Iindlela kunye neenkqubo zokukhupha i-Cyanide Tailings

intshayelelo

Iintsalela ze-cyanide yinkunkuma eqinileyo eyenziwe ngexesha lenkqubo yokuzuza kwimigodi yegolide kunye neminye imigodi. Ngenxa yobukho bentsalela iicyanides kunye nezinye iintsimbi ezinzima, ukuba aziphathwa kakuhle, ziya kubangela ingozi enkulu kwindalo kunye nempilo yabantu. Ubuthi obuphezulu be IiCyanides inokusasazeka ngomoya, ngamanzi nangomhlaba, ingcolise inkqubo yendalo engqongileyo yaye ibeke emngciphekweni ukuphila kwezilwanyana nezityalo. Ngoko ke, kungxamisekile ukukhupha ityhefu Iintsalela zeCyanide. Eli nqaku liza kwazisa ngokweenkcukacha i Ukuxutyushwa iindlela kunye neenkqubo ze i-cyanide imisila.

Iimpawu kunye neengozi zeCyanide Tailings

Ukubunjwa kwee-cyanide tailings kuyinkimbinkimbi. Ukongeza kwi-cyanides engaphendulwanga, ikwaqulethe iintsimbi ezinzima ezifana nobhedu, ilothe, i-zinc, kunye. I-MERCURY. Ezi zinyithi ezinzima kunzima ukuthotywa kwimeko yendalo kwaye ziya kuqokelelana ixesha elide. I-Cyanides inokuthintela umsebenzi we-enzymes yokuphefumula kwiiseli zebhayoloji, ekhokelela kwi-asphyxiation kunye nokufa kwezinto eziphilayo. Umzekelo, xa amanzi amdaka aqulathe iintsalela zecyanide ekhutshelwa emilanjeni, oko kuya kubangela inani elikhulu lokufa kwezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini ezinjengeentlanzi, okutshabalalisa ibhalansi yendalo yamanzi. Xa iintsimbi ezinzima zingena emzimbeni womntu, ziya kuqokelelana kumalungu omntu kwaye zibangele izifo ezahlukahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, ityhefu yelothe ichaphazela ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo ye-nervous, kunye Mercury ityhefu iyonakalisa izintso kunye nengqondo.

Iindlela zokukhupha ubutyhefu

Indlela ye-Chemical Oxidation

1. Indlela ye-Alkaline yeChlorination: Le yindlela esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo yekhemikhali ye-oxidation detoxification. Ngaphantsi kweemeko ze-alkaline (ngokuqhelekileyo ixabiso le-pH lilawulwa kwi-10 - 11), i-oxidants efana negesi ye-chlorine okanye i-hypochlorites yongezwa kwi-cyanide tailings. Umgaqo wayo wokusabela ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Okokuqala, i-cyanide ions (CN⁻) i-oxidized to cyanate ions (CNO⁻), kunye ne-reaction equation ithi CN⁻ + ClO⁻ + H₂O → CNO⁻ + Cl⁻ + 2H⁺. Emva koko, i-cyanate iboliswa kwizinto ezingenabungozi njenge-nitrogen kunye ne-carbon dioxide phantsi kwe-oxidation eyongezelelweyo, 2CNO⁻ + 3ClO⁻ + H₂O → N₂↑ + 3Cl⁻ + 2HCO₃⁻. Inzuzo yale ndlela kukuba ireyithi yokusabela ikhawuleza kakhulu kwaye umphumo wokukhutshwa kwetyhefu uyabonakala, kodwa into engeloncedo kukuba ezinye izinto ezingcolisayo zesibini ezifana neklorini-equlethe igesi yokukhupha inokuveliswa.

2. Indlela ye-Hydrogen Peroxide: I-hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) inokukhupha kwaye idibanise i-cyanides phambi kwe-catalyst efanelekileyo. Ii-Catalysts ezifana ne-ferrous ion (Fe²⁺) zidla ngokukhethwa. Ngexesha lenkqubo yokusabela, i-hydrogen peroxide iyabola ukuze ivelise i-hydroxyl radicals (·OH), eneempawu ze-oxidizing ezomeleleyo kwaye zinokukhupha ngokukhawuleza iicyanides. I-reaction equation ithi CN⁻ + H₂O₂ → CNO⁻ + H₂O. Inzuzo yendlela ye-hydrogen peroxide oxidation kukuba iimveliso emva kokubola kwe-hydrogen peroxide ngamanzi kunye ne-oksijini, kwaye akukho zingcoliso ezintsha ziziswa, kodwa ixabiso liphezulu kakhulu, kwaye iimfuno zeemeko zokusabela zingqongqo.

Indlela ye-Biological Oxidation

1. Indlela yokuLeaching yeMicrobial: Ezinye ii-microorganisms ezikhethekileyo, ezifana ne-Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, zisetyenziswa. Ezi microorganisms zingasebenzisa i-cyanides njengemithombo ye-nitrogen kunye nekhabhoni ngexesha lokukhula kwazo kwaye i-oxidize kwaye ibolise. Ngemisebenzi yazo yemetabolism, iimicroorganisms ziguqula iicyanides zibe zizinto ezingenabungozi njengekharbon diokside, amanzi kunye neammonia. Inzuzo yale ndlela kukuba ihambelana nokusingqongileyo kwaye isebenzise amandla aphantsi, kodwa ukungonakali kukuba ukukhula kwe-microorganisms kuchaphazeleka kakhulu yimiba yokusingqongileyo efana neqondo lokushisa kunye nexabiso le-pH, kwaye umjikelo wonyango ude kakhulu.

2. Indlela ye-Biofilm: I-Microorganisms igxininiswe kumphezulu we-carrier ukuze zenze i-biofilm. Xa i-cyanide tailings idibana ne-biofilm, i-cyanides ithotywa yi-microorganisms. I-biofilm ine-adsorption enamandla kunye namandla okunciphisa, anokuphucula unyango lwe-microorganisms kwi-cyanides. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-microbial leaching method, i-microorganisms kwindlela ye-biofilm ayilula ukulahlekelwa kwaye ibe nozinzo oluphezulu, kodwa nayo ijongene nengxaki yokukhathazeka kwiimeko zendalo.

Ezinye iindlela

1. Ubushushu obuphezulu beNdlela yePyrolysis: Iintsalela ze-cyanide zenziwe ngepyrolyzed kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu (adla ngokuba ngaphezu kwe-800℃), kwaye iicyanides ziboliswa zibe ziigesi ezifana nenitrogen kunye necarbon monoxide. Indlela yokushisa ephezulu ye-pyrolysis inokususa ngokufanelekileyo i-cyanides, kodwa idinga umthamo omkhulu wokusetyenziswa kwamandla, kunye nesinyithi esinzima sinokuguquguquka phantsi kweemeko eziphezulu zokushisa, kwandisa ubunzima bonyango olulandelayo lwegesi yomsila.

2. Indlela yeAdsorption: Ii-Adsorbents ezifana ne-carbon activated kunye ne-zeolite zisetyenziselwa ukubhengeza i-cyanides. I-Adsorbents inommandla omkhulu ocacileyo kwaye inokunyusa i-cyanides kwiindawo zabo, ngaloo ndlela ifezekisa injongo yokukhupha. Indlela ye-adsorption ilula ukuyisebenzisa, kodwa amandla e-adsorption ye-adsorbent anqunyelwe, kwaye i-adsorbent idinga ukutshintshwa rhoqo. Ukongezelela, unyango lwe-adsorbent ye-adsorbent lunzima kakhulu.

Inkqubo ye-Detoxification

Utyando

1. Ukutyumza kunye nokuHlola: Umsila omkhulu we-cyanide utyunyuziwe ukunciphisa ubungakanani bamasuntswana, ukwenzela ukuba i-reaction detoxification elandelayo iqhube ngakumbi. Izityumli eziqhelekileyo zibandakanya izityumli zemihlathi, izityumzi zekhowuni, njl.njl. Iintsila ezityunyuziweyo ke zijongiwe ngezixhobo zokuhlola ezifana nezikrini ezingcangcazelayo ukukhangela amasuntswana obungakanani bamasuntswana ahlukeneyo, ukubonelela ngezinto ezinobungakanani bamasuntswana afanelekileyo kunyango olulandelayo.

2. UkuFunda: Ukuze wenze i-cyanides idibanise kangcono kwaye iphendule nge-reagent detoxification, amanzi okanye ezinye izinyibilikisi ezifanelekileyo zidla ngokusetyenziselwa ukukhupha i-cyanide tailings. Inkqubo yokucoca iqhutyelwa kwitanki edibeneyo, kwaye i-tailings kunye ne-solvent ixutywe ngokupheleleyo ngokuvuselela. Izinto ezifana nexesha le-leaching, ubushushu, kunye nolwelo-ukuya-oluqilima umlinganiselo uya kuchaphazela isiphumo se-leaching, kwaye ngokubanzi kufuneka uphuculwe ngokweemeko zokwenyani.

Umsebenzi wokukhupha ubutyhefu

1. Inkqubo yokuSebenza yeNdlela ye-Chemical Oxidation: Ukuthatha indlela ye-alkaline chlorination njengomzekelo, kwisisombululo se-tailings emva kokuvuthwa, i-sodium hydroxide yongezwa okokuqala ukulungisa ixabiso le-pH yesisombululo ukuya kwi-10 - 11. Emva koko, igesi ye-chlorine ifakwe ngokukhawuleza okanye isisombululo se-sodium hypochlorite songezwa, kwaye ukuvuselela kuqhutyelwa ngexesha elifanayo ukwenza ukusabela kuqhubeke ngokupheleleyo. Ngexesha lenkqubo yokusabela, ukugxilwa kwe-cyanide kwisisombululo kufuneka kubekwe iliso ngexesha langempela. Xa i-cyanide concentration iyancipha ibe ngaphantsi komgangatho ochaziweyo, ukongezwa kwe-oxidant kumisiwe.

2. Inkqubo yokuSebenza yeNdlela ye-Biological Oxidation: Ukuba i-microbial leaching method yamkelwe, i-Thiobacillus ferrooxidans ekhuliswe kakuhle kunye nezinye i-microorganisms zifakwe kwisisombululo se-leaching esiqulethe i-cyanide tailings. Ubushushu benkqubo yokusabela bulawulwa ngaphakathi koluhlu olufanelekileyo lokukhula kwe-microorganisms (ngokubanzi 25 - 35 ℃), kwaye ixabiso le-pH lihlengahlengiswa kuluhlu olufanelekileyo (ngokubanzi 2 - 4). Ngexesha lenkqubo yokusabela, izondlo kufuneka zizaliswe rhoqo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokukhula kwee-microorganisms. Inkqubela phambili ye-detoxification reaction igwetywa ngokubeka iliso kwi-concentration ye-cyanide kunye nokukhula kwe-microorganisms.

Unyango olulandelayo

1. Okuqinileyo - Ukwahlulwa kolwelo: Emva kokuba i-detoxification reaction igqityiwe, i-tailings ephathwayo kufuneka ifakwe phantsi kokwahlula okuqinileyo-ulwelo. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo eziqinileyo - iindlela zokwahlula ulwelo ziquka ukuhluzwa kunye ne-centrifugation. Ngokusebenzisa izixhobo zokuhluza ezifana nepleyiti - kunye - ne-frame filter presses, ii-tailings eziqinileyo ziyahlulwa kulwelo. Ulwelo olwahluliweyo kufuneka luphinde luvavanyelwe icyanide kunye nesiqulatho sesinyithi esinzima ukuqinisekisa ukuba sinokukhutshwa emva kokuhlangabezana nemigangatho yokukhupha.

2. Ukulahlwa kweentsila: Emva kwe-detoxification kunye ne-solid - ukuhlukana kwe-liquid, ukuba umxholo wetsimbi onzima kwi-tailings usephezulu, unyango olongezelelweyo luyafuneka. Ngokomzekelo, iteknoloji yokuqinisa kunye nokuzinzisa iyamkelwa, kwaye i-tailings ixutywe kunye nee-agent eziqinisiweyo ezifana ne-samente kunye ne-lime ukulungisa isinyithi esinzima kumzimba oqiniweyo kunye nokunciphisa ukuhamba kwazo kwindawo. Iintsila ezicociweyo zinokugalelwa umhlaba okanye zisetyenziswe ngokubanzi ngokweemeko zokwenyani, ezinjengokusetyenziswa kwimveliso yemathiriyeli yokwakha.

isiphelo

Unyango lokukhupha ubutyhefu kwiintsila zecyanide lubaluleke kakhulu kukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokuzinzileyo kwemithombo yobutyebi. Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokukhupha iityhefu zineengenelo zazo kunye nezingeloncedo zazo. Kwizicelo ezisebenzayo, iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokukhupha ityhefu kunye neenkqubo kufuneka zikhethwe ngokubanzi ngokwemiba efana neempawu zemisila yecyanide, iindleko zonyango, kunye neemfuno zokusingqongileyo. Ngexesha elifanayo, kunye nenkqubela phambili eqhubekayo yesayensi kunye neteknoloji, iteknoloji entsha yokukhupha i-toxification kunye neenkqubo zihlala zivela. Kwixesha elizayo, kulindeleke ukuba kuphuhliswe iindlela ezisebenzayo, ezihambelana nokusingqongileyo, kunye nezoqoqosho zokukhupha i-cyanide tailings, ukunika izisombululo ezingcono kwiingxaki zokusingqongileyo eziziswa yi-cyanide tailings.