekileyo lonyango lwangaphambili. Inyathelo lokuqala kweli nqanaba kukutyumza, nto leyo iyimfuneko ekunciphiseni amaqhekeza amakhulu entsimbi ekrwada abe ngamaqhekeza amancinci. Oku kudla ngokuphunyezwa kusetyenziswa uthotho lwezityumzi, ezifana nezityumzi zemihlathi, izityumzi zekhowuni, kunye nezityumzi zegyratory. I-crusher yomhlathi, umzekelo, inesakhiwo esilula kunye nomlinganiselo ophezulu wokutyumza. Inokuphatha ii-ores ezinkulu ezinobungakanani kwaye iqale yaphule ibe ngamaqhekeza amancinci.

Emva kokutyunyuzwa, intsimbi ekrwada iye igatywe. Ukugaya kuqhutyelwa ukunciphisa ngakumbi ubungakanani be-particle ye-ore, ngokuqhelekileyo kwi-ball mill okanye kwi-rod mill. Kwilitye lokusila, iibhola zentsimbi zisetyenziselwa ukugaya intsimbi. Njengoko ilitye lokusila lijikeleza, iibhola ziwela phantsi, zichaphazela kwaye zisila amasuntswana ore. Le nkqubo ibalulekile kuba inyusa umphezulu wentsimbi ekrwada. Umphezulu womhlaba omkhulu uthetha ukuba kukho ukudibana ngakumbi phakathi kwegolide - equlathe amasuntswana ngaphakathi kwentsimbi ekrwada kunye nesisombululo secyanide ngexesha lenqanaba lokuvuza.

Umzekelo, ukuba intsimbi ayiculwanga kakuhle kwaye ayicolwanga kakuhle, amasuntswana egolide asenokuvaleleka kwiziqwenga ezinkulu zentsimbi. Isisombululo secyanide siya kuba nobunzima bokufikelela kula masuntswana egolide, okukhokelela kwisantya esisezantsi sokutsalwa. Ngokunciphisa i-ore ibe ngumgubo ocolekileyo ngokusila, igolide ifikeleleka ngakumbi kwi-ion cyanide, iphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo yokucoca.

Inqanaba leLeaching: Stirred Leaching vs. Heap Leaching

Nje ukuba intsimbi ekrwada ilungiswe kakuhle, kuyaqala inqanaba lokuvuza, kwaye kukho iindlela ezimbini eziphambili: ukuvuza okukrwada kunye nokuvuza kwemfumba.

I-Leaching evuselelweyo

Kwi-leaching evuselelweyo, intsimbi ekrwada ecolekileyo ixutywa nesisombululo secyanide kwitanki enkulu, edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yitanki yokuvuza okanye itanki yokuvusa. Ii-Mechanical agitators, ezifana ne-impellers, zisetyenziselwa ukuqhubeka nokuxuba umxube. Oku kuphazamiseka rhoqo kufeza iinjongo ezibalulekileyo eziliqela. Okokuqala, iqinisekisa ukuba isisombululo secyanide sisasazwa ngokulinganayo kulo lonke udaka lwentsimbi. Oku kwabiwa ngokulinganayo kubalulekile njengoko kuvumela onke amasuntswana aphethe igolide ukuba abe nethuba elilinganayo lokusabela ngeeayoni zecyanide. Okwesibini, ukuphazamiseka kunceda ukugcina i-ore particles ekumisweni, ukuthintela ukuba zingahlali phantsi kwetanki. Oku kubalulekile kuba ukuba amaqhekeza ahlala, ukusabela phakathi kwegolide kunye ne-cyanide kunokuvinjelwa.

Ukuhlanjululwa okushukumayo kudla ngokukhethwa kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zodidi oluphezulu okanye xa izinga lokubuyisela lifuneka kakhulu ngexesha elifutshane. Ikwafanelekile kwii-ore ekunzima kakhulu ukuzikhupha, njengoko ukuphazamisa kunokwandisa uqhagamshelwano phakathi kwentsimbi kunye nesisombululo secyanide. Nangona kunjalo, i-leaved leaching ifuna amandla amaninzi ngenxa yokusebenza okuqhubekayo kwee-agitators. Ikwanazo neendleko zenkunzi eziphezulu ngokwentelekiso njengoko ifuna izixhobo zesikali esikhulu kunye nesixa esibalulekileyo sesisombululo secyanide.

Haap Leaching

Imfumba yemfumba, kwelinye icala, yeyona ndlela ibiza kakhulu - esebenzayo, ngakumbi kwii-ore zomgangatho ophantsi. Kule nkqubo, intsimbi ekrwada etyunyuziweyo ifunjwa ibe ziimfumba ezinkulu, ngokuqhelekileyo kwilayini enganyibilikiyo ukuthintela ukuvuza kwesisombululo secyanide. Unyibiliko lwecyanide luthi ke lutshizwe okanye luthontsizwe phezu kwemfumba yentsimbi. Njengoko isisombululo sityhutyha imfumba, sisabela kunye negolide kwi-ore, siyinyibilikise kwaye yenze igolide-cyanide complex. I-leachate, equlethe igolide enyibilikisiweyo, emva koko ikhuphela ezantsi kwemfumba kwaye iqokelelwe echibini okanye kwitanki ukuze iqhutywe ngakumbi.

I-Heap leaching lukhetho olufanelekileyo kwimisebenzi emikhulu ene-ore yomgangatho ophantsi, njengoko ifuna utyalo-mali oluncinane kwizixhobo zokusebenza xa kuthelekiswa nokuvuswa okuvuselelweyo. Ikwanazo neemfuneko zamandla asezantsi kuba akukho mfuneko yokuphazamiseka okuqhubekayo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuvuza kwemfumba kunexesha elide lokuvuza xa kuthelekiswa ne-leaching evuselelweyo, kwaye izinga lokubuyisela linokuba sezantsi kancinci. Impumelelo yokuvuza kwemfumba ikwaxhomekeke kwizinto ezifana nokugqobhoza kwemfumba yentsimbi. Ukuba imfumba ayikhiwanga kakuhle kwaye amasuntswana e-ore apakishwe ngokuqinileyo, isisombululo secyanide asinakukwazi ukungena ngokulinganayo, okukhokelela ekuvuzeni okungalinganiyo kunye nokuhla kwegolide.

I-Post-leaching Processing: Ukubuyisela iGolide kwiSisombululo

Emva kokuba igolide ichithwe kwisisombululo se-cyanide ngexesha le-leaching stage, isinyathelo esilandelayo kukubuyisela igolide kwesi sisombululo. Zininzi iindlela eziqhele ukusetyenziselwa le njongo, ezimbini kwezona zixhaphakileyo yikharbhon adsorption kunye ne-zinc dust cementation.

Ufakelo lweCarbon olusebenzayo

Ikhabhoni esebenzayo inommandla omkhulu kunye nobudlelwane obuphezulu begolide - i-cyanide complexes. Kwinkqubo ye-carbon-in-pulp (CIP) okanye i-carbon-in-leach (CIL) inkqubo ye-carbon-in-leach (CIL), i-activated carbon yongezwa kwi-leachate. Igolide - ii-cyanide complexes kwisisombululo zitsalwa kumphezulu wekhabhoni esebenzayo kwaye zifakwe kuyo. Oku kubumba ikhabhoni "elayishiweyo" okanye "ekhulelweyo", ethi emva koko ihlulwe kwisisombululo.

Ukwahlulwa kwekhabhoni elayishiweyo kwisisombululo kunokufezekiswa ngokuhlolwa okanye ukuhluzwa. Yakuba yohluliwe, igolide iphinda ibuyiswe kwikhabhoni elayishiweyo. Oku ngokuqhelekileyo kwenziwa ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-lution okanye i-desorption, apho igolide isuswa kwikhabhoni kusetyenziswa isisombululo esishushu, esigxininisiweyo se-sodium cyanide kunye ne-sodium hydroxide. Isisombululo esisisiphumo, esityebileyo kwigolide, siphinde siqhutywe nge-electrolysis ukuze ifake igolide kwi-cathode, ekhokelela ekubunjweni kwegolide ecocekileyo.

Zinc Uthuli Cementation

I-zinc dust cementation, ekwaziwa njengeMerrill - Crowe process, yenye indlela esetyenziswa kakhulu ekufumaneni igolide kwileachate. Kule nkqubo, uthuli lwe-zinc longezwa kwisisombululo esinegolide - i-cyanide complex. I-Zinc iyasebenza ngakumbi kunegolide, kwaye isusa igolide kwindawo entsonkothileyo ngokwendlela yokusabela kwekhemikhali ilandelayo:

2Na[Au(CN)₂] + Zn → Na₂[Zn(CN)₄] + 2Au

Igolide ke ikhutshwe kwisisombululo njengento eqinileyo, eyenza igolide - i-zinc precipitate. Le precipitate ke iyahluzwa kwaye yahlulwe kwisisombululo. Igolide iphinda icocwe ngokunyibilikisa imvula ukuze kususwe izinki nobunye ukungcola, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuvelisweni kwegolide esulungekileyo. I-Zinc uthuli lwe-cementation yinkqubo elula kwaye ecacileyo, kodwa ifuna ukulawulwa ngononophelo lwe-pH kunye nokuxinana kwesisombululo se-cyanide ukuqinisekisa ukubuyiswa kwegolide ngokufanelekileyo.

Izinto ezichaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kweCyanide Leaching

Iimpawu zeOre

Ubume begolide-intsimbi ekrwada yeyona nto ibalulekileyo ephembelela ukusebenza kakuhle kwecyanide leaching. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zee-ores, ezinje ngegolide ye-sulfide kunye ne-ores yegolide ene-oxidized, ineempawu ezahlukileyo ezinokuthi zibe nefuthe elibonakalayo kwinkqubo yokucoca.

Iintsimbi zegolide zeSulfidi: Iintsimbi zegolide zesulfide zihlala zinezixa ezibalulekileyo zeeminerali zesulfide, ezifana nepyrite (FeS₂), arsenopyrite (FeAsS), kunye ne-chalcopyrite (CuFeS₂). Ezi zimbiwa ze-sulfide zinokuzisa imingeni emininzi ngexesha le-cyanide leaching. Ngokomzekelo, i-pyrite yiminerali ye-sulfide eqhelekileyo kwigolide-ethwele i-ores. Xa i-pyrite ikhona kwi-ore, inokusabela ngesisombululo se-cyanide kunye ne-oksijini kwindawo yokucoca. I-oxidation ye-pyrite phambi kwe-oksijini kunye ne-cyanide inokukhokelela ekubunjweni kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zemveliso, ezifana ne-sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) kunye ne-iron - cyanide complexes. Ukubunjwa kwe-asidi ye-sulfuric kunokunciphisa i-pH yesisombululo se-leaching, eyonakalisa ukuzinza kwe-cyanide. Ukongeza, ukusabela kweeminerali zesulfide ngecyanide kunokutya isixa esikhulu secyanide, esonyusa ixabiso le-reagent. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-ore apho umxholo we-sulfide uphezulu, ukusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide kunokuba ngaphezulu ngokuphindwe kaninzi kunoko kwi-sulfide-free ore.

Iintsimbi zeGolide eziOxidized: Kwelinye icala, iintsimbi ezikrwada zegolide ezine-oxid, zinendawo ethandeka ngakumbi yokucoca xa kuthelekiswa neentsimbi zesulfide. Ezi ore ziye zafumana iinkqubo zemozulu kunye ne-oxidation, esele i-oxidized ezininzi zeeminerali ze-sulfide zibe ziifom ze-oxide ezizinzile. Ngenxa yoko, iingxaki ezinxulumene ne-sulfide-cyanide reactions ziyancipha. Igolide kwi ore oxidized isoloko ifikeleleka ngakumbi kwisisombululo cyanide njengoko ulwakhiwo ore ngokubanzi irhashalala ngakumbi kwaye ngaphantsi nzima. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-ore yegolide ye-lateral, eluhlobo lwe-ore ene-oxidized, igolide idla ngokufumaneka kwifom ehlakazekileyo kunye ne-encapsulated. Oku kuvumela iiyoni ze-cyanide ukuba zifikelele lula kumasuntswana egolide, nto leyo ekhokelela kubuchule obuphezulu bokuvuza. Nangona kunjalo, i-ores ene-oxidized inokuqulatha ukungcola okuthile, okufana ne-iron oxides kunye ne-hydroxides, enokuthi ibhengeze igolide - i-cyanide complex okanye iphazamise inkqubo yokukhutshwa kwinqanaba elithile.

Ubungakanani besuntswana legolide ngaphakathi kwentsimbi ekrwada bukwadlala indima ebalulekileyo. I-Fine-grained particles yegolide inomphezulu omkhulu - indawo - ukuya kumthamo we-volume ratio, oku kuthetha ukuba banokusabela ngokukhawuleza kunye nesisombululo se-cyanide. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amasuntswana egolide arhabaxa anokufuna ixesha elide lokuvuza okanye iimeko ezirhabaxa zokutyhutyha ukuze kufumaneke izinga eliphezulu lokuchacha. Umzekelo, ukuba amasuntswana egolide arhabaxa kakhulu, isisombululo secyanide asinakukwazi ukungena nzulu ngokwaneleyo kumasuntswana, sishiya enye yegolide ingaphendulwanga.

Ugxininiso lweCyanide

Ukuxinwa kwe-sodium cyanide kwisisombululo se-leaching yiparameter ebalulekileyo echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo kokubili ukusebenza kakuhle kwegolide kunye neendleko ezipheleleyo zokusebenza.

Impembelelo kwiNdlela eSebenzayo yokuLeaching: Njengoko i-cyanide ikhula, izinga lokuphendula phakathi kwegolide kunye ne-cyanide liyanda. Oku kungenxa yokuba uxinaniso oluphezulu lwee-ion ze-cyanide lubonelela ngeemolekyuli ezininzi ezisabelayo ezifumanekayo ukuze zidibane namasuntswana egolide. Umzekelo, kuvavanyo lwaselabhoratri, xa ugxininiso lwecyanide lonyuswa ukusuka kwi-0.01% ukuya kwi-0.05%, izinga lokunyibilika kwegolide linokwenyuka kakhulu, okukhokelela ekubuyiselweni okuphezulu kwegolide ngexesha elifutshane. Nangona kunjalo, olu lwalamano alukho mgca ngokungenasiphelo. Nje ukuba ugxininiso lwe-cyanide lufikelele kwinqanaba elithile, ukunyuka okuthe kratya akunakukhokelela ekunyukeni okulinganayo kwireyithi yokuchithwa kwegolide. Enyanisweni, xa i-cyanide concentration iphezulu kakhulu, inokubangela i-hydrolysis ye-cyanide. I-cyanide hydrolysis yenzeke xa i-cyanide isabela emanzini ukuze yenze i-hydrogen cyanide (HCN) kunye ne-hydroxide ion (OH⁻). Ukusabela ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: CN⁻+H₂O⇌HCN + OH⁻. IHydrogen cyanide yirhasi eguquguqukayo neyityhefu kakhulu. Ukwenziwa kwe-HCN akunciphisi kuphela i-cyanide ekhoyo kwi-leaching reaction yegolide kodwa ikwabeka ukhuseleko oluyingozi kunye nobungozi bokusingqongileyo.

Ukuqwalaselwa kweendleko: I-Cyanide yi-reagent ebiza kakhulu, ngakumbi xa kuqwalaselwa imisebenzi yemigodi yegolide. Ukusebenzisa i-cyanide ephezulu kunokuba kuyimfuneko kunokunyusa kakhulu iindleko zemveliso. Ngokomzekelo, kwimfumba enkulu-i-leaching operation, ukuba i-cyanide concentration inyuswe nge-0.05% ngaphezu komgangatho ofanelekileyo, iindleko zonyaka zokusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide zinokunyuka ngexabiso elikhulu, kuxhomekeke kumthamo wesisombululo se-leaching kunye nobukhulu bokusebenza. Kwelinye icala, ukusebenzisa i-cyanide ephantsi kakhulu yoxinaniso kuya kukhokelela kwisantya esicothayo se-leaching, esinokufuna ixesha elide lokuvuza okanye umthamo omkhulu wesisombululo se-leaching ukufezekisa ukubuyiswa kwegolide okufunayo. Oku kunokonyusa ixabiso lilonke ngenxa yamaxesha amade okusebenza, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu, kunye nemveliso enokubakho ephantsi.

Ngokubanzi, kuninzi lwemisebenzi yegolide-yemigodi, uluhlu olufanelekileyo lokugxininiswa kwe-cyanide luphakathi kwe-0.03% kunye ne-0.1%. Nangona kunjalo, olu luhlu lunokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto ezifana nodidi lwe-ore, ubukho bokungcola, kunye nendlela ethile yokucoca esetyenziswayo. Umzekelo, kwinkqubo evuselelweyo-yokukhupha intsimbi ekrwada esulungekileyo ngokwentelekiso, ukugxininiswa kwecyanide esezantsi phakathi koluhlu, malunga ne-0.03% - 0.05%, inokwanela. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kwi-complex sulfide - ethwele intsimbi ekrwada yegolide kwimfumba - umsebenzi wokuvuza, ugxininiso lwecyanide oluphezulu kancinane, mhlawumbi lusondele kwi-0.08% - 0.1%, lunokufuneka ukubuyisela ukusetyenziswa kwecyanide ngezimbiwa zesulfide.

pH Ixabiso leSisombululo

Ixabiso le-pH yesisombululo se-cyanide leaching libaluleke kakhulu kwinkqubo yegolide-cyanide leaching process, njengoko ichaphazela ukuzinza kwecyanide, ukunyibilika kwegolide, kunye nokubola kwezixhobo.

Ukuzinza kweCyanide: I-Cyanide yeyona nto izinzile kwindawo yealkaline. Xa i-pH yesisombululo ikuluhlu lwe-10 - 11. i-hydrolysis ye-cyanide, evelisa igesi enetyhefu ye-hydrogen cyanide (HCN), iyancitshiswa. Njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, i-hydrolysis reaction ye-cyanide yi-CN⁻+H₂O⇌HCN + OH⁻. Kwisisombululo se-alkaline, i-concentration ephezulu ye-hydroxide ions (OH⁻) iguqula ukulingana kwale mpendulo ngakwesobunxele, ukunciphisa ukubunjwa kwe-HCN. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba i-pH yesisombululo se-leaching ihla ukuya kwi-8 okanye iphantsi, izinga le-cyanide hydrolysis liya kwanda kakhulu, elikhokelela ekulahlekeni kwe-cyanide kunye nomngcipheko okhulayo wokukhululwa kwe-HCN, engeyona nje inkunkuma ye-reagent kodwa kunye nobungozi obukhulu bokhuseleko kubasebenzi kunye nokusingqongileyo.

Ukunyibilika kweGolide: Ukunyibilika kwegolide-cyanide complex nako kuphenjelelwa lixabiso le-pH. Kuluhlu olufanelekileyo lwe-alkaline pH, ukubunjwa kwegolide enyibilikayo - icyanide complex, efana neNa[Au(CN)₂], iyathandwa. Xa i-pH iphantsi kakhulu, i-complex inokubola, ukunciphisa ubungakanani begolide kwisisombululo kwaye ngaloo ndlela iyancipha ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-leaching. Ukongeza, kwindawo eneasidi, ezinye iiyoni zesinyithi ezikhoyo kwintsimbi ekrwada zinokunyibilika ngokulula, ziphazamisane nenkqubo yokukhutshwa kwegolide. Umzekelo, ii-iron (Fe³⁺) ezisuka kwi-iron - eziqulathe iiminerali kwintsimbi ekrwada zinokwenza i-precipitates okanye i-complex ene-cyanide kwisisombululo esineasidi, ekhuphisana negolide kwii-ion ze-cyanide.

Ukonakala kweZixhobo: Ukugcina i-pH echanekileyo kukwabalulekile ekukhuseleni izixhobo ezisetyenziswa kwinkqubo yokufunxa. Kwindawo eneasidi, isisombululo secyanide sinokugqwesa kakhulu kwizixhobo zentsimbi, ezifana neitanki ezivuzayo, imibhobho, kunye neempompo. Umzekelo, iitanki ezivuzayo ezenziwe ngentsimbi zinokugqwala ngokukhawuleza kwisisombululo se-asidi ye-cyanide, ekhokelela ekuvuzeni kunye nesidingo sokutshintshwa kwezixhobo rhoqo, oko kwandisa iindleko zemveliso kunye nexesha lokuphumla. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, isisombululo se-alkaline asiyongozi kangako kwezona zinto ziqhelekileyo zisetyenziswa kwizixhobo zemigodi yegolide.

Ukugcina ixabiso le-pH elifanelekileyo, i-lime (CaO) okanye i-sodium hydroxide (NaOH) isoloko yongezwa kwisisombululo se-leaching. Ikalika sisixhobo esisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kuhlengahlengiso lwe-pH kwimisebenzi yemigodi yegolide ngenxa yexabiso eliphantsi nokusebenza kwayo. Iphendula ngamanzi ukwenza i-calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH) ₂), enokuthi ithintele nayiphi na i-acidic components kwisisombululo kwaye yandise i-pH. Ukongezwa kwekalika kwakhona kunenzuzo eyongeziweyo yokunciphisa ezinye ii-ion zetsimbi, ezifana nentsimbi kunye nobhedu, ezinokunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kwazo kwinkqubo yokucoca.

Ubushushu kunye nexesha leLeaching

Ubushushu kunye nexesha le-leaching zizinto ezimbini ezinxulumeneyo ezinempembelelo enkulu ekusebenzeni kwe-cyanide leaching.

Impembelelo yeqondo lobushushu: Ukunyuka kweqondo lokushisa ngokubanzi kukhokelela ekunyukeni kwinqanaba le-cyanide - ukuphendula kwegolide. Oku kungenxa yokuba amaqondo obushushu aphezulu onyusa amandla e-kinetic eeathom ze-reactant, kuquka ii-ion ze-cyanide kunye nee-athom zegolide kumphezulu we-ore. Ngenxa yoko, ukuphindaphinda kongquzulwano phakathi kwe-reactants kwandisa, kwaye izinga lokuphendula liyakhawuleza. Umzekelo, kwi-laboratory-scale experimental, xa ubushushu besisombululo se-leaching buphakanyiswe ukusuka kwi-20 ° C ukuya kuma-40 ° C, izinga lokuchithwa kwegolide linokuphinda kabini okanye kathathu kwezinye iimeko. Nangona kunjalo, kukho imida ekunyuseni ubushushu. Njengoko iqondo lokushisa liphakama, ukunyibilika kweoksijini kwisisombululo kuncipha. Kuba ioksijini iyiarhente ebalulekileyo ye-oxidizing kwi-gold-cyanide reaction, ukuncipha kokunyibilika kweoksijini kunokunciphisa izinga lokuphendula. Kubushushu obuphezulu kakhulu, kufutshane ne-100 ° C, ukunyibilika kweoksijini kuba sezantsi kakhulu, kwaye inkqubo yokukhupha inokuba yioksijini - ilinganiselwe. Ukongeza, amaqondo obushushu aphezulu anokukhokelela ekonyukeni kwe-cyanide hydrolysis, njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, enciphisa i-cyanide ekhoyo kwi-leaching reaction yegolide. Ngaphaya koko, amaqondo obushushu anyusiweyo anokukhawulezisa ukubola kwezixhobo, okonyusa iindleko zokulondolozwa kunye nokunciphisa ixesha lokuphila kwesixhobo. Kuninzi lwemisebenzi yokwembiwa kwegolide, iqondo lobushushu le-leaching ligcinwa likwinqanaba eliphakathi, lidla ngokuba phakathi kwe-15°C kunye ne-30°C. Olu luhlu lweqondo lokushisa lubonelela ngokulinganisela phakathi kwesantya sokuphendula, ukunyibilika kweoksijini, ukuzinza kwecyanide, kunye nokuqina kwezixhobo.

Isiphumo seXesha leLeaching: Ixesha le-leaching lihambelana ngokuthe ngqo kwisixa segolide esinokukhutshwa kwi-ore. Ngokuqhelekileyo, njengoko ixesha le-leaching likhula, igolide eninzi iya kuchithwa kwisisombululo se-cyanide. Nangona kunjalo, ubudlelwane phakathi kwexesha le-leaching kunye nokubuyiswa kwegolide akukho mgca. Ekuqaleni, izinga lokuchithwa kwegolide liphezulu, kwaye ixabiso elibalulekileyo legolide linokukhutshwa ngexesha elifutshane. Kodwa njengoko inkqubo yokushishina iqhubeka, izinga lokunyibilika kwegolide liyehla ngokuthe ngcembe. Oku kungenxa yokuba awona masuntswana egolide afikelelekayo anyibilika kuqala, kwaye njengoko ixesha lihamba, igolide eseleyo iba nzima ukufikelela kuyo ngenxa yezinto ezinjengokwenziwa kweemveliso zokusabela kumphezulu wentsimbi onokuthi usebenze njengomqobo. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-leaved-leaving operation, inxalenye enkulu yegolide inokuchithwa kwiiyure zokuqala ezingama-24 - 48. Emva koko, ukunyusa ixesha le-leaching kunokubangela ukunyuka okuncinci ekubuyiseleni igolide. Ukolula ixesha le-leaching kakhulu kunokungabinamali njengoko kwandisa iindleko zokusebenza, kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, ukusetyenziswa kwe-reagent, kunye neendleko zabasebenzi. Kwangaxeshanye, kunokukhokelela ekuchithweni kokungcola okuninzi, okunokuthi kube nzima ukulandela igolide - inkqubo yokubuyisela.

Ukwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso, kufuneka kubekho ulungelelwaniso phakathi kobushushu kunye nexesha le-leaching. Oku kudla ngokufuna ukwenziwa kwelabhoratri - iimvavanyo zesikali kwisampulu ethile yeore ukumisela indibaniselwano eyiyeyona ilungileyo yezi parameters zimbini. Ngokomzekelo, kuhlobo oluthile lwe-ore, kunokufunyaniswa ukuba ukushisa kwe-leaching ye-25 ° C kunye nexesha le-leaching leeyure ze-36 kubangela ukubuyiswa kwegolide ephezulu ngexabiso eliphantsi.

Iingqwalasela zoKhuseleko nokusiNgqongileyo

Ubuthi beCyanide: UkuPhathwa kunye nokuGcinwa kokuGcina

I-Cyanide, ekwimo yesodium cyanide esetyenziswa kwigolide, yinto eyityhefu kakhulu. Kwanexabiso elincinci linokuba yingozi ebantwini nakwezinye izinto eziphilayo. Xa i-sodium cyanide idibana neeasidi, inokukhupha igesi yehydrogen cyanide, eguquguqukayo kakhulu kwaye ifunxwe ngokukhawuleza ngumzimba ngokuphefumla. Ukuginya okanye ukudibana kwesikhumba nesodium cyanide nako kunokukhokelela kwityhefu eqatha. Ubuthi be-cyanide bubangelwa kukukwazi ukubopha kwi-cytochrome oxidase kwiiseli, ukuphazamisa inkqubo yesiqhelo yokuphefumla kweselula kwaye kubangela ukuba iiseli zingakwazi ukusebenzisa i-oksijini, okukhokelela ekufeni ngokukhawuleza kweeseli.

Ngenxa yobutyhefu bayo obugqithisileyo, imiqathango yokuphatha engqongqo kunye nokugcinwa kwayo ibalulekile. Abasebenzi ababandakanyekayo ekusebenziseni i-sodium cyanide kufuneka bafumane uqeqesho olubanzi lokhuseleko ngaphambi kokuphatha le khemikhali. Izixhobo zokukhusela zomntu, kubandakanywa iiglavu ezenziwe ngezinto ezifanelekileyo ezifana ne-nitrile ukukhusela ukudibanisa kwesikhumba, izibuko zokukhusela ukukhusela amehlo, kunye nezixhobo zokukhusela ukuphefumla njengegesi - iimaski ezinezihluzo ezifanelekileyo ze-hydrogen cyanide, kufuneka zinxitywe ngamaxesha onke ngexesha lokuphatha.

Amaziko ogcino lwesodium cyanide kufuneka abekwe kwindawo engena umoya, ekwanti, kude nemithombo yobushushu, into evuthayo kunye nezinto ezingahambelaniyo. Indawo yokugcina kufuneka iphawulwe ngokucacileyo ngeempawu ezilumkisayo ezibonisa ubukho bento eyityhefu kakhulu. I-sodium cyanide kufuneka igcinwe kwizikhongozeli ezitywinwe ngokuqinileyo ezenziwe ngezinto ezixhathisa ukubola nge-cyanide, njengeentlobo ezithile zeeplastiki okanye insimbi engenasici. Ezi zikhongozeli kufuneka zigcinwe kwisixokelelwano sesibini, esifana netreyi yobungqina bokuchitheka okanye ikhabhathi yokugcina eyilelwe ukuthintela ukusasazeka kwako nakuphi na ukuchitheka okunokwenzeka. Ukuhlolwa rhoqo kwendawo yokugcina kunye nezikhongozeli kuyafuneka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba akukho kuvuza okanye iimpawu zokonakala.

Ngexesha lokuthutha, i-sodium cyanide kufuneka ihanjiswe ngokuhambelana nemigaqo engqongqo. Izithuthi ezikhethekileyo zothutho ezixhotyiswe ngeempawu zokhuseleko ukuthintela ukuchitheka kwaye ziphawulwe ngokucacileyo njengokuthutha izinto eziyingozi ezifunekayo. Inkqubo yezothutho kufuneka ibekwe iliso elibukhali, kwaye izicwangciso zokusabela kwingxakeko kufuneka zibekho kwimeko yengozi.

Impembelelo yokusingqongileyo kunye noLawulo lweNkunkuma

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide kwi-leaching yegolide kunokuba neempembelelo ezibalulekileyo zokusingqongileyo, ngokukodwa ngenxa yokukhululwa kwe-cyanide - equlethe inkunkuma. Eyona mveliso iphathelene nenkunkuma yi-cyanide-amanzi amdaka atyebileyo aveliswa ngexesha lenkqubo yokucoca. Ukuba la manzi amdaka akacocwanga kakuhle aze akhutshelwe kokusingqongileyo, anokuba neziphumo ezibi kakhulu kwi-ikhosistim yasemanzini.

I-cyanide inetyhefu kakhulu kwizinto eziphila emanzini. Nakwiqondo eliphantsi, inokubulala iintlanzi, izilwanyana ezingenamqolo, kunye nobunye ubomi basemanzini. Ngokomzekelo, i-concentration ye-cyanide ephantsi kwe-0.05 mg / L emanzini ingaba yingozi kwiintlobo ezininzi zeentlanzi. Ubukho be-cyanide emanzini bunokuphazamisa ikhonkco lokutya kwi-ikhosistim yasemanzini, njengoko inokubulala abona bavelisi bokuqala kunye nabathengi, okukhokelela kuthotho lweziphumo ezibi kwizinto eziphilayo ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu. Ukongeza, ukuba amanzi angcolileyo asetyenziselwa ukunkcenkceshela, unokuchaphazela umgangatho womhlaba kwaye wonakalise izityalo.

Ukunciphisa ezi mpembelelo zokusingqongileyo, ulawulo olululo lwenkunkuma ye-cyanide - enamanzi amdaka lubalulekile. Kukho iindlela ezininzi eziqhelekileyo zokunyanga la manzi amdaka:

Iindlela ze-Oxidation: I-Chemical oxidation yindlela esetyenziswa ngokubanzi. Enye yezona oxidants zixhaphakileyo yiklorine-based compounds, ezifana nesodium hypochlorite (bleach) okanye igesi yechlorine. Kubukho bendawo yealkaline, ezi oxidants zinokusabela ngecyanide ukuyiguqula ibe ziikhompawundi ezinetyhefu encinci. Ngokomzekelo, ukusabela kunye ne-sodium hypochlorite kwisisombululo se-alkaline kunokuguqula i-cyanide (CN⁻) kuqala kwi-cyanate (CNO⁻) kwaye emva koko i-carbon dioxide (CO₂) kunye ne-nitrogen (N₂) igesi ngokusebenzisa uluhlu lweempendulo. Ukusabela ngokubanzi kunokubonakaliswa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

2CN⁻+5OCl⁻ + H₂O→2HCO₃⁻+N₂ + 5Cl⁻

Enye indlela ye-oxidation kukusetyenziswa kwe-hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). I-hydrogen peroxide inokukhupha i-cyanide ibe yi-cyanate xa kukho i-catalyst. Le ndlela isoloko ikhethwa kwezinye iimeko njengoko ingazisi ungcoliseko olongezelelweyo njengeendlela ezisekelwe kwiklorin.

Ukungathathi hlangothi kunye neMvula: Kwezinye iimeko, i-cyanide - equlethe amanzi amdaka inokuthi iqulethe isinyithi esinzima - i-cyanide complexes. Ngokulungelelanisa i-pH yamanzi amdaka kunye nokongeza iikhemikhali ezifanelekileyo, ezi zinyithi ezinzima zinokukhutshwa. Umzekelo, ukongeza i-lime (CaO) kumanzi amdaka kunokunyusa i-pH kwaye kubangele imvula yeentsimbi ezinzima ezifana nobhedu, i-zinc, kunye nentsimbi njenge-hydroxides yazo. I-cyanide inokuphinda inyangwe ngeendlela ze-oxidation emva kokuba iintsimbi ezinzima zisusiwe.

Unyango lwebhayoloji: Ezinye ii-microorganisms zinamandla okunciphisa i-cyanide. Kwiinkqubo zonyango lwebhayoloji, ezifana ne-activated - sludge systems okanye i-biofilm reactors, ezi microorganisms zingasetyenziselwa ukuphula i-cyanide kwizinto ezinobungozi obungaphantsi. Nangona kunjalo, unyango lwebhayoloji lufaneleke ngakumbi kumanzi amdaka e-cyanide asezantsi ukuya-kumodareyitha, njengoko ugxininiso oluphezulu lwe-cyanide lunokuba yityhefu kwii-microorganisms. Iimicroorganisms zisebenzisa i-cyanide njengomthombo wenitrogen kunye nekhabhoni, ukuyiguqula ibe yi-ammonia, ikharbon diokside, kunye nezinye ezingenabungozi nge-imveliso ngeenkqubo zazo zemetabolism.

Ukongeza ekucoceni amanzi amdaka, kufuneka kwenziwe iinzame zokunciphisa isixa secyanide esisetyenziswa kwinkqubo yegolide - ukuvuthwa kunye nokuphinda kusetyenziswe i-cyanide - equlethe izisombululo nanini na kunokwenzeka. Oku kunokunceda ukunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo iyonke yemisebenzi yemigodi yegolide exhomekeke kwi-cyanide leaching.

I-Case Studies kunye neZenzo zoShishino

Amabali aMpumelelo: High-Efficiency Cyanide Leaching Operations

Iqela lemisebenzi yemigodi yegolide kwihlabathi jikelele izuze impumelelo ephawulekayo kwi-cyanide leaching, ukubeka imilinganiselo yoshishino malunga nokusebenza kakuhle, indleko-esebenzayo, kunye nokunyamekela kokusingqongileyo.

Omnye onjalo ngumgodi weYanacocha ePeru, omnye wemigodi yegolide enkulu-evelisa imigodi kwihlabathi jikelele. Umgodi uphumeze uthotho lwamanyathelo amatsha okwandisa inkqubo yawo yokutsalwa kwecyanide. Ngokuqhuba uphononongo olubanzi lweempawu zentsimbi ekrwada, iinjineli zomgodi ziye zakwazi ukuqonda ngokuchanekileyo iimpawu zentsimbi ekrwada. Oku kwabavumela ukuba balungelelanise ukugxininiswa kwe-cyanide kunye neemeko zokuvuza kwiimpawu ezithile ze-ore. Umzekelo, bafumanise ukuba kuhlobo oluthile lwentsimbi ekrwada enomthamo ophezulu we-sulfide, i-cyanide ephezulu kancinane yoxinaniso emalunga ne-0.08% - 0.1% yayifuneka ukubuyisela ukusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide ngezimbiwa zesulfide. Olu hlengahlengiso luchanekileyo lokugxilwa kwe-cyanide aluphuculanga kuphela izinga lokubuyisela igolide kodwa luphinde lwanciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide iyonke ngetoni nganye ye-ore.

Ngokumalunga nokukhuselwa kwendalo, umgodi we-Yanacocha wenze utyalo-mali olubalulekileyo kwiindawo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka. Baye bamkela inkqubo yonyango yezigaba ezininzi ezidibanisa i-chemical oxidation, i-neutralization, kunye nonyango lwe-biological ukususa ngokufanelekileyo i-cyanide kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolileyo kumanzi amdaka. Amanzi acociweyo aye aphinde asetyenziswe kwakhona ukuze asetyenziswe kwinkqubo yokucoca, ukunciphisa ukuthembela komgodi kwimithombo yamanzi amatsha kunye nokunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo.

Elinye ibali lempumelelo ngumgodi wePorgera ePapua New Guinea. Lo mgodi ugxile ekuphuculeni inkqubo eqhubekayo kunye nokuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe. Baphumeze inkqubo yolawulo oluzisebenzelayo karhulumente kumatanki abo avuzayo. Le nkqubo ngokuqhubekayo ibeka iliso kwaye ilungelelanise iiparameters ezifana nesantya sokuphazamiseka, izinga lokuhamba kwesisombululo se-cyanide, kunye nobushushu be-leaching slurry. Ngokugcina iimeko ezilungileyo ngamaxesha onke, lo mgodi uzuze izinga eliphezulu lokufunyanwa kwegolide elingaphezulu kwama-90% kweminye imisebenzi. Ukongeza, umgodi we-Porgera uye wabandakanyeka ngokusebenzayo kuphando kunye nophuhliso lokufumana ezinye ii-reagents ezinokunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo yenkqubo ye-cyanide leaching. Bebeqhuba amalingo ngeentlobo ezintsha zecyanide - simahla i-arhente evuzayos, nangona i-cyanide leaching iseyeyona ndlela iphambili ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo kakuhle kunye neendleko-ezisebenzayo.

Imingeni eJongene nayo kunye nezisombululo zamkelwe

Nangona isetyenziswa ngokubanzi, ukuvuza kwecyanide kwimigodi yegolide akukho mingeni. Imigodi ihlala idibana nemiba eyahlukeneyo enokuthi ibe nefuthe ekusebenzeni kakuhle, iindleko, kunye nokuzinza kwemekobume yenkqubo.

IiPropati zeOre eziyinkimbinkimbi

Iintsimbi ezininzi ezithwele igolide zinemixholo entsonkothileyo, enokuthi ibangele imiceli mngeni ebalulekileyo kwi-cyanide leaching. Umzekelo, iintsimbi ezikrwada eziqulethe amanqanaba aphezulu earsenic, njengalawo akwiidiphozithi ezithile entshona yeUnited States, kunokuba nzima kakhulu ukusetyenzwa. I-Arsenic-ethwele iiminerali, njenge-arsenopyrite, inokusabela nge-cyanide kunye ne-oksijini, idle inani elikhulu le-cyanide kunye nokunciphisa igolide-ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-leaching. Ukongezelela, ubukho be-arsenic kwi-leachate bunokwenza unyango lwamanzi amdaka lube nzima ngakumbi kwaye lube ngumngeni ngenxa yetyhefu ye-arsenic compounds.

Ukujongana nalo mba, eminye imigodi iye yasebenzisa iindlela zonyango lwangaphambili. Enye indlela eqhelekileyo kukurosa, apho intsimbi ekrwada ifudunyezwa kukho umoya. Ukutshisa i-oxidizes i-arsenic - iiminerali ezithwele, ziguqule zibe ziifom ezizinzileyo ezingenakukwazi ukuphazamisa inkqubo ye-cyanide - leaching. Emva kokugcadiswa, intsimbi ekrwada inokugxothwa njengesiqhelo secyanide. Enye indlela yonyango yangaphambili yi-bio-oxidation, esebenzisa i-microorganisms kwi-oxidize i-sulfide kunye ne-arsenic-ethwele iiminerali. Le ndlela ihambelana nokusingqongileyo kunokoja njengoko isebenza kumaqondo asezantsi obushushu kwaye ivelisa ungcoliseko lomoya oluncinci.

Ukwandiswa kweMimiselo yokuSingqongileyo

Njengoko ulwazi lokusingqongileyo lukhula, imisebenzi yemigodi yegolide ijongene nemithetho engqongqo malunga nokusetyenziswa kunye nokulahlwa kwe-cyanide. Kumazwe amaninzi, imida evumelekileyo yecyanide kumanzi amdaka kunye nokukhutshwa komoya iye yaqiniswa kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, eOstreliya, iziphathamandla zolawulo lwemekobume ziye zamisela imiqathango engqongqo ekuxinaniseni kwecyanide kumanzi amdaka aphuma kwimigodi yegolide. Imigodi iyafuneka ukuba ihlangabezane nale mida ukuthintela izohlwayo eziqatha kunye nokuvalwa okunokwenzeka.

Ukuthobela le mimiselo, imigodi ityala imali kubuchwephesha obuphezulu bokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka. Abanye basebenzisa iinkqubo ze-oxidation eziphambili, ezifana nokusetyenziswa kwe-ozone okanye ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet (UV) kudityaniswe ne-hydrogen peroxide, ukuze baphule ngokufanelekileyo i-cyanide emanzini amdaka. Ezi ndlela zinokufikelela kugxininiso olusezantsi kakhulu lwentsalela yecyanide kumanzi acociweyo. Ukongeza, imigodi ikwasebenzisa iindlela ezingcono zokulawula ukunqanda ukuchitheka nokuvuza kwecyanide. Oku kubandakanya ukuphuculwa koyilo kunye nokugcinwa kweendawo zokugcina, ukusebenzisa amachibi aphindwe kabini kwi-cyanide - equlethe izisombululo, kunye nokuphumeza iinkqubo zokubeka iliso zangempela-ixesha lokubona nayiphi na into evuzayo ngokukhawuleza.

Iindleko-ukusebenza kwiMarike yeGolide eguquguqukayo

Iindleko zokusebenza kwemigodi yegolide, kubandakanywa ukuchithwa kwe-cyanide, yinkxalabo enkulu, ngakumbi kwimarike yegolide eguquguqukayo. Ukuguquguquka kwexabiso legolide kunokuchaphazela kakhulu ingeniso yemigodi. I-Cyanide, njenge-reagent ephambili kwinkqubo yokucoca, inokuba negalelo elikhulu kwindleko yemveliso iyonke.

Ukujongana neendleko - ukusebenza kakuhle, imigodi ihlala ijonge iindlela zokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-reagent kunye nokunyusa ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo. Eminye imigodi isebenzisa ucazululo olukwinqanaba eliphezulu kunye neendlela eziqhutywa neenkcukacha zokuphucula inkqubo yokufundisa. Ngokuhlalutya umthamo omkhulu wedatha kwiipropathi ze-ore, iimeko ze-leaching, kunye namazinga okubuyisela igolide, banokuchonga iiparamitha ezifanelekileyo zokusebenza kwibhetshi nganye ye-ore. Oku kubavumela ukuba banciphise inani le-cyanide elisetyenzisiweyo ngaphandle kokubingelela ukubuyiswa kwegolide. Umzekelo, eminye imigodi isebenzise umatshini-ukufunda algorithms onokuqikelela eyona nto ilungileyo yoxinaniso lwecyanide kunye nexesha le-leaching ngokusekwe kubume bemichiza yentsimbi kunye nokusabalalisa ubungakanani bamasuntswana. Ukongeza, imigodi ikwaphonononga ukusetyenziswa kweendlela ezizezinye, ezixabisa kakhulu - ii-reagents ezisebenzayo okanye izongezo ezinokuphucula inkqubo yokucoca kunye nokunciphisa ukuthembela kwicyanide.

IiNdlela zekamva kwiCyanide Leaching Technology

Izinto ezintsha zobuGcisa eziNjongo ekuPhuculeni ukuSebenza nokuNcitshiswa kweMingcipheko

Ikamva letekhnoloji ye-cyanide leaching inesithembiso esikhulu ngezinto ezininzi ezintsha zetekhnoloji elundini. Omnye wemimandla ephambili ekugxilwe kuyo kuphuhliso lwezixhobo eziphucukileyo nezisebenzayo. Umzekelo, abaphandi basebenzela ukuyila iitanki zokuvuza ezitsha ezineenkqubo eziphuculweyo zokuphazamiseka. Ezi nkqubo zijolise ekuphuculeni ukuxutywa kwe-ore slurry kunye nesisombululo se-cyanide, ukuqinisekisa ukusabalalisa okufanayo kwe-reactants. Uphuhliso lwakutsha nje kusetyenziso lwe-computational fluid dynamics (CFD) ukongeza uyilo lwezipheseli eziphazamisayo kwiitanki ezivuzayo. Ngokufanisa iipatheni zokuhamba kwe-slurry kunye nesisombululo, iinjineli zinokwenza i-impellers ezibonelela ngokuxutywa okungcono, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo yokucoca.

Enye inkalo yenguqulelo kuphuhliso lweenkqubo zokufundisa eziqhubekayo. Ibhetshi yesiNtu-uhlobo lweenkqubo zokufundisa zihlala zinengxaki yokungasebenzi kakuhle ngenxa yesidingo sokuqalisa rhoqo - phezulu kunye nokuvala - imisebenzi. Iinkqubo eziqhubekayo ze-leaching, kwelinye icala, zinokusebenza ngokuqhubekayo, ukunciphisa ixesha lokunciphisa kunye nokwandisa imveliso. Ezinye iinkampani zemigodi sele ziphonononga ukusetyenziswa kwee-continuous stirred - tank reactors (CSTRs) kwi-cyanide leaching. Ezi zixhobo zombane zinokugcina ukusebenza ngokuzinzile, oko kuvumeleke ukuba kubekho inkqubo engaguqukiyo nesebenzayo yokukhutshwa kwamanzi. Ukongeza, iinkqubo zokutyhutyha rhoqo zinokudityaniswa lula kunye nezinye iiyunithi kwinkqubo yokomba igolide, efana nokusila intsimbi ekrwada kunye nokubuyiswa kwegolide, nto leyo ekhokelela ekusebenzeni ngendlela elungelelanisiweyo nenempumelelo ngokubanzi.

Ngokumalunga nokunciphisa imingcipheko yokusingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko, ubugcisa obutsha buphuhliswa ukulawula ngcono icyanide - equlethe inkunkuma. Umzekelo, kukho umdla okhulayo ekuphuhliseni i-membrane - itekhnoloji yokwahlula esekwe kunyango lwe-cyanide - amanzi amdaka atyebileyo. Ukuhluzwa kwe-Membrane kunokususa ngokufanelekileyo i-cyanide kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolileyo kumanzi amdaka, ukuvelisa umlambo wamanzi ococekileyo onokuthi uhlaziywe kwakhona kwinkqubo yokukhupha. Oku akunciphisi kuphela impembelelo yokusingqongileyo yomsebenzi wokwemba kodwa konga ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi. Ezinye iinkqubo ze-membrane ezisekelwe kwi-membrane ziyilelwe ukuba zihambe, zivumela kwi-site unyango lwe-cyanide - equlethe inkunkuma, eluncedo kakhulu kwimisebenzi yemigodi ekude.

Ukukhangela ezizezinye ii-Arhente zokuLeaching

Ukukhangela ezinye ii-agent zokuvuza ezithatha indawo ye-sodium cyanide ibe yindawo esebenzayo yophando kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Amandla okuqhuba aphambili emva kolu phando yimfuneko yokunciphisa imingcipheko yokusingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko ehambelana nokusetyenziswa kwecyanide kunye nokufumana iindlela zokufundisa ezisebenza kakuhle nezinexabiso eliphezulu.

Enye yezona zinto zithembisayo ezizezinye ii-leaching agents yithiosulfate. I-Thiosulfate yi-reagent engekho tyhefu enokuthi inyibilikise igolide phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Indlela yokukhupha i-thiosulfate ibandakanya ukubunjwa kwe-complex phakathi kwegolide kunye ne-thiosulfate ion phambi kwe-agent oxidizing. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-cyanide, i-thiosulfate ineenzuzo ezininzi. Incinci kakhulu inetyhefu, enciphisa ukhuseleko kunye nemingcipheko yokusingqongileyo ehambelana nokusetyenziswa kwayo. Ukongeza, i-thiosulfate leaching ayinabungozi kangako kubukho bokungcola okuthile kwintsimbi ekrwada, efana nobhedu kunye nentsimbi, enokuphazamisa inkqubo ye-cyanide-leaching. Nangona kunjalo, i-thiosulfate leaching nayo inemingeni ethile. Inkqubo ye-leaching ihlala iyinkimbinkimbi kwaye idinga ukulawulwa ngononophelo kwe-pH, ubushushu, kunye nokuxinana kwee-reagents. Iindleko ze-thiosulfate nazo ziphezulu kakhulu, nto leyo enokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngokubanzi kwimisebenzi yemigodi emikhulu.

Enye indlela kukusetyenziswa kwe-halide-based leaching agents, ezifana ne-bromide kunye ne-chloride. Ezi arhente zinokunyibilikisa igolide nge-oxidation kunye neempendulo ezintsonkothileyo. I-Bromide-based leaching, umzekelo, ibonise igolide ephezulu - amazinga okutshatyalaliswa kwezinye izifundo. Nangona kunjalo, i-halide-based leaching agents nazo zinemiqobo yazo. Ziyakwazi ukugqwala kwizixhobo, oko kwandisa iindleko zokugcina. Ukongeza, ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma evela kwi-halide-based leaching systems ingaba ngumngeni ngenxa yempembelelo yendalo enokubakho ye-halide - equlethe inkunkuma.

Ii-arhente zebhayoloji leaching nazo ziyajongwa. Ezinye ii-microorganisms, ezifana neebhaktheriya ezithile kunye nomngundo, zinamandla okuvelisa i-asidi ephilayo okanye ezinye izinto ezinokunyibilikisa igolide. I-Biological leaching lukhetho oluhambelana nokusingqongileyo njengoko lungabandakanyi ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali eziyityhefu. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo iyacotha noko, kwaye iimeko zokukhula kwee-microorganisms kufuneka zilawulwe ngononophelo. Uphando luyaqhuba ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwebhayoloji leaching kunye nokuyenza ibe yindlela enokusebenziseka kwimisebenzi yokwembiwa kwegolide.

isiphelo

Ukubuyiswa kwakhona koBaluko kunye neeNgxaki zeCyanide Leaching kwiMigodi yeGolide

I-cyanide leaching ibe, kwaye isaqhuba, ibaluleke kakhulu kwishishini lemigodi yegolide. Ukukwazi kwayo ukukhupha igolide kwizikrweqe ezikwinqanaba elisezantsi kwenze ukuba imisebenzi yokwembiwa kwegolide isebenze ngakumbi ngokwezoqoqosho kumlinganiselo omkhulu. Iimpawu ezizodwa zeekhemikhali ze-sodium cyanide, ezifana nokukhethwa kwayo okuphezulu kwegolide, ukunyibilika emanzini, indleko-ukusebenza, kunye nokuzinza kwizisombululo ze-alkaline, yenze ukuba ibe yi-reagent yokukhetha ukukhutshwa kwegolide ngaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka.

Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo ikude nelula. Ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-cyanide leaching kuphenjelelwa zizinto ezininzi. Iimpawu zentsimbi ekrwada, kubandakanywa nodidi lwentsimbi ekrwada (i-sulfide okanye i-oxidized), ubukho bobumdaka obufana neeminerali zesulfide, kunye nobungakanani besuntswana legolide ngaphakathi kwentsimbi ekrwada, bunokuba nefuthe kakhulu kwinkqubo yokukhutshwa kwamanzi. Ukuxinwa kwe-cyanide kwisisombululo se-leaching, ixabiso le-pH yesisombululo, iqondo lobushushu apho i-leaching iyenzeka, kunye nexesha lokucoca zonke kufuneka ziphuculwe ngononophelo ukufikelela kumazinga aphezulu okubuyisela igolide ngelixa kuncitshiswa ukusetyenziswa kwe-reagent kunye nefuthe lokusingqongileyo.

Ngaphezu koko, ubutyhefu be-cyanide bubeka imingeni ebalulekileyo yokhuseleko kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ukuphathwa okungqongqo kunye nezilumkiso zogcino zibalulekile ukukhusela abasebenzi kwiziphumo ezibulalayo zecyanide, kwaye ulawulo olululo lwenkunkuma lubalulekile ukuthintela ukukhutshwa kwe-cyanide - equlathe inkunkuma kokusingqongileyo, enokuba neziphumo ezibi kwi-ikhosistim yasemanzini kunye nempilo yabantu.

Ukubizelwa kwiSebe leZenzo zokuGcinwa kweGolide eziZinzileyo neziKhuselekileyo

Njengoko ishishini lemigodi yegolide liqhubela phambili, kunyanzelekile ukuba iinkampani zemigodi zibeke phambili iinkqubo ezizinzileyo nezikhuselekileyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ayipheleli nje ekuphuculeni inkqubo yokukhutshwa kwecyanide ukuze isebenze ngokugqibeleleyo kodwa notyalo-mali kuphando nakuphuhliso lokufumana ezinye ii-arhente zokuchwetheza ezinokunciphisa imingcipheko yokusingqongileyo nokhuseleko enxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwecyanide.

Ngexesha elifutshane, iinkampani zemigodi kufuneka zigxile ekuphumezeni eyona nkqubo yolawulo lwendalo esingqongileyo. Oku kuquka ukuphuculwa kweendawo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-cyanide - equlathe inkunkuma iphathwa ngokufanelekileyo phambi kokulahlwa. Iinkqubo zokubeka iliso ngexesha lokwenyani kufuneka zifakelwe ukubona nakuphi na ukuvuza okanye ukuchitheka kwecyanide enokubakho ngoko nangoko, nto leyo evumela ukusabela okukhawulezileyo kunye nokunciphisa. Abasebenzi kufuneka banikwe uqeqesho olubanzi lokhuseleko kunye nokufikelela kwizixhobo zamva nje zokuzikhusela.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, eli shishini kufuneka lisebenzisane namaziko ophando kunye neeyunivesithi ukukhawulezisa uphuhliso lolunye ubugcisa bokufundisa. Uphando oluthembisayo malunga ne-thiosulfate, i-halide-based, kunye ne-biological leaching agents kufuneka ziphononongwe ngakumbi kwaye zicocwe. Ukongeza, ukuqaliswa kwezinto ezintsha eziqhubekayo kwizixhobo kunye neenkqubo zemigodi, ezifana nophuhliso lwamatanki okuhlamba asebenzayo kunye neenkqubo eziqhubekayo zokugaya, kunokuba negalelo ekuphuculeni ukuzinza ngokubanzi kwemisebenzi yemigodi yegolide.

Abathengi nabo banendima abayidlalayo. Ngokufuna igolide efunyenwe ngokuthembekileyo, banokuphembelela imarike kwaye bakhuthaze iinkampani zemigodi ukuba zamkele izenzo ezizinzileyo nezikhuselekileyo. Ngale nzame zihlangeneyo, ishishini lemigodi yegolide lingaqhubeleka liqhuba kakuhle ngelixa licutha indawo yalo yokusingqongileyo kwaye liqinisekisa ukhuseleko nempilo-ntle yabo bonke abachaphazelekayo ababandakanyekayo.