Ukukhethwa kweeNdawo zokuBonisa iMfumba kunye nokuBekwa kweeLiner ezisezantsi

Ukwakhiwa kwenqwaba kubandakanya ukufaka i-ore okanye i-ore ezihlanganisiweyo kwi-liner esezantsi yendawo yokukhupha i-ore ngokwemilinganiselo yejometri eyiliweyo. I-ore heap eyakhiweyo kufuneka ibe nokuvuleka okuhle nokulinganayo, kunye nokuzinza kwesakhiwo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba ngexesha lenkqubo yokukhupha i-ore, i-agent yokukhupha i-ore ingangena ngokulinganayo kuyo yonke indawo enqamlezileyo ye-ore heap kubunzulu bokusasazwa kolwelo olufunekayo. Okwangoku, ithintela iziganeko ezinjengokuwa emaphethelweni e-ore heap okanye i-washouts yendawo. Ke ngoko, kufuneka kunikwe ingqalelo enkulu ngexesha lokusebenza. Kwindlela yokuvelisa, kukho olunye uhlobo lwendlela yokukhupha i-ore. I-ore ekhutshiweyo ithuthwa ngqo kwiqonga lokukhupha i-ore ukuze ikhuphe ngaphandle kokutyunyuzwa kwangaphambili. Kwezinye iimeko, ukususa i-ore kwenzeka nakwindawo yokuqhumisa. Ubungakanani be-particle ye-ore buhlala buqala kwi-100 ukuya kwi-200 mm okanye nangaphezulu, okubangela umjikelo wokukhupha i-ore onokuhlala isiqingatha sonyaka okanye nangaphezulu. Ekubeni olu hlobo lokukhupha i-ore lulula, alusoloko lufundwa njengohlobo oluqhelekileyo lokukhupha i-ore.

Ukukhethwa kweeNdawo zokuBonisa iMfumba kunye nokuBekwa kweeLiner ezisezantsi

Ukukhethwa kwendawo yokukhupha amanzi kwiHeap kunxulumene notyalo-mali kwiziseko zophuhliso, kubandakanya ukucutshungulwa kwendawo, iindlela zothutho, kunye noyilo lwemibhobho. Umphezulu osezantsi wendawo yokukhupha amanzi kwiHeap kunye nokubekwa kwawo kubalulekile kwimveliso yokukhupha amanzi kwiHeap, ingakumbi kwiiHeap ezinkulu. Ke ngoko, umgangatho we-bottom liner kufuneka uqinisekiswe.

1. IiMfuno eziSisiseko kwiiNdawo zeMfumba yokuLeaching

Isiza kufuneka sibe namandla okwaneleyo okuthwala ukumelana noxinzelelo olupheleleyo lobunzima be-ore kunye nezixhobo zothutho.

Kufuneka ibe nethambeka elithile lendalo, elinceda ukuchetywa kwesiza kunye nokuhamba kokuvuza.

Kufuneka kubekho indawo eyaneleyo yokwakha imfumba kunye neepaseji zothutho. Kwimigodi enesakhono sophuhliso, amathuba okwandiswa kwexesha elizayo nawo kufuneka aqwalaselwe.

2. Ukuchongwa kunye nokuBekwa kweMigqaliselo yeMigangatho yeeNgxowa-mali zokuLeaching

2.1 Ukukhethwa kweMigqaliselo yeMigqaliselo yeeNgxoxo zokuLeaching iMfumba

Iiplatifomu ezisezantsi kwiiplatifti zemfumba zingahlelwa zibe ziindidi ezimbini: ezisisigxina kunye nezexeshana. Eyangaphambili idinga ixesha elide lokwakha kunye neendleko eziphezulu, okwenza ukuba zilungele imigodi ephakathi ukuya kwenkulu kunye nobomi obude benkonzo. Ngokwahlukileyo, iilayini ezisezantsi zexeshana zisetyenziswa kanye kuphela, zifuna ixesha elifutshane lokwakha, kwaye ziphantsi-indleko. Zifanelekile kwimigodi kunye nobomi benkonzo obungaphantsi kweminyaka emi-5. Ukongeza, indawo engqongileyo nayo idlala indima. Ukuba indawo yolwakhiwo lwendawo yokuvuthela imfumba inciphile, kungakhiwa iqonga elisisigxina leemfumba. Ngokuchaseneyo, ukuba kukho ithambeka elikhulu lendawo ekufutshane kunye nentsimbi ekrwada - umgama wokuthutha mfutshane, kunokwakhiwa iqonga leemfumba lethutyana.

2.2 Izinto ezininzi eziSetyenzisiweyo eziPhantsi zeLiner

• Udongwe kunye neBentonite : Xa kukho udongwe oluninzi kufutshane nendawo yokukhupha amanzi, ukusebenzisa i-liner esezantsi yodongwe lukhetho olufanelekileyo. Le liner esezantsi inokuxinana ibe ziingqimba ezintathu, nganye ibe malunga ne-150 mm ubukhulu. I-permeability coefficient yale liner esezantsi yi-1.0×10−7 cm/s, ehlangabezana neemfuno zokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo. Ekubeni i-bentonite (ingakumbi uhlobo lwe-sodium) ineempawu zokufunxa amanzi ezinamandla kwaye inokwanda ngokuphindwe ka-10 ukuya kuma-30 emva kokufunxa amanzi, ukongeza ubungakanani obufanelekileyo (malunga ne-4%) ye-bentonite kudongwe kunokunciphisa kakhulu ukuxinana kodongwe. Olu hlobo lwe-liner esezantsi kulula ukulubeka kwaye lunexabiso eliphantsi. Isiseko kufuneka sixinane, kwaye ithambeka kufuneka libe mnene ukuthintela ukukhukuliseka kwe-liner esezantsi ngexesha lenkqubo yokukhupha amanzi.

• I-Asphalt kunye neKhonkrithi : Xa i-asphalt okanye ikhonkrithi isetyenziswa njenge-bottom liner, amandla ayo okulwa nokuvuza kunye nokucinezelwa ahambelana nobukhulu bayo. Ngokwesiqhelo, ubukhulu buqala kwi-150 ukuya kwi-200 mm. Xa yenziwe kakuhle, i-permeability coefficient iphakathi kwe-1.0×10−9 cm/s kunye ne-1.0×10−10 cm/s. Nangona kunjalo, olu hlobo lwe-bottom liner lubiza kakhulu kwaye lunokuqhekeka.

• Iifilimu zePolyethylene ezinoxinano oluphezulu (iiPlati) (i-HDPE) : Xa i-polyethylene enoxinano oluphezulu kunye nezinye izinto ezenziweyo zisetyenziswa njenge-bottom liner, ubukhulu bayo buyi-1 - 2 mm kuphela. I-permeability coefficient yayo ingaphantsi kwe-1.0 × 10−13 cm/s, kwaye inamandla okubhoboza aphakathi. Ifanelekile kwii-ore ezinobukhulu besuntswana obungaphantsi kwe-20 mm kwaye inokusetyenziswa kwakhona amaxesha amaninzi. Iipleyiti ezithambileyo ze-polyethylene ezinoxinano oluphezulu zinokubotshelelwa kwindawo kusetyenziswa i-cyclohexanone. Indlela yokwakha ilula, kodwa iimfuno ezingqongqo zibekwe kumgangatho wee-welds. Kumazwe angaphandle, le nto idla ngokukhethwa kwii-bottom liners zeendawo zokukhupha ii-heap (kubandakanya amachibi agqityiweyo).

2.3 IZakhiwo zoMda ongezantsi

• IiLiners ezisezantsi zeLeya enye : Xa udongwe, i-asphalt, okanye ikhonkrithi zisetyenziselwa iiliners ezisezantsi zeleya enye, zithwala uxinzelelo oluphezulu kwaye zinokulawula ukuzinza kwenqwaba ye-ore kunye nesiseko. Xa kusetyenziswa izinto zokwenziwa, ingakumbi xa izinto zokwenziwa zibekwe kwisiseko sezinto ezincinci, amandla okuxinana aphantsi kakhulu, nto leyo enokuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwenqwaba ye-ore.

• IiLiners ezingaphantsi zeMaleko eMibini : IiLiners ezingaphantsi zeMaleko eMibini zenziwe ziintlobo ezimbini zezinto ezisetyenziswa kwiLiner engaphantsi. Ezi layer zimbini zinokudibana ngqo okanye zibe nomgca wokukhupha amanzi okanye ungqimba lwe-buffer phakathi kwazo. Ungqimba wokukhupha amanzi olusetyenziselwa ukujonga ukuvuza lunokuqokelela kwaye luphinde lusebenzise i-leachate. Ungqimba wokukhupha amanzi lunokwenziwa ngezinto ezifana nesanti ecolekileyo, kwaye ukongezwa kwalo kunokuphucula uzinzo lwenqwaba ye-ore. Ungqimba oluphezulu lweLiner engaphantsi yeMaleko eMibini ludla ngokuba ngumgca womqamelo osebenzayo ukuqinisekisa ukubuyiselwa kwe-leachate, ngelixa ungqimba olusezantsi lungungqimba lokukhusela ukuvuza kwesisombululo kwindawo esingqongileyo. Ngokwesiqhelo, ungqimba olusebenzayo lweLiner engaphantsi yeMaleko eMibini lwenziwe ngezinto zokwenziwa ezifana ne-HDPE kunye ne-PVC, kwaye ungqimba lokubuyisela amanzi lwenziwe ngodongwe.

• IiLiners ezisezantsi ezineeLeya ezintathu : IiLiners ezisezantsi ezineeLeya ezintathu zihlala zenziwe ngomaleko omnye we-PVC okanye i-HDPE soft plate kunye neeleya ezimbini zodongwe, okanye iileya ezimbini zePVC kunye nomaleko omnye wodongwe. Kukho ithuba eliphezulu lokutyibilika kwe-ore-heap kunye neeliners ezisezantsi ezineeLeya ezintathu. Ukuthintela ukutyibilika, kufuneka kubekho ubuncinci umaleko omnye wokukhupha amanzi phakathi kweeleya ezisezantsi ezineeLeya ezintathu. IiLiners ezisezantsi ezineeLeya ezintathu azisetyenziswa rhoqo.

2.4 UkuBekwa kweeLiner ezisezantsi

Itekhnoloji yokubeka kunye nomgangatho womgca ongezantsi uchaphazela kakhulu umsebenzi wayo. Xa ubeka i-liner ephantsi yodongwe, kuyimfuneko ukuphepha ixesha lemvula okanye elomileyo ukuthintela umgca ongezantsi ekuqhekekeni ngenxa yokulahleka kwamanzi. Indlela ethile kukuqala ukubeka umaleko ngodongwe, bentonite, okanye imisila ecolekileyo kwisiseko, uyihlanganise, uze ubeke iifilimu zeplastiki okanye amaphepha erabha, yongeza umaleko wodongwe okanye isanti ecikizekileyo, kwaye ekugqibeleni ugubungele umaleko wentsimbi ekrwada enkulu njengomgangatho okhuselayo.

Xa kukho ukuhluka kobude kwisiseko, ukubekwa kwezinto zokwenziwa - ii-liners ezisezantsi kufuneka ziqale ukusuka kwindawo esezantsi kwaye ziqhubele phezulu. Kuphephe ukwenza imibimbi. Umatshini we-roller ongenamthungo unokusetyenziselwa ukubekelwa, kwaye i-welding ikhethwa ngokukhethekileyo kwi-site. Ii-welds kufuneka zifanane, kwaye ulwalathiso lwazo lwelungiselelo kufuneka lube nge-perpendicular kwindlela enokwenzeka yokuhamba yemfumba ye-ore. Ukongeza, indawo yokubeka yomgca ongezantsi wesiza sokuvuza kufuneka ibe nkulu kancinane kuneyona ndawo isezantsi yemfumba yentsimbi.