I-Liquid Sodium Cyanide: Iipropati zeMichiza kunye nezicelo ezahlukeneyo

intshayelelo

I-Sodium cyanide (NaCN), into eyaziwa ngokuba namandla ayo okwenza izinto kunye nobuthi obuphezulu, ikhona kwiindlela eziqinileyo nezimanzi. I-Liquid Sodium Cyanide , edla ngokuba yisisombululo samanzi, ineempawu ezikhethekileyo zeekhemikhali ezenza ukuba ibe yinto eyimfuneko kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo zoshishino nezenzululwazi. Le posi yebhlog ijonga kwiimpawu zeekhemikhali ze- Liquid sodium cyanide kwaye ihlola amasimi ayo ahlukeneyo okusetyenziswa, ngelixa ikwagxininisa ukubaluleka kokhuseleko ngenxa yokuba iyingozi.

Iimpawu zeMichiza

1. Ukusebenza kwakhona

I-cyanide ye-sodium engamanzi isabela kakhulu ngenxa ye-ion ye-cyanide ekuyo. Xa isemanzini, iyaqhekeka ibe yi-ion ye-sodium kunye ne-ion ye-cyanide. I-ion ye-cyanide yi-nucleophile enamandla, oko kuthetha ukuba ikhangela kwaye isabela ngokulula kunye nezinye iikhompawundi ze-organic kunye ne-inorganic ezingenazo ii-electron. Kwi- Organic synthesis , umzekelo, inokubandakanyeka kwiimpendulo zokutshintshwa kwe-nucleophilic. Ngexesha lezi mpendulo, i-ion ye-cyanide ithatha indawo yeqela elithile kwi-molecule ye-organic halide, nto leyo ekhokelela ekwakhiweni kwebhondi entsha phakathi kwe-carbon kunye ne-nitrogen. Le reactivity ibalulekile kwiindlela ezininzi ezisetyenziswa ngayo ekudaleni iimolekyuli ze-organic ezintsonkothileyo.

2. Ukunyibilika

I-sodium cyanide inyibilika kakuhle kakhulu emanzini, yenza izisombululo ezicacileyo nezingenambala. Ukunyibilika kwayo okuphezulu kungenxa yesakhiwo sayo se-ionic esinamandla. Ii-ion ze-sodium ezitshajiweyo kakuhle zitsalwa zii-athomu ze-oksijini ezitshajiweyo kakubi kwiimolekyuli zamanzi, ngelixa ii-ion ze-cyanide ezitshajiweyo kakubi zidibana nee-athomu ze-hydrogen ezitshajiweyo kakuhle zamanzi. Olu nxibelelwano luqinileyo phakathi kwee-ion ze -Sodium cyanide kunye neemolekyuli zamanzi luvumela ukunyibilika okukhulu, okuvumela ukwenziwa kwezisombululo ze-sodium cyanide ezixineneyo.

3. pH kunye neSiseko

Izisombululo ezinamanzi e-sodium cyanide zineempawu ezisisiseko. I-cyanide ion yi-conjugate base ye-hydrocyanic acid, i-asidi ebuthakathaka. Xa i-cyanide ion isemanzini, ifumana impendulo ebizwa ngokuba yi-hydrolysis. Ngexesha le-hydrolysis, i-cyanide ion isabela ngamamolekyuli amanzi, ivelisa i-hydrocyanic acid kunye ne-hydroxide ion. Ukukhutshwa kwezi ion ze-hydroxide kwandisa i-pH yesisombululo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, izisombululo ze-sodium cyanide ezimanzi zine-pH kuluhlu lwe-11 - 13. ebonisa ukuba i-alkaline ephezulu.

4. Ubungozi

Enye yezona mpawu zibalulekileyo zesodium cyanide yityhefu yayo egqithisileyo. I-ion yecyanide ibophelela ngokungenakujikwa kwi-iron (III) ion ekhoyo kwi-cytochrome oxidase, i-enzyme ebaluleke kakhulu kwikhonkco lothutho lwe-electron ye-mitochondrial. Oku kuzibophelela kunqanda i-enzayimi ekwamkeleni ii-electron, ngokufanelekileyo kumise ukuphefumla kweselula. Ngaphandle kokuphefumla kweseli, iiseli azikwazi ukuvelisa i-adenosine triphosphate (ATP), umthombo wamandla weeseli. Ngenxa yoko, iiseli zifa ngokukhawuleza. Ukuphefumla, ukungeniswa, okanye ukudibana kwesikhumba nolwelo lwesodium cyanide kunokuba yingozi ebantwini nakwezinye izinto eziphilayo.

Field Fields

1. Ukumbiwa kweGolide neSilivere

Olona setyenziso lwaziwayo lwe-sodium cyanide elulwelo lukwishishini lemigodi, ngakumbi ukutsala igolide nesilivere. Le nkqubo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-cyanidation, ibandakanya ukusebenzisa izinyibiliko zesodium cyanide ezixutyiweyo ukunyibilikisa igolide nesilivere kwintsimbi yazo. Phambi kweoksijini kunye namanzi, i-sodium cyanide iphendula ngegolide kunye nesilivere, yenze iikhompawundi ezinokunyibilika kwisisombululo. Ezi khompawundi zinyibilika zinokwahlulwa kuyo yonke imathiriyeli yentsimbi. Emva kokwahlukana, iinkqubo ezongezelelweyo ezifana nemvula enezinki okanye i-electrolysis zisetyenziselwa ukubuyisela iintsimbi ezixabisekileyo. I-Cyanidation yindleko-esebenzayo kunye neyona ndlela isebenzayo yokukhupha igolide kunye nesilivere kwi-ores yomgangatho ophantsi, okwenza kube yinkqubo ephambili kwimigodi yanamhlanje.

2. I-Organic Synthesis

Kwimichiza ephilayo, i-sodium cyanide yolwelo isetyenziswa ngokubanzi njenge-reagent kwiimpendulo ezahlukeneyo ze-synthesis. Ngombulelo kubume bayo obuqinileyo be-nucleophilic, inokuthatha inxaxheba kwi-nucleophilic substitution reactions. Ngokomzekelo, ekuveliseni i-nitriles, i-alkyl halide inokusabela kunye ne-sodium cyanide kwi-solvent ye-organic efana ne-dimethylformamide. Le ndlela yokusabela iphumela ekwenziweni komxube we-nitrile. Ii-nitriles zibalulekile iikhompawundi eziphakathi ezisetyenziswa ekudityanisweni kwamayeza, iikhemikhali ze-agrochemicals, kunye nezinye iikhemikhali ezintle. Ukongeza, i-sodium cyanide ingasetyenziswa kwi-Strecker amino acid synthesis. Kule nkqubo, isabela nge-aldehyde okanye i-ketone phambi kwe-ammonia ukwenza i-compound ebizwa ngokuba yi-α-amino nitrile, enokuthi iqhutywe ngakumbi ukudala i-amino acid.

3. Ukuchongwa kombane

I-cyanide ye-sodium engamanzi isetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ze -Electroplating , ngakumbi kwiintsimbi ze-electroplating ezifana negolide, isilivere, ubhedu, kunye ne-zinc. Iibhafu ze-electroplating ezisekwe kwi-Cyanide zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi. Zibonelela ngamandla amahle okuphosa, oko kuthetha ukuba zinokubeka i-coating efanayo kwizinto ezineemilo ezinzima. Zikwakhokelela kwiidiphozithi zesinyithi ezikhanyayo nezigudileyo kwaye ziqinisekisa ukunamathela okuhle komaleko ogqunyiweyo kwizinto ezingaphantsi. Kwisisombululo se-electroplating, ii-ion ze-cyanide zenza iikhompawundi ezizinzileyo kunye nee-ion zesinyithi ezigqunyiweyo. Ngexesha lenkqubo ye-electroplating, ezi khompawundi ziyancitshiswa kwi-cathode, zibeka umaleko omncinci, olinganayo wesinyithi kwinto egqunyiweyo.

4. Unyango lwesinyithi kunye nokuCoca

Kwishishini lesinyithi, i-sodium cyanide engamanzi isetyenziselwa ukunyanga kunye nokucoca isinyithi. Iyakwazi ukususa ngokufanelekileyo i-oxides yomhlaba kunye nobunye ukungcola kwisinyithi. I-reactivity ye-ion ye-cyanide ivumela ukuba iphendule ngee-oxide zetsimbi, iguqule ibe yizixube ezinokunyibilika kwisisombululo. Ezi khompawundi zinyibilika zinokukhukuliseka. Ngapha koko, i-sodium cyanide inokusetyenziswa ngexesha lobushushu-unyango lwesinyithi ukomeleza iipropathi zazo zomphezulu, njengokwandisa ubulukhuni kunye nokunganyangeki.

Iingqwalaselo zoKhuseleko

Ngenxa yetyhefu egqithisileyo yolwelo lwe-sodium cyanide, imilinganiselo yokhuseleko engqongqo kufuneka ilandelwe xa uyiphatha, uyigcina kwaye uyisebenzisa. Abasebenzi kumashishini asebenzisa i-sodium cyanide kufuneka bafumane uqeqesho olubanzi kwiinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokhuseleko. Oku kuquka ukufunda ukusebenzisa izixhobo zokhuselo lomntu (i-PPE) njengeeglavu, iiglasi, kunye neziphefumli ngokuchanekileyo. Izixhobo zokugcina i-sodium cyanide kufuneka ziyilelwe ukuthintela ukuvuza kunye nokuqinisekisa ukungena komoya okufanelekileyo ukuphepha ukugcwala kwe-cyanide - equlethe umphunga. Kwimeko yokuchitheka, iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokuphendula ezingxamisekileyo, njengokungathathi hlangothi kwe-sodium cyanide ene-oxidizing agent efana ne-sodium hypochlorite, kufuneka iqhutywe ngokukhawuleza ukukhusela ukungcoliswa kwendalo kunye nokukhusela impilo yabantu.

isiphelo

Ulwelo lwe-sodium cyanide, eneempawu zayo ezizodwa zeekhemikhali, idlala indima ebalulekileyo kumashishini amaninzi. Ukususela ekutsalweni kweentsimbi ezixabisekileyo emigodini ukuya kwi-synthesis yeemolekyuli zezinto eziphilayo ezintsonkothileyo kunye nonyango lomphezulu wesinyithi, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuyahluka kwaye kukude. Nangona kunjalo, ubutyhefu bayo obuphezulu bufuna isilumkiso kunye nokuthotyelwa okungqongqo kwiiprothokholi zokhuseleko. Njengoko amashishini eqhubeka nokuguquka, ukusetyenziswa okunoxanduva lwe-sodium cyanide yolwelo kuya kuhlala kubalulekile kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho kunye nokusingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko lomntu.