Inkqubo yeCyanidation kwiGold Ore Processing

intshayelelo

The inkqubo ye-cyanidation in ukulungiswa kwentsimbi yegolide ibambe indima ebalulekileyo nephantse ingabinakuphinda ithathelwe indawo kushishino lwehlabathi lokumba igolide. Igolide, enexabiso layo elide njengentsimbi exabisekileyo, ibifunwa ngabantu kangangamawaka eminyaka. Ukusuka ekubeni luphawu lobutyebi kunye namandla kwimpucuko yakudala ukuya kwizicelo zayo zanamhlanje kubucwebe, i-elektroniki, kunye notyalo-mali, imfuno yegolide ihlala iphezulu.

Inkqubo ye-cyanidation iye yaba lilitye lembombo lokutsalwa kwegolide ngaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka. Ukubaluleka kwayo kusekukwazini kwayo ukukhupha igolide ngokufanelekileyo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zeentlobo ze-ore. Ngaphambi kokuphuhliswa kwenkqubo ye-cyanidation, iindlela zokutsalwa kwegolide zazihlala zisebenza kakhulu, zingasebenzi kakuhle, kwaye zonakaliswa ngakumbi kwendalo. Ngokomzekelo, ukudibanisa, indlela yangaphambili yokumbiwa kwegolide, kwakubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwemekyuri ukuze idityaniswe ngamasuntswana egolide. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela yayinemiqobo ebalulekileyo, kubandakanywa ubutyhefu obuphezulu bemekyuri kunye namazinga aphantsi okubuyisela ezinye iintlobo ze-ore.

Ngokuchaseneyo, inkqubo yecyanidation iguqule ishishini lemigodi yegolide. Ngokusebenzisa izisombululo zecyanide, inokunyibilikisa amasuntswana egolide, kwanalawo asasazwe ngokucokisekileyo ngaphakathi kwentsimbi ekrwada, enomgangatho ophezulu wokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo. Oku kuvumela iinkampani zemigodi ukuba zikhuphe igolide kwintsimbi ekrwada ebekade ithathwa njengengenaqoqosho ukusetyenzwa ngayo. Enyanisweni, umlinganiselo omkhulu wemveliso yegolide yehlabathi namhlanje, eqikelelwa ngaphezulu kwe 80%, ixhomekeke kwinkqubo yecyanidation ngohlobo oluthile. Nokuba yimigodi yemigodi emikhulu eMzantsi Afrika, e-United States, okanye imigodi engaphantsi komhlaba e-Australia nase-China, inkqubo ye-cyanidation iyindlela yokumba igolide. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngokubanzi-bubungqina bokusebenza kwayo kunye nempumelelo yezoqoqosho kwilizwe elintsonkothileyo nelikhuphisanayo lemigodi yegolide.

Yintoni iNkqubo yeCyanidation

Inkqubo ye-cyanidation, kumbindi wayo, yindlela yokutsalwa kweekhemikhali eyenza i-capital properties kwiimpawu zekhemikhali ezikhethekileyo ze-cyanide ion. Kumxholo wokusetyenzwa kwegolide, eyona nto iphambili kuyoCIPi-le igxile kwi-complexation reaction phakathi kwe-cyanide ion (CN^- ) kunye negolide yasimahla.

Igolide kwindalo ihlala ikhona kwindawo ekhululekileyo, nangona ifakwe ngaphakathi kwezinye iiminerali. Nje ukuba iiminerali ezigqunyiweyo zaphulwe zavuleka, igolide ityhilwa njengegolide esisiseko. Iiyoni zecyanide zinobudlelwane obuqinileyo negolide. Xa i-ore ephethe igolide ibonakaliswe kwi-cyanide - equlethe isisombululo, i-cyanide ion zenza i-complex ezinzileyo kunye ne-athomu zegolide. Ukusabela kweekhemikhali kunokumelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

4Au + 8NaCN+O_2 + 2H_2O = 4Na[Au(CN)_2]+4NaOH. Kule mpendulo, phantsi kwesenzo se-oxygen, ii-athomu zegolide zidibanisa kunye ne-cyanide ions ukwenza igolide e-soluble - i-cyanide complex, i-sodium dicyanoaurate (Na[Au (CN)_2]). Olu tshintsho luvumela ukuba igolide, eyayisekuqaleni kwintsimbi ekrwada eyomeleleyo, inyibilike ibe sisicombululo, isahlule kwamanye amacandelo angeyogolide entsimbi ekrwada.

Ukuthetha ngokuthe ngqo, inkqubo ye-cyanidation ayiweli kumda wemveli wokusetyenzwa kwezimbiwa kodwa ihlelwa njenge-hydrometallurgy. Ukusetyenzwa kwezimbiwa ngokuqhelekileyo kubandakanya iindlela zokwahlula ngokwasemzimbeni ezinjengokutyumza, ukucola, ukuphaphatheka, kunye nokwahlulwa komxhuzulane ukwahlula iiminerali ezixabisekileyo kwiiminerali ze-ganggue. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, i-hydrometallurgy isebenzisa ii-chemical reactions ukukhupha isinyithi kwi-ores yazo kwisisombululo esimanzi. Inkqubo ye-cyanidation, kunye nokuxhomekeka kwayo kwi-chemical reactions ukunyibilikisa igolide kwi-cyanide - equlethe isisombululo, ngokucacileyo iyinxalenye yendawo ye-hydrometallurgy. Olu lwahlulo lubalulekile njengoko luhlula inkqubo ye-cyanidation kwezinye ngakumbi ngokwasemzimbeni - usekwe kwintsimbi ekrwada - ubuchule bokucubungula kwaye iqaqambisa imichiza yayo - ukusabela - indalo eqhutywayo ekutsalweni kwegolide.

Iintlobo zeeNkqubo zeCyanidation: i-CIP kunye ne-CIL

Kwinkalo yeenkqubo ze-cyanidation zokukhutshwa kwegolide, iindlela ezimbini eziphambili zibalaseleyo: inkqubo yeCarbon - in - Pulp (CIP) kunye neCarbon - in - Leach (CIL) inkqubo.

Inkqubo ye-CIP ibonakaliswe ngumsebenzi olandelelanayo. Okokuqala, igolide-ethwele i-pulp ye-ore ingena kwinqanaba lokutsalwa. Kule nqanaba, i-ore ixutywe kunye ne-cyanide - enesisombululo. Ngaphantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo zokufumaneka kwe-oksijini, i-pH, kunye nobushushu, igolide kwi-ore yenza i-soluble complex kunye ne-cyanide ion, njengoko kuchazwe kwi-cyanidation reaction esisiseko. Emva kokuba inkqubo yokucoca igqityiwe, i-carbon esebenzayo ifakwe kwi-pulp. Ikhabhoni esebenzayo ke ibhengeza igolide - icyanide complex ukusuka kwisisombululo. Olu lwahlulo lwamanyathelo e-leaching kunye ne-adsorption luvumela inkqubo elawulwayo kunye neyongezelelweyo kwezinye iimeko. Ngokomzekelo, kwimigodi apho i-ore inokwakheka okuzinzile kunye neemeko zokuhlamba zingagcinwa ngokuchanekileyo, inkqubo ye-CIP inokufikelela kumazinga aphezulu okubuyisela igolide.

Kwelinye icala, inkqubo ye-CIL imele indlela edibeneyo. Kwinkqubo ye-CIL, ukukhutshwa kwegolide kwi-ore kunye nokufakwa kwegolide - i-cyanide complex yi-activated carbon kwenzeka ngaxeshanye. Oku kuphunyezwa ngokongeza i-carbon esebenzayo ngokuthe ngqo kwiitanki ezikhuphayo. Inzuzo yenkqubo ye-CIL ilele ekusebenziseni kwayo ngokufanelekileyo izixhobo kunye nexesha. Ekubeni i-leaching kunye ne-adsorption idibene, akukho mfuneko yezixhobo ezongezelelweyo okanye ixesha lokudlulisa i-pulp phakathi kwezigaba ze-leaching kunye ne-adsorption. Oku kunciphisa unyawo lulonke lweplanti yokulungiswa kwaye kunokukhokelela ekongiweni kweendleko ngokotyalo-mali olukhulu kunye neendleko zokusebenza. Umzekelo, kwimisebenzi yemigodi emikhulu apho i-throughput ingumba obalulekileyo, inkqubo ye-CIL inokusingatha umthamo omkhulu wentsimbi ekrwada ngexesha elifutshane, yandisa impumelelo yemveliso.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, inkqubo ye-CIL iye yamkelwa ngokwandayo zizityalo ze-cyanidation kwihlabathi jikelele. Ukukwazi kwayo ukusebenzisa ngokukuko ngakumbi izixhobo zokuvelisa inika umphetho phezu kwenkqubo yeCIP kwiimeko ezininzi. Ubume obuqhubekayo benkqubo ye-CIL bukhokelela ekusebenzeni okuzinzile, kunye nokuhluka okuncinci kumgangatho wemveliso yokugqibela. Ukongezelela, inani elincitshisiweyo lamanyathelo enkqubo kwi-CIL lithetha ukuba kukho amathuba ambalwa eempazamo okanye ilahleko ngexesha lokudluliselwa kwezinto phakathi kwezigaba ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo. Nangona kunjalo, ukhetho phakathi kwe-CIP kunye ne-CIL alusoloko luthe ngqo. Kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ezifana nobume bentsimbi ekrwada, ubungakanani bokusebenza kwemigodi, inkunzi ekhoyo yotyalo-mali, kunye neemfuneko zendalo ezingqongileyo kunye nolawulo. Eminye imigodi isenokukhetha inkqubo ye-CIP ngenxa yemeko yayo engcono - eqondwayo necandekileyo, enokuba lula ukuyilawula kwiimeko ezithile.

IiMfuno eziphambili kwiNkqubo yeCyanidation

Ukucoca Ukulunga

Ukucolwa kokucoleka kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kumsebenzi wecyanidation. Kuba ukusebenza kwe-cyanidation kuxhomekeke kwisakhono sokutyhila igolide egqunyiweyo, ukugaya ngobuchule kubalulekile. Kwizityalo ze-carbon-in-pulp (CIP) eziqhelekileyo, iimfuno zokucolwa kokusila ukuze intsimbi ekrwada ingene kumsebenzi we-cyanidation zingqongqo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, umlinganiselo weengqungquthela ezinobungakanani be-0.074mm kufuneka ufikelele kwi-80 - 95%. Kweminye imigodi apho igolide isasazwa khona nge-浸染 - njengepatheni, ukucolwa kokucolwa kufunwa ngakumbi, kunye nomlinganiselo we-0.037mm amasuntswana afunekayo ukuba abe ngaphezulu kwe-95%.

Ukufezekisa ukugaya okucokisekileyo, umsebenzi wokusila wenqanaba elinye uhlala ungonelanga. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ezimbini - isigaba okanye ezintathu - isigaba sokusila siyimfuneko. Umzekelo, kumgodi omkhulu wegolide eNtshona Ostreliya, intsimbi ekrwada ingena kwinkqubo yokusila enezigaba ezibini. Inqanaba lokuqala lisebenzisa ilitye lokusila elikhulu - umthamo webhola ukunciphisa ubungakanani besuntswana ukuya kumlinganiselo othile, kwaye ke imveliso iphinda igalelwe kwinqanaba lesibini lokusila. Le nkqubo yokusila yamanqanaba amaninzi inokunciphisa ngokuthe ngcembe ubungakanani bamasuntswana entsimbi ekrwada, iqinisekise ukuba amasuntswana egolide atyhileke ngokupheleleyo kwaye anokusabela ngokufanelekileyo ngesisombululo secyanide ngexesha lenkqubo yecyanidation. Ukuba i-fineness yokusila ayihlangabezwanga, amasuntswana egolide asenokungavezwa ngokupheleleyo, okukhokelela ekunyibilikeni okungaphelelanga ngexesha le-cyanidation kunye nokuncipha okubonakalayo kwireyithi yokubuyisela igolide.

Ukuthintela iCyanide Hydrolysis

Iikhompawundi ze-cyanide ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwinkqubo ye-cyanidation, njenge-potassium cyanide (KCN), Isodium cyanide (NaCN), kunye ne-calcium cyanide (Ca (CN)_2 ), zonke iityuwa zeziseko ezinamandla kunye ne-acids ebuthakathaka. Kwisisombululo esinamanzi, bavame ukusabela kwi-hydrolysis. Ukusabela kwehydrolysis ye Isodium cyanide inokumelwa yinxaki:

NaCN + H_2O\rightleftharpions HCN+NaOH. Njengoko i-hydrogen cyanide (HCN) iguquguqukayo, le nkqubo ye-hydrolysis ikhokelela ekunciphiseni kwi-concentration ye-cyanide ion (CN ^-) kwi-pulp, eyonakalisa ukusabela kwe-cyanidation.

Ukujongana nalo mbandela, eyona ndlela isebenzayo kukunyusa i-concentration ye-hydroxide ions ( OH ^ -), elingana nokunyusa ixabiso le-pH yesisombululo. Kwizicelo zamashishini, i-lime (CaO ) yeyona nto isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kunye neendleko - isilungelelanisi se-pH esisebenzayo. Xa i-lime yongezwa kwisisombululo, iphendula ngamanzi ukwenza i-calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH)_2 ), edibanisa ukukhulula i-ion hydroxide, ngaloo ndlela inyusa ixabiso le-pH. Ukusabela kwekalika emanzini kuku: , CaO + H_2O=Ca(OH)_2 & Ca(OH)_2\rightleftharpoons Ca^{2 + }+2OH^- .

Nangona kunjalo, xa usebenzisa ikalika ukulungisa ixabiso le-pH, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba i-lime nayo inefuthe le-flocculation. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-lime ihlakazeke ngokulinganayo kwaye inokudlala indima yayo ngokufanelekileyo, ngokuqhelekileyo yongezwa ngexesha lokusila. Kumgodi wegolide eMzantsi Afrika, i-lime yongezwa kwi-ball Mill ngexesha lenkqubo yokusila. Oku akuvumeli nje kuphela ukuba ikalika ixutywe ngokupheleleyo nodaka lweore kodwa ikwathatha ithuba lokuphazamiseka komatshini olomeleleyo kwindawo yokusila ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba ikalika isasazwe ngokulinganayo kudaka, ikhusela ngokufanelekileyo i-hydrolysis ye-cyanide kunye nokugcina ugxininiso oluzinzileyo lwee-ion ze-cyanide kwinkqubo elandelayo ye-cyanidation. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kwimisebenzi ye-carbon-in-pulp, ixabiso le-pH kuluhlu lwe-10 - 11 lifumaneka ukuvelisa iziphumo ezilungileyo.

Ukulawula Ukugxininiswa kwePulp

Ukuxinwa kwepulp kunempembelelo enkulu kuqhagamshelwano phakathi kwegolide kunye necyanide kunye naphakathi kwegolide - icyanide complex kunye nekhabhoni esebenzayo. Ukuba i-pulp concentration iphezulu kakhulu, amasuntswana anokuthi aqhube phezu kwekhabhoni esebenzayo, ethintela ukufakwa okusebenzayo kwegolide - i-cyanide complex yi-carbon activated. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuba i-pulp concentration iphantsi kakhulu, iinqununu zivame ukuhlala ngokulula, kunye nokugcina ixabiso elifanelekileyo le-pH kunye nokugxininiswa kwe-cyanide, inani elikhulu le-reagents kufuneka lifakwe, elinyusa iindleko zokuvelisa.

Ukutyhubela iminyaka yokuziqhelanisa nemveliso, kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba kwinkqubo yokutsalwa kwegolide ye-carbon-in-pulp, ipulp concentration ye-40 - 45% kunye ne-cyanide concentration ye-300 - 500 ppm ifaneleke ngakumbi. Umzekelo, kumzi-mveliso wegolide e-Nevada, e-USA, ukugcina ugxininiso lwepulp phakathi kolu luhlu luthe gqolo ukufikelela kumazinga aphezulu okubuyisela igolide. Nangona kunjalo, ukuqwalasela ukuba ugxininiso lokugqibela lwemveliso yesigaba sesibini ukuya kwesesithathu - umsebenzi wokusila ngokubanzi ungaphantsi kwe-20%, ngaphambi kokungena kwi-leaching operation, i-pulp kufuneka iqhube inkqubo yokuqina.

Ukusebenza kokuqina ngokuqhelekileyo kuqhutyelwa kwi-thickener. Umgaqo we-thickener kukusebenzisa i-sedimentation effect ukwahlula amasuntswana aqinileyo kulwelo olukwi-pulp, ngaloo ndlela ukwandisa ukuxinwa kwe-pulp. Kwimveliso yegolide yanamhlanje, i-high-effective thickeners isoloko isetyenziswa. Ezi zingqimba zixhotyiswe ngeenkqubo zokulawula i-flocculation kunye nentlenga, ezinokunyusa ngokukhawuleza nangempumelelo i-pulp concentration ukuya kwinqanaba elifunekayo ukwenzela umsebenzi olandelayo we-cyanidation leaching, iqinisekisa inkqubela phambili egudileyo yenkqubo ye-cyanidation kunye nokukhutshwa okuphezulu kwegolide.

ICyanidation Leaching Mechanism

I-Aeration kunye ne-Oxidant

Inkqubo ye-cyanidation yinkqubo ye-aerobic, kwaye oku kunokubonakaliswa ngokucacileyo nge-equation ye-chemical reaction. Ukusabela okuphambili kokuchithwa kwegolide kwinkqubo ye-cyanidation yi-4Au + 8NaCN + O_2 + 2H_2O = 4Na[Au(CN)_2] +4NaOH. Ukusuka kule nxaki, kuyabonakala ukuba ioksijini (O_2) idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphenduleni. Ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvelisa, ukwazisa i-oksijini kunokukhawulezisa ngokukhawuleza izinga le-leaching. Oku kungenxa yokuba ioksijini ithatha inxaxheba kwi-redox reaction, faCILukuthambisa i-oxidation yegolide kunye nokuntsonkotha kwayo okulandelayo kunye neeyoni zecyanide. Ngokomzekelo, kwizityalo ezininzi zegolide, umoya oxinyiweyo uvame ukufakwa kwi-cyanide - equlethe isisombululo. Ioksijini esemoyeni ibonelela ngemeko-bume ye-oxidizing eyimfuneko ukuze impendulo iqhubeke kakuhle.

Ukongeza kwi-aeration, ukongezwa okufanelekileyo kwee-oxidizing agents kunokuphucula inkqubo yokukhupha. I-hydrogen peroxide (H_2O_2) yinto eqhelekileyo esetyenziswa kwi-oxidizing kwinkqubo ye-cyanidation. Xa iperoxide yehidrojeni yongezwa, inokubonelela ngeentlobo ezongezelelweyo zeoksijini esebenzayo, ezinokuthi zikhuthaze ngakumbi i-oxidation yegolide kunye nokuchithwa kwegolide-ethwele izimbiwa. Ukusabela kwe-hydrogen peroxide ngegolide phambi kwe-cyanide kunokubonakaliswa ngokulinganisa: 2Au+4NaCN+H_2O_2 = 2Na[Au(CN)_2]+2NaOH. Oku kusabela kubonisa ukuba i-hydrogen peroxide inokuthatha indawo yendima ye-oksijini kwimpendulo ye-cyanidation, kwaye phantsi kweemeko ezithile, inokukhokelela kwisantya esikhawulezayo sokuvuza.

Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba inani eligqithisileyo le-oxidizing agents linokuba nemiphumo emibi. Xa isixa se-oxidizing agent siphezulu kakhulu, sinokubangela i-oxidation ye-cyanide ion. Umzekelo, i-hydrogen peroxide inokusabela kunye ne-cyanide ions ukwenza i-cyanate ion (CNO ^-). Ukusabela ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: CN^-+H_2O_2 = CNO^-+H_2O. Ukuqulunqwa kwe-cyanate ion kunciphisa ukuxinwa kwe-cyanide ions kwisisombululo, esiyimfuneko ekuxutyweni ngegolide. Ngenxa yoko, ukusebenza kakuhle kwegolide kunokuncitshiswa, kwaye inkqubo yemveliso iyonke inokuchaphazeleka kakubi. Ngoko ke, i-dosage ye-oxidizing agents kufuneka ilawulwe ngokucophelela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo ye-cyanidation.

Umthamo weReagent

Ngokwethiyori, ukusabela okuntsonkothileyo phakathi kwegolide kunye ne-cyanide kunobudlelwane obuthile be-stoichiometric. Ukususela kwi-equation yeekhemikhali 4Au + 8NaCN + O_2 + 2H_2O = 4Na[Au (CN)_2] +4NaOH, sinokubala ukuba i-mole mole yegolide (Au) idinga i-1 moles ye-cyanide ion (CN ^-) yokudibanisa. Ngokobunzima, malunga ne-2 gram yegolide idinga malunga ne-1 grams ye-cyanide njenge-reagent leaching. Olu balo lubonelela ngereferensi esisiseko yemali ye-reagents efunekayo kwinkqubo ye-cyanidation.

Nangona kunjalo, kwimveliso yokwenyani, imeko inzima kakhulu ngenxa yobukho bezinye izimbiwa kwigolide-ethwele intsimbi. Amaminerali afana nesilivere (Ag), ithusi (Cu), i-lead (Pb), kunye ne-zinc (Zn) nayo inokusabela kunye ne-cyanide ions. Ngokomzekelo, ubhedu lunokwenza iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zobhedu - i-cyanide complexes. Ukusabela kobhedu ngecyanide kunokubonakaliswa ngolu hlobo Cu^{2 + }+4CN^-=[Cu(CN)_4]^{2 - }. Ezi mpendulo zikhuphisanayo zisebenzisa isixa esikhulu se-cyanide, esonyusa idosi efunekayo.

Ngoko ke, ekusebenzeni okusebenzayo, ukumiselwa kwedosi ye-reagent ayinakusekelwe kuphela kwizibalo zethiyori. Endaweni yoko, kufuneka ilungelelaniswe ngokwereyithi yokugqibela yokuleaching. Xa iipropati ze-ore zitshintsha, ukulandelela okuqhubekayo kunye nokulungiswa kwedosi ye-reagent kuyimfuneko. Ngokubanzi, kuthathwa njengengqiqo ukuba idosi ye-cyanide yangempela ibe ngama-200 - amaxesha angama-500 aphezulu kunexabiso elibaliweyo. Olu luhlu lubanzi lokutenxa lubalela ukuguquguquka kokwakhiwa kwe-ore kunye nokusebenzisana okuntsonkothileyo phakathi kweeminerali ezahlukeneyo. Ngokubeka iliso elibukhali izinga le-leaching kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwedosi ye-reagent ngokufanelekileyo, inkqubo yokukhutshwa kwegolide inokufezekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kunye neenzuzo zoqoqosho.

Izigaba ezininzi zokuLeaching kunye nexesha leLeaching

Ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza kokusebenza okuqhubekayo kunye nokugcina ugxininiso oluzinzileyo lwe-ion cyanide kwisisombululo, i-multi-stage leaching leaching idla ngokusetyenziswa. Kwinqanaba le-multi-step leaching system, i-ore pulp idlula ngokulandelelanayo kwiitanki ezininzi zokuvuza. Itanki nganye inegalelo ekuchithweni okuqhubekayo kwegolide kunye nokugcinwa kwe-cyanide-ion concentration. Njengoko i-pulp isuka kwelinye itanki ukuya kwelinye, igolide-cyanide complex yenziwa ngokuthe ngcembe kwaye i-concentration ye-ioni ye-cyanide yamahhala iyahlengahlengiswa ukuqinisekisa ukuba impendulo iqhubeka kakuhle. Le ndlela yokwenziwa kwezigaba inceda ukuthintela nakuphi na ukuguquguquka kweemeko zokusabela kwaye ibonelela ngokusingqongileyo okuzinzile ngakumbi kwinkqubo ye-cyanidation. Umzekelo, kumhlaba omkhulu wegolide-emigodini eNtshona Ostreliya, kusetyenziswa inkqubo yemigangatho emihlanu. Inqanaba lokuqala liqalisa inkqubo yokukhutshwa kwamanzi, kwaye izigaba ezilandelayo ziphinda zikhuphe igolide kwaye kugcinwe ibhalansi ye-cyanide - ion, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimpumelelo ephezulu nezinzileyo yegolide yokucoca.

Ixesha le-leaching liyinto ebalulekileyo ekunqumeni umthamo wetanki leaching. Nangona kunjalo, akukho fomyula ilula kwaye jikelele yokubala ixesha le-leaching. Isityalo ngasinye se-carbon - in-pulp (CIP) okanye i-carbon - in - leach (CIL) kufuneka sithembele kwidatha yovavanyo ukumisela ixesha elifanelekileyo lokucoca. Oku kungenxa yokuba ixesha lokuvuza lichatshazelwa zizinto ezininzi, kubandakanywa uhlobo kunye nokwakheka kwentsimbi ekrwada, ukuxinana kwee-reagents, ubushushu, kunye nobunzulu bokuphazamiseka. Umzekelo, kumzi-mveliso wegolide eMzantsi Afrika, ilabhoratri ebanzi - isikali kunye novavanyo lokulinganisa - lwenziwa phambi kokwakhiwa kwendawo. Ezi mvavanyo zibandakanya ukwahluka kwexesha lokuvuza kunye nokubeka esweni izinga legolide-leaching phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo. Ngokusekwe kwiziphumo zovavanyo, elona xesha lifanelekileyo lokuvuza lamiselwa ukuba libe ziiyure ezingama-24 kuhlobo oluthile lwentsimbi ekrwada olusetyenzwe kweso sityalo.

Ukuba isityalo sithembele ngokumfamekileyo kumava ngaphandle kokwenza uvavanyo olululo, kunokwenzeka ukuba sidibane nokusilela kwemveliso. Umzekelo, umgodi omncinci wegolide - kwindawo ethile uzame ukusebenzisa ixesha le-leaching yomgodi oselumelwaneni njengesalathiso ngaphandle kokuqwalasela umahluko kwiipropati zabo zentsimbi. Ngenxa yoko, izinga legolide-leaching lisezantsi kakhulu kunokuba bekulindelwe, kwaye iindleko zemveliso zonyuka kakhulu ngenxa yokungasebenzi kakuhle kunye nesidingo sokusetyenziswa okongeziweyo kwe-reagent. Ke ngoko, ukuzimisela ngokuchanekileyo kwexesha lokuvuza ngedatha yovavanyo kubalulekile ekusebenzeni ngempumelelo kweplanti ye-cyanidation esekwe kwigolide.

Imisebenzi ye-Post-cyanidation

Nje ukuba igolide-ethwele ikhabhoni esebenzayo, eyaziwa ngokuba yikhabhoni elayishiweyo, ifikelele kwinqanaba legolide le-adsorption elingaphezulu kwe-3000g/t, kuqwalaselwa ukuba yonke inkqubo ye-carbon-in-pulp adsorption igqityiwe. Nangona kunjalo, ubukho bobumdaka obuphezulu obunjengobhedu kunye nesilivere kwi-ore bunokuchaphazela kakhulu amandla e-adsorption yekhabhoni esebenzayo. Oku kungcola kunokukhuphisana negolide kwiindawo ze-adsorption kwikhabhoni esebenzayo, okukhokelela ekungaphumeleli komgangatho olayishiweyo - i-carbon grade ukufikelela ekujoliswe kuyo kulindeleke. Xa ikhabhoni esebenzayo ingasakwazi ukubhengeza igolide ngokufanelekileyo, ithathwa njengegcweleyo.

Kwikhabhoni esebenzayo, iindlela ezininzi zinokusetyenziswa ukufumana igolide. Enye indlela eqhelekileyo yi-desorption kunye ne-electrolysis. Kwinkqubo ye-desorption, isisombululo sekhemikhali sisetyenziselwa ukuhluba igolide - i-cyanide complex kwi-saturated activated carbon. Ngokomzekelo, kwindlela yokushisa ephezulu kunye ne-high-high-pressure desorption method, i-saturated activated carbon ifakwe kwi-system desorption kunye neemeko ezithile. Ngokudibanisa ii-anion ezibhengezwa ngokulula ngekhabhoni esebenzayo, i-Au(CN)_2 ^- i-complex iyasuswa kwi-carbon surface. Indlela yokusabela ibandakanya utshintshiselwano lwegolide-cyanide complex kunye neeanion ezongeziweyo, okubangela ukuba igolide ikhululwe kwisisombululo. Emva kwe-desorption, isisombululo esisiphumo, esaziwa njengesisombululo esikhulelweyo, siqulethe i-concentration ephezulu ye-ion zegolide.

Isisombululo esikhulelweyo emva koko sihamba nge-electrolysis. Kwiseli ye-electrolysis, umbane wombane usetyenziswa. Iiyoni zegolide kwisisombululo zikhangwa kwi-cathode, apho zifumana ii-electron kwaye zincitshiswe kwigolide yensimbi. Inkqubo inokumelwa yinxaki: Au^+ + e^-\rightarrow Au . Igolide iqokelela kwi-cathode ngendlela yodaka lwegolide, enokuthi iqhutywe ngakumbi ukuze ifumane igolide ecocekileyo.

Kwimimandla apho imveliso yegolide igxininiswe, enye indlela kukuthengisa ikhabhoni elayishiweyo. Oku kunokuba lukhetho olunenzuzo njengoko ezinye iinkampani ezikhethekileyo zixhotyiselwe ukusingatha ukusetyenzwa ngakumbi kwekhabhoni elayishiwe. Banobugcisa kunye nezibonelelo zokukhupha igolide kwikhabhoni elayishiwe, kwaye iinkampani zemigodi yegolide zinokufumana ingeniso ngokuthengisa i-carbon elayishiwe kula maqumrhu.

Enye indlela elula noko kukutshisa. Xa ikhabhoni elayishiweyo itshiswe, amacandelo e-organic ekhabhoni esebenzayo afakwa ioksijini kwaye atshiswe, ngelixa igolide ihlala kwintsalela ngohlobo lwealloy yegolide, eyaziwa ngokuba yigolide yedore. Igolide yeDore ihlala iqulethe umlinganiselo ophezulu wegolide kunye nokungcola okuthile. Emva kokutshiswa, igolide ye-dore inokucocwa ngakumbi ngeenkqubo ezinje ngokunyibilikisa kunye nokucocwa ukufumana iimveliso zegolide ezisulungekileyo ezihlangabezana nemigangatho yokusetyenziswa kwezorhwebo kumashishini anqabileyo, ombane, kunye notyalo-mali.

Izinto eziluncedo kunye nokungalunganga kweNkqubo yeCyanidation

eziluncedo

1. Izinga loBuyiselo oluPhezulu: Enye yeenzuzo ezibalulekileyo zenkqubo ye-cyanidation lizinga eliphezulu lokubuyisela. Ngegolide eqhelekileyo ene-oxidized - ethwele i-quartz - i-vein ores, xa usebenzisa i-carbon - in -pulp (CIP) okanye i-carbon - in - leach (CIL) inkqubo, izinga lokubuyisela lilonke linokufikelela ngaphezu kwe-93%. Kweminye imisebenzi eyenziwe kakuhle, izinga lokubuyisela linokuba phezulu. Eli zinga liphezulu lokubuyiswa lithetha ukuba iinkampani zemigodi zinokukhupha inxalenye enkulu yegolide ekhoyo kwintsimbi ekrwada, ikhulise imbuyekezo yoqoqosho kumsebenzi wokomba. Umzekelo, kumgodi omkhulu wegolide e-United States, ngokulawula ngokungqongqo iiparamitha zenkqubo ezinje ngokucoleka, ukuxinana kwepulp, kunye nedosi ye-reagent, izinga lokubuyisela igolide kwinkqubo ye-cyanidation ligcinwe malunga ne-95% ixesha elide, eliphakamileyo kakhulu kunezinye iindlela ezininzi zegolide.

2. Ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi: Inkqubo ye-cyanidation ifanelekile kwiindidi ezininzi zegolide - ezithwala i-ores. Inokuphatha ngokufanelekileyo kungekuphela nje intsimbi yegolide ene-oxidized kodwa kunye ne-sulfide ephethe intsimbi yegolide. Ingaba igolide ikwimeko ekhululekileyo okanye ifakwe ngaphakathi kwezinye izimbiwa, inkqubo ye-cyanidation kaninzi inokunyibilikisa igolide ngoncedo lonyango olufanelekileyo lwangaphambili kunye nolawulo lwenkqubo. Umzekelo, kweminye imigodi eMzantsi Melika apho intsimbi ekrwada iqulethe umxube wesulfide kunye neeminerali zegolide ezixutyiweyo, inkqubo yecyanidation isetyenziswe ngempumelelo. Emva kwe-oxidation efanelekileyo yonyango lwangaphambili lweeminerali ze-sulfide, inkqubo ye-cyanidation inokufikelela kwigolide eyanelisayo - iziphumo zokutsalwa, ezibonisa ukuguquguquka okunamandla kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-ore.

3. Itekhnoloji yoBuchule: Ngembali engaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka, inkqubo ye-cyanidation iye yaba yitekhnoloji ekhule kakhulu kwishishini lemigodi yegolide. Izixhobo kunye neenkqubo zokusebenza zisekwe kakuhle, kwaye kukho isixa esikhulu samava aqokelelweyo kunye nedatha. Oku kukhula kuthetha ukuba inkqubo ilula ukuyisebenzisa nokulawula. Iinkampani zemigodi zinokuthembela kwimigangatho yobugcisa esele ikho kunye nezikhokelo ukuyila, ukwakha, kunye nokusebenzisa izityalo zecyanidation. Umzekelo, uyilo lweitanki ze-cyanidation leaching, ukukhethwa kwekhabhoni esebenzayo ye-adsorption, kunye nokulawulwa kwedosi ye-reagent zonke zineenkqubo kunye neendlela eziqhelekileyo. Izityalo ezisanda kwakhiwa ze-cyanidation zinokuqala ngokukhawuleza kwaye zifikelele kwiimeko ezizinzileyo zemveliso, ukunciphisa umngcipheko ohambelana nokwamkelwa kobuchwepheshe obutsha.

nezingeloncedo

1. Ubuthi beCyanide: I-drawback ebalaseleyo yenkqubo ye-cyanidation yityhefu ye-cyanide. iikhompawundi Cyanide, ezifana sodium cyanide kunye nepotassium cyanide, zizinto eziyityhefu kakhulu. Kwanomlinganiselo omncinci we-cyanide unokuba yingozi kakhulu kwimpilo yabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ukuba i-cyanide-equlethe izisombululo ezivuzayo ngexesha lenkqubo yemigodi, zinokungcolisa umhlaba, imithombo yamanzi kunye nomoya. Ngokomzekelo, kwezinye iingozi zemigodi yembali, ukuvuza kwe-cyanide - equlethe amanzi amdaka kwakhokelela ekufeni kwenani elikhulu lezinto eziphila emanzini kwimilambo namachibi akufutshane, kwaye kwabeka ingozi kwimpilo yabahlali basekuhlaleni. Ukuphefumla, ukungenwa, okanye ukudibana kwesikhumba necyanide kunokubangela iimpawu zetyhefu eyingozi ebantwini, kubandakanya nesiyezi, isicaphucaphu, ukugabha, kwaye kwiimeko ezimandundu, kunokubulala. Ngoko ke, amanyathelo okhuseleko olungqongqo kunye nokusingqongileyo afunekayo ekusebenziseni i-cyanide, eyandisa ubunzima kunye neendleko zokusebenza kwemigodi.

2. Isithuba esintsonkothileyo nesineendleko-unyango: Imisebenzi yonyango emva kwenkqubo ye-cyanidation inzima kwaye ifuna utyalo-mali olukhulu. Emva kokuba igolide-ethwele ikhabhoni esebenzayo ifikelele kwi-saturation, iinkqubo ezinje nge-desorption, i-electrolysis, okanye ukutshiswa ziyafuneka ukuze ufumane igolide esulungekileyo. Iinkqubo ze-desorption kunye ne-electrolysis zifuna izixhobo ezikhethekileyo kunye neekhemikhali ze-reagents. Ngokomzekelo, kwinkqubo ye-desorption, ubushushu obuphezulu kunye nezixhobo zoxinzelelo oluphezulu zingafuneka, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezisombululo zekhemikhali ze-desorption nazo zifuna ukulawulwa ngononophelo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukubuyiswa kwegolide kunye nokuhlaziywa kwee-reagents. Ukongeza, ukucocwa kweentsalela zenkunkuma kunye namanzi amdaka avelisiweyo ngexesha lenkqubo yokucocwa kwakhona kungumngeni. Iintsalela zenkunkuma zisenokuqulatha izixa ze-cyanide nezinye izinto eziyingozi, kwaye amanzi amdaka afuna ukucocwa ukuze ahlangabezane nemigangatho engqongqo yokukhutshelwa kokusingqongileyo, nto leyo enegalelo kwiindleko eziphezulu zenkqubo yonke ye-cyanidation.

3. Uvakalelo kubumdaka bentsimbi: Inkqubo ye-cyanidation ivakalelwa kakhulu kukungcola kwi-ore. Iiminerali ezifana nobhedu, isilivere, ilothe, kunye ne-zinc inokusabela nge-cyanide, isitya isixa esikhulu se-cyanide reagents. Oku akugcini nje ukwandisa iindleko ze-reagents kodwa kunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokukhutshwa kwegolide. Ngokomzekelo, xa umxholo wobhedu kwi-ore uphezulu, ubhedu lunokwenza i-copper ezinzileyo - i-cyanide complexes, ekhuphisana negolide ye-cyanide ions. Ngenxa yoko, isixa se-cyanide esifumanekayo sokwenziwa kwegolide sincitshisiwe, kwaye izinga lokuvuza kwegolide linokuchaphazeleka kakhulu. Kwezinye iimeko, amanyathelo ongezelelweyo onyango lwangaphambili anokufuneka ukuba kususwe okanye kuncitshiswe impembelelo yolu kungcola, okwandisa ngakumbi ubunzima kunye neendleko zenkqubo yemigodi.

isiphelo

Ukuqukumbela, inkqubo ye-cyanidation yitekhnoloji eyimfuneko kwishishini lemigodi yegolide. Izinga layo eliphezulu lokubuyisela, ukusetyenziswa okubanzi, kunye netekhnoloji evuthiweyo yenze ukuba ibe yeyona ndlela ibalaseleyo yokutsalwa kwegolide kwihlabathi liphela. Yenze ukuba kutsalwe igolide kuluhlu olwahlukeneyo lwentsimbi ekrwada, inegalelo elibonakalayo kunikezelo lwegolide kwihlabathi.

Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo ye-cyanidation ayikho ngaphandle kwemingeni yayo. Ubuthi be-cyanide bubeka isoyikiso esibi kwimpilo yabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ukhuseleko olungqongqo kunye namanyathelo okukhusela okusingqongileyo kufuneka aphunyezwe ukuthintela ukuvuza kwe-cyanide kunye nokuqinisekisa unyango olufanelekileyo lwe-cyanide - equlethe amanzi amdaka kunye neentsalela zenkunkuma. Ukongeza, imisebenzi yonyango entsonkothileyo kunye neendleko ezinkulu, kunye novelwano lwenkqubo kubumdaka bentsimbi, yongeza ubunzima kunye neendleko zemveliso yegolide.

Ukujonga phambili, ikamva lenkqubo ye-cyanidation ekusetyenzweni kwegolide ekrwada kusenokwenzeka ukuba ibunjwe kukuqhubela phambili kobuchwepheshe. Ukuphuhliswa kweendlela zokusingqongileyo kunye nezisebenzayo ze-cyanidation, ezifana nokusetyenziswa kwe-low-toxic substitutes cyanide, lukhokelo oluthembisayo. Itekhnoloji ye-Automation kunye ne-intelligent control technology nayo iya kudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu. Obu buchwepheshe bunokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso, ukunciphisa iingozi ezinxulumene nabantu, kunye nokwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo. Umzekelo, iisistim ezizenzekelayo zinokulawula ngokuchanekileyo iidosi ze-reagent, ukugxilwa kwe-pulp, kunye nezinye iiparamitha eziphambili, ziqinisekisa inkqubo yokuvelisa ezinzileyo nesebenzayo.

Ngaphaya koko, ukuphononongwa kobuchwephesha obutsha be-cyanidation, obufana ne-bio-cyanidation okanye ukudityaniswa kwe-cyanidation kunye nezinye iindlela ezivelayo zokutsalwa, kunokubonelela ngezisombululo ezitsha kwiingxaki ezikhoyo. Ngobuchule obutsha obuqhubekayo kunye nokuphuculwa, inkqubo ye-cyanidation inamandla okugcina isikhundla sayo njengeteknoloji ehamba phambili ekuqhubeni i-ore yegolide ngelixa izinzile kwaye ihambelana nokusingqongileyo. Njengoko imfuno yegolide ihleli yomelele kumashishini ahlukeneyo, uphuhliso kunye nokuphuculwa kwenkqubo yecyanidation kuya kubaluleka kuphuhliso lwexesha elide loshishino lwemigodi yegolide.