Ukutsalwa kweGolide yeCyanidation: Ukuntywila ngokuNzulu kwiNkqubo yeAgitation Cyanidation

Kwindawo yokukhutshwa kwegolide, i-cyanidation ibambe indawo ebalaseleyo ngaphezu kwenkulungwane. Ukusukela oko yaqalwa ngo-1887 ukutsalwa kwegolide nesilivere, le ndlela iye yavela ngokuqhubekayo, ishiyeke iyenye yezona ndlela zisetyenziswa kakhulu ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lokuchacha, ukuguquguquka kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zentsimbi, kunye nokuba nokwenzeka kwemveliso yasekhaya.

1. Ukuqonda i-Cyanidation kwi-Gold Extraction

I-Cyanidation yinkqubo yeekhemikhali esebenzisa amandla e- cyanide ions ukwenza ii-complexes ezinyibilikayo ngegolide. Xa kukho ioksijini namanzi, ii-ion ze-cyanide zisabela kwiiathom zegolide. Le mpendulo iphumela ekudalweni kwekhompawundi enyibilikayo apho igolide idityaniswa nee-ion ze-cyanide, ivumela igolide ukuba inyibilike kwisisombululo. Nangona le nkqubo isebenza kakhulu ekukhupheni igolide, ikwazisa neenkxalabo ezibalulekileyo zokusingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko kuba i-cyanide yinto enobuthi.

2. Iintlobo zeendlela zeCyanidation

Iindlela ze-cyanidation zingahlelwa ngokubanzi zibe ziindidi ezimbini eziphambili: i-agitation cyanidation kunye ne-percolation cyanidation.

• Ukuxuba i-Agitation Cyanidation : Le ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu ekunyangeni i-flotation gold concentrates okanye kuzo zonke iimeko ze-slime cyanidation. Ibandakanya ukuxuba ngamandla i-ore pulp nesisombululo se-cyanide. Ngokwenza njalo, iqinisekisa ukuba amasuntswana aphethe igolide kwi-ore adibana kakhulu nee-ion ze-cyanide, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukukhupha igolide.

• I-Percolation Cyanidation : Ilungele ii-ore zegolide ezikumgangatho ophantsi, i-percolation cyanidation isebenza ngokuvumela isisombululo se-cyanide ukuba singene kwi-ore. Le ndlela isebenzisa amandla amancinci xa ithelekiswa ne-agitation cyanidation. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kulinganiselwe kwii-ore ezine-permeability elungileyo, nto leyo evumela isisombululo se-cyanide ukuba sidlule ngokulula.

3. Inkqubo Yokutsalwa kweGolide ye-Agitation Cyanidation

Inkqubo ye-agitation Cyanidation Gold Extraction iquka iinkqubo ezimbini eziphambili: inkqubo ye-cyanidation - i-zinc replacement kunye ne-cyanidation engacocwanga Inkqubo ye-carbon slurry.

3.1 I-Cyanidation - Inkqubo yoTshintsho lweZinc (i-CCD kunye ne-CCF Methods)

• Ukulungiswa kweMpahla ekrwada : Inyathelo lokuqala libandakanya ukulungiselela i-ore ukuze ikwazi ukucolwa. Oku kudla ngokuquka ukutyumza i-ore ibe ziingceba ezincinci uze uyicole ibe yincinci. Kwezinye iimeko, unyango lwangaphambi kokwenziwa lwenziwa ukuze amasuntswana egolide angaphakathi kwi-ore afikeleleke lula. Injongo kukudala i-pulp enobukhulu obufanelekileyo be-particle, nto leyo ekhuthaza ukusebenzisana okungcono phakathi kwe-ore kunye nesisombululo se-cyanide.

• Ukuvuthuluka kweCyanidation : I-pulp ye-ore elungisiweyo idluliselwa kwiitanki zokuvuthuluka, apho kongezwa isisombululo se-cyanide. Ezi tanki zixhotyiswe ngee-agitators ezigcina i-pulp kunye nesisombululo se-cyanide zixubene kakuhle. I-oksijini ingeniswa kwiitanki, nokuba ngokuphefumla okanye ngokongeza ii-oxidizing agents. Le oksijini inceda ekuqhubeni i-chemical reaction enyibilikisa igolide kwisisombululo se-cyanide.

• Ukuhlamba Ngokuchasene Nomsinga Wokwahlulwa Kolwelo Oluqinileyo : Emva kwenkqubo yokukhuhla, i-slurry ephumayo iqulathe iintsalela eziqinileyo kunye nesigaba solwelo esaziwa ngokuba yisisombululo esikhulelweyo, esinegolide enyibilikisiweyo. Ukwahlula ezi zinto zimbini, kusetyenziswa uthotho lwezihluzi okanye izihluzi kwiseti yokuhlamba ngokuhambelana nomsinga. Iindlela ezifana neContinuous Counter - Current Decantation (CCD) okanye iContinuous Counter - Current Filtration (CCF) zisetyenziselwa ukubuyisa isisombululo esithwala igolide kangangoko kunokwenzeka ngelixa kunciphisa inani legolide elahlekileyo ngeentsalela eziqinileyo.

• Ukucocwa kolwelo oluphumayo kunye nokuSuswa kwe-oksijini : Isisombululo esikhulelweyo esifunyenwe kwinyathelo lokwahlulwa kolwelo oluqinileyo sinokuqulatha ukungcola kunye neoksijini enyibilikisiweyo. Iinkqubo zokucoca ziyasetyenziswa ukususa izinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolileyo ezinokuphazamisa inkqubo yokubuyisela igolide elandelayo. UkuSuswa kwe-oksijini kubaluleke ngokulinganayo kuba ioksijini inokubangela ukuSuswa kwe-oksijini kwakhona kwekhompawundi ye-cyanide yegolide, kunciphisa ukusebenza kwenkqubo yokutshintshwa kwe-zinc elandelayo.

• Ukutshintshwa kunye nokuPickling kweZinc Powder (Silk) : Umgubo weZinc okanye isilika yeZinc yongezwa kwisisombululo esicociweyo nesingena-oxidized. IZinc iyasebenza ngakumbi kunegolide, ngoko ke isusa igolide kwikhompawundi eyenziwe ngexesha lenkqubo yokukhuhla. Oku kuphumela ekudalweni kwe-solid precipitate equlethe igolide kunye ne-zinc, ebizwa ngokuba yigolide mud. Emva kwe-replacement reaction, udaka lwegolide ludla ngokuphathwa ngesisombululo se-asidi ukususa nayiphi na i-zinc engaphezulu kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolileyo.

• Iingotshi zokunyibilikisa : Inqanaba lokugqibela lenkqubo yokutshintsha i-cyanidation-zinc kukunyibilikisa udaka lwegolide ukuze kuveliswe iingotshi zegolide ecocekileyo. Udaka lwegolide luyanyibilikiswa kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu esithandweni, kwaye ngothotho lwamanyathelo okucocwa, ukungcola okuseleyo kuyasuswa, kuphume iingotshi zegolide ezicocekileyo kakhulu.

3.2 Inkqubo engahluzwanga yeCyanidation yeCarbon Slurry (iiNdlela ze-CIP kunye ne-CIL)

• Ukulungiswa kwezinto ezikhupha inkunkuma : Njengenkqubo yokutshintshwa kwe-cyanidation - i-zinc, umsebenzi wokuqala kukulungiselela i-ore ukuze ikhuphe inkunkuma. Oku kufuna ukunciphisa i-ore ibe bukhulu obufanelekileyo ngokusebenzisa imisebenzi yokutyumza nokusila.

• Ukutsalwa kwe-Agitation kunye ne-Countercurrent Carbon Adsorption : Kwindlela ye-Carbon - in - Pulp (CIP), inkqubo yokutsalwa kwe-cyanide yenzeka kuqala kuthotho lweetanki zokutsalwa. Nje ukuba igolide inyibilike kwisisombululo, i-Activated Carbon yongezwa kwi-pulp. I-activated carbon inobuhlobo obuqinileyo kwi-gold - cyanide compound kwaye ifunxa igolide enyibilikisiweyo kumphezulu wayo. Kwindlela ye-Carbon - in - Leach (CIL), i-activated carbon yongezwa kwi-leaching tank ngaxeshanye nesisombululo se-cyanide, ngoko ke iinkqubo zokutsalwa kunye nokutsalwa zenzeka ngaxeshanye. Kuzo zombini i-CIP kunye ne-CIL, ukuhamba kwe-countercurrent kwe-carbon kunye ne-pulp kugcinwa ukuze kuphuculwe inani legolide elitsalwa yi-carbon.

• Ukunyibilika kweKhabhoni eGolide neLoaded : Emva kwenkqubo yokufunxa, ikhabhoni egolide neLoaded kufuneka yahlulwe kwi-pulp. Emva koko, igolide isuswa kwikhabhoni kusetyenziswa isisombululo esishushu se-caustic-cyanide. Esi sisombululo siphula unxibelelwano phakathi kwekhompawundi yegolide ne-cyanide kunye nekhabhoni, sikhuphe igolide kwakhona kwisisombululo.

• Ukuphumelela kwe-Electrolysis : Isisombululo esityebileyo segolide esifunyenwe kwinkqubo yokunyibilikisa sidlula kwi-electrowinning. Ngexesha lale nkqubo, umsinga wombane udlula kwisisombululo. Oku kubangela ukuba ii-ion zegolide kwisisombululo zinciphe kwaye zifakwe kwi-cathode, zenze idiphozithi eqinileyo yegolide enokucocwa ngakumbi.

• Ii-Ingots zokunyibilikisa : Igolide efunyenwe ngombane icocekile kodwa isenokuba iqulethe ukungcola okuthile. Ukunyibilikisa kwenziwa ukuze kucocwe ngakumbi igolide kwaye kufakwe kwiingots zobumsulwa obufunekayo.

• Ukuhlaziywa kweKhabhoni : Ikhabhoni esetyenzisiweyo, emva kokuba igolide isusiwe, inokuhlaziywa kwakhona kwaye isetyenziswe kwakhona. Oku kuquka ukubeka ikhabhoni kubushushu obuphezulu ukuze kususwe naluphi na ukungcola okufunxiweyo kwaye kubuyiselwe amandla ayo okufunxa igolide.

4. Ukuthelekisa iiNkqubo zeCIP kunye neCIL

• Ubude beNkqubo : Ngokubanzi, inkqubo ye-CIP ithatha ixesha elide xa ithelekiswa ne-CIL. Oku kungenxa yokuba kwi-CIP, ukuhluza kunye nokufunxa zizinto ezahlukeneyo. Kwi-CIL, ekubeni ukuhluza kunye nokufunxa kwenzeka ngaxeshanye, yonke inkqubo inokugqitywa ngexesha elifutshane. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo ye-CIL ifuna ulawulo oluntsonkothileyo njengoko zombini iinkqubo zenzeka ngaxeshanye.

• Ulawulo lweCarbon kunye neSlurry : Kwinkqubo yeCIL, kukho umthamo omkhulu wekhabhoni ejikeleza, kwaye uxinzelelo lwekhabhoni kwislurry luphantsi kune-CIP. Ngenxa yoko, umthamo weslurry ekufuneka uthuthwe ukuze kudluliselwe ikhabhoni kwiCIL udla ngokuphindwe kaninzi kunoweCIP (malunga nezihlandlo ezine). Oku kunefuthe kubungakanani bezixhobo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla.

• Ugcino lweMetal kunye neGolide kwiSisombululo : Kwinkqubo ye-CIP, kukho inani elikhulu lesinyithi elihlala kwinkqubo (ugcino lwemetal), kwaye le sinyithi isasazwa ngokulinganayo phakathi kwe-activated carbon kunye nesisombululo. Kwi-CIL, uninzi lwesinyithi lufakwa kwi-activated carbon. Ukongeza, uxinzelelo lwegolide kwisisombululo kwinkqubo ye-CIL luphezulu kune-CIP. Oku kungenxa yokuba kwi-CIL, njengoko igolide ikhutshelwa, ikwafakwa rhoqo, nto leyo ezalisa igolide enyibilikisiweyo kwisisombululo. Kwi-CIP, kwelinye icala, yinkqubo yokufunxa inyathelo elinye enokuphinda kuzaliseke igolide enyibilikisiweyo ngokulinganiselweyo.

5. Iingqwalasela zokusiNgqongileyo noKhuseleko

Ngaphandle kokusebenza kakuhle kwayo, i-cyanidation, ngakumbi i-agitation cyanidation, iveza umngcipheko omkhulu wokusingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko. I-Cyanide inetyhefu kakhulu, kwaye nakuphi na ukuvuza okanye ukuphathwa ngendlela engafanelekanga kunokukhokelela kungcoliseko oluqatha lokusingqongileyo kwaye kubeke isoyikiso kwimpilo yabantu. Ukujongana nale mingcipheko, imisebenzi yokwembiwa kwegolide ithobela imigaqo engqongqo yokhuseleko. Oku kubandakanya ukugcinwa ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokuphathwa kwe-cyanide, ukufakwa kweenkqubo zokuthintela ukuthintela ukuvuza, kunye nokunyangwa kwe-cyanide - equlethe amanzi angcolileyo. Ngaphaya koko, uphando oluqhubekayo lujolise ekuphuhliseni enye indlela, i-arhente ye-leaching encinci enetyhefu ukuthatha indawo ye-cyanide ekutsalweni kwegolide.

6. Isiphelo

I-agitation cyanidation idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwishishini lemigodi yegolide yanamhlanje, eyenza ukuba kutsalwe ngexabiso eliphezulu legolide kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zentsimbi ekrwada. Iinkqubo ezimbini eziphambili, i-cyanidation - ukutshintshwa kwe-zinc kunye ne-cyanidation carbon slurry engahluzwanga, nganye ineemfanelo zayo kwaye zikhethwa ngokusekelwe kwizinto ezifana neempawu zentsimbi, ubungakanani bokusebenza, kunye nokuhlala kwezoqoqosho. Nangona kunjalo, ishishini kufuneka liqhubeke nokujongana nemingeni yokusingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko ehambelana nokusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide ukuqinisekisa ikamva elizinzileyo lokukhutshwa kwegolide.