Isodium Cyanide: Ikhemikhali eyimfuneko kuShishino

intshayelelo

I-Sodium cyanide (NaCN) yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-inorganic kwicandelo elikhulu lezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo zeekhemikhali. Ngeempawu zayo ezikhethekileyo zeekhemikhali, idlala indima engenakutshintshwa kumacandelo amaninzi emizi-mveliso. Eli nqaku liza kujonga kwiipropati, usetyenziso, imveliso, kunye nemiba yokhuseleko ye- Sodium cyanide , ijolise ekunikeni ukuqonda okubanzi ngale khemikhali ibalulekileyo.

Iipropati zeSodium Cyanide

Properties Properties

I-sodium cyanide ibonakala njengezinto ezimhlophe ezikristale, amaqhuma, okanye iipowders. I-hygroscopic kwaye inevumba elibi le-almond. Inyibilika kakhulu emanzini, malunga ne-0.4 kg ye- sodium Cyanide eqinileyo enokunyibilika kwi-1 kg yamanzi kwi-30 °C. Ikwanayo nokunyibilika okuthile kwi-ethanol. Le compound inobunzima be-molecular obuyi-49.007 g/mol, indawo yokunyibilika eyi-564 °C, kunye nendawo yokubila eyi-1469 °C, kunye noxinzelelo lomphunga oluyi-0.1 kPa kwi-800 °C.

Iimpawu zeMichiza

I-sodium cyanide yityuwa ye-asidi ebuthathaka esisiseko esomeleleyo. Isisombululo sayo samanzi sinokunyibilika ukuze senze i -sodium cyanide hydrates equlethe i-molecule enye okanye ezimbini zamanzi ezingaphantsi kwe-1.34 °C. Xa ubushushu budlula i-34.7 °C, ilahlekelwa ngamanzi e-crystallization ize ibe yityuwa engenamanzi. Isabela ngokulula kwii-asidi, kwanee-asidi ezibuthathaka kakhulu. Iisinyithi ezifana ne-iron, i-zinc, i-nickel, i-copper, i-cobalt, isilivere, kunye ne-cadmium zinokunyibilika kwizisombululo ze-sodium cyanide, nto leyo ebangela ukwakheka kwee -cyanides ezifanelekileyo . Xa kukho i-oksijini, inokunyibilikisa iisinyithi ezixabisekileyo ezifana negolide nesilivere ukuze zenze iityuwa ezintsonkothileyo. Ayihambelani nee-asidi kwaye inokusabela kwi-carbon dioxide. Emoyeni omanzi okanye emanzini, inokubola. Xa ishushu xa kukho i-oksijini, ivelisa iigesi ezinobuthi ezifana ne-hydrogen cyanide, i-carbon monoxide, i-carbon dioxide, kunye ne-nitrogen oxides. Isabela ngamandla kwii-nitrate, ii-nitrites, kunye nee-chlorates, nto leyo ebeka umngcipheko wokuqhuma.

Ukusetyenziswa kweSodium Cyanide

Icandelo lezemigodi

Kwishishini lezemigodi , ingakumbi ekukhutshweni kweentsimbi ezixabisekileyo ezifana negolide nesilivere, i-sodium cyanide ibaluleke kakhulu. Inkqubo ye-cyanidation, equka ukusebenzisa izisombululo ze-sodium cyanide ukunyibilikisa igolide nesilivere kwi-ores, yamkelwe ngokubanzi ngenxa yobulula bayo kunye nexabiso layo eliphantsi. Kwikhilogram nganye yegolide eveliswayo, malunga neetoni ezine ukuya kwezintlanu ze-sodium cyanide zinokufuneka. Imfuno ye-sodium cyanide kweli candelo inxulumene kakhulu nokuguquguquka kwamaxabiso eentsimbi ezixabisekileyo kwimarike yehlabathi. Njengoko uqoqosho lwehlabathi lubuyela esiqhelweni kwaye amaxabiso eentsimbi ezixabisekileyo enyuka, ukwanda kwemisebenzi yezemigodi kukhokelela kwimfuno ephezulu ye-sodium cyanide.

Imichiza yokuHlanganisa

1.Ukwenziwa kweZiveliso zoShishino

I-sodium cyanide isebenza njengemathiriyeli ekrwada ebalulekileyo kwi-pharmaceutical synthesis. Isetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweziyobisi eziqhelekileyo kunye nezongezo zokutya ezifana ne-penicillin, i-vitamin B6. i-folic acid, i-guanine kunye ne-caffeine. Kwishishini lamayeza, indima yalo ekudaleni iikhemikhali ezithile ngaphakathi kweemolekyuli zamachiza ayimfuneko, inegalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso kunye nokuveliswa kwamayeza anyanga izifo ezahlukeneyo.

2.Ukuveliswa kweZitshabalalisi

Kwishishini le-pesticide, i-sodium cyanide isetyenziselwa ukwenza izibulali-zinambuzane eziqhelekileyo ezifana ne-glyphosate, fenvalerate, paraquat, atrazine, kunye ne-isoprothiolane. Ezi zibulali-zinambuzane zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni izityalo kwizitshabalalisi nakukhula, ziqinisekisa ukhuseleko lokutya. Iindlela zokwenziwa ezibandakanya i-sodium cyanide zenza ukuba kubekho iikhompawundi ze-pesticide ezisebenzayo ezineempawu ezithile zeekhemikhali.

3.I-Synthesis yezinye iiCompounds zeMichiza

Sisakhiwo esisisiseko sokuvelisa uluhlu olubanzi lweCyanides ezingaphiliyo nezingaphiliyo . Ngokusebenzisa ngqo i-sodium cyanide, ii-cyanides ezibalulekileyo ezingaphiliyo ezifana ne-sodium ferrocyanide, i-potassium ferrocyanide, i-potassium cyanide, i-zinc cyanide, i-barium cyanide, i-cuprous cyanide, i-sodium thiocyanate, kunye ne-potassium thiocyanate zinokuveliswa. Kwilizwe le-organic cyanides, iikhompawundi ezifana ne-cyanoacetic acid, i-malononitrile, i-methionine, i-benzyl cyanide, kunye ne-cyanuric chloride ziyaveliswa. Ukongeza, ngokuveliswa kwe-hydrogen cyanide evela kwi-sodium cyanide, iimveliso ezifana ne-methyl methacrylate, i-butyl methacrylate, i-methacrylic acid, i-azobisisobutyronitrile, i-azobisisoheptanenitrile, i-nitrilotriacetic acid, kunye ne-glycolonitrile zinokwenziwa ngakumbi. Ezi khompawundi zisetyenziswa kakhulu ekuvelisweni kwezinto zokwenziwa, kubandakanya iiplastiki, irabha, kunye neefayibha.

Ishishini le-Electroplating

Kwi-electroplating, i-sodium cyanide licandelo eliphambili kwiibhafu ze-electroplating kwiintsimbi ezifana nobhedu, isilivere, i-cadmium, kunye ne-zinc. Inokunciphisa i-anodic polarization effect, iqinisekisa ukuchithwa okuqhelekileyo kwe-anode. Kwangaxeshanye, inokuphucula i-cathodic polarization effect, inceda ukufumana i-coating yentsimbi efanayo kumphezulu we-workpiece. Oku akuphuculi kuphela ukuxhathisa ukubola kwamalungu esinyithi kodwa kwandisa inkangeleko yawo, okwenza iimveliso ze-electroplated zithandeke ngakumbi kwaye zomelele.

Ukuveliswa kweSodium Cyanide

Ukuveliswa kwe-sodium cyanide yinkqubo yeekhemikhali eziyinkimbinkimbi. Enye indlela eqhelekileyo yinkqubo yeAndrussow, ebandakanya ukusabela kwemethane, ammonia, kunye neoksijini phezu kweplatinam - irhodium catalyst kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Enye indlela yinkqubo yeCasner, esebenzisa i-reaction ye-sodium amide kunye nekhabhoni kwiziko lombane. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yetyhefu ephezulu kunye neengozi ezinokuthi zenzeke kwindalo ye-sodium cyanide, ukuveliswa kwayo kulawulwa ngokungqongqo ngamasebe karhulumente afanelekileyo kwihlabathi jikelele. Abavelisi kufuneka bahlangabezane nemigangatho engqongqo yokhuseleko kunye nemigangatho yokusingqongileyo ukuze baqinisekise ukuveliswa okukhuselekileyo nokuzinzileyo kwale khemikhali.

Ukhuseleko kunye nokuphathwa kweSodium Cyanide

Utyhefu

Isodium cyanide inetyhefu kakhulu. Nokuba isixa esincinci, esincinci njenge-100 - 200 mg, sinokubulala xa sityiswe, siphefumle, okanye sifakwe eluswini. Nje ukuba ingene emzimbeni womntu, ikhupha iiyoni ze-cyanide (CN-), ezinobudlelwane obuqinileyo bee-iron kwiiseli. Oku kuphazamisa inkqubo ye-oxidation eqhelekileyo kwiiseli, ekhokelela kwi-cell asphyxiation kunye ne-tissue hypoxia, ekugqibeleni ibangele ukufa. Ukubonakaliswa okubukhali kunokubangela iimpawu ezinjengobuthathaka, isiyezi, intloko ebuhlungu, isicaphucaphu, ukuqina kwesifuba, ukuphefumla nzima, ukubetha kwentliziyo, nokulahlekelwa zingqondo.

Amanyathelo okhuseleko

1.Ukugcina

Isodium cyanide kufuneka igcinwe kwindawo epholileyo, eyomileyo, nengena umoya kakuhle, kude nemithombo yobushushu, yokutshisa, kunye neeasidi. Kufuneka igcinwe kwizikhongozeli ezivalwe ngokuqinileyo ezenziwe ngemathiriyeli efanelekileyo ukuthintela ukuvuza kunye nokusabela kokusingqongileyo. Iindawo zokugcina kufuneka zixhotyiswe ngokuvuza - iinkqubo zokuqokelela kunye neempawu ezilumkisayo ukuthintela ukuba sesichengeni ngengozi.

2.Ezothutho

Ngexesha lokuthutha, i-sodium cyanide kufuneka ihambelane nemimiselo engqongqo. Izithuthi ezikhethekileyo zothutho ezineempawu zokhuseleko ezifanelekileyo ziyafuneka. Inkqubo yothutho kufuneka ibekwe esweni ngononophelo ukuthintela nakuphi na ukuchitheka okunokwenzeka okanye iingozi. Izicwangciso zokusabela okungxamisekileyo kunye nezixhobo kufuneka zibekho kwimeko engalindelekanga.

3.Ukuphatha kwiiSetingi zeShishini

Abasebenzi abaphethe i-sodium cyanide kwizityalo zoshishino kufuneka bafumane uqeqesho olucokisekileyo lokhuseleko. Bafanele banxibe izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokuzikhusela, kuquka izixhobo zokuphefumla, iimpahla zokuzikhusela, iiglavu, iiglavu. Ukusebenza kwiplanti kufuneka kulandele iinkqubo ezingqongqo ezisemgangathweni zokunciphisa umngcipheko wokuba sesichengeni. Kwimeko yokuchitheka okanye ukuvuza, amanyathelo okusabela ngokukhawuleza okungxamisekileyo kufuneka athathwe, njengokusebenzisa i-hydrogen peroxide ukwenza i-sodium cyanide ingasebenzi.

Impembelelo kokusiNgqongileyo

Ukuchithwa okungafanelekanga kwe-sodium cyanide okanye iimveliso zayo zenkunkuma kunokuba nemiphumo emibi yendalo. I-Cyanide - equlathe amanzi amdaka kunye neentsalela zenkunkuma zinokungcolisa umhlaba kunye nemithombo yamanzi, ibeke emngciphekweni ubomi bezityalo, izilwanyana kunye nezinto eziphila emanzini. Kwishishini lemigodi yegolide, umzekelo, izixa ezikhulu zecyanide - eziqulathe iintsalela zezimbiwa ziveliswa ngonyaka. Le misila, ukuba ayilawulwa kakuhle, inokubeka imingcipheko yexesha elide yokusingqongileyo. Ke ngoko, amanyathelo angqongqo okhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kunye nobuchwephesha bokucocwa kwenkunkuma buyimfuneko ekunciphiseni impembelelo yokusingqongileyo ye-sodium cyanide - imisebenzi enxulumeneyo.

isiphelo

I-sodium cyanide, nangona inetyhefu ephezulu, yikhemikhali ebalulekileyo kumashishini ahlukeneyo. Iimpawu zayo ezikhethekileyo zeekhemikhali ziyenza ikwazi ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekutsalweni kwesinyithi esixabisekileyo, ukwenziwa kweekhemikhali , kunye nokufakelwa kwe-electroplating. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yemingcipheko enokubakho kwimpilo yabantu nakwindalo esingqongileyo, imigaqo yokhuseleko engqongqo kunye neenkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokuphatha kufuneka zilandelwe kuyo yonke imveliso yayo, ukuthutha, ukugcinwa kunye nokusetyenziswa. Njengoko ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka, kufuneka kwenziwe imizamo yokuphuhlisa ezinye iindlela ezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo nezikhuselekileyo okanye iinkqubo eziphuculweyo zokunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kunye neengozi ezinxulumene ne-sodium cyanide ngelixa kusahlangabezana neemfuno zophuhliso lwemizi-mveliso.