Ubuthi be-Liquid Sodium Cyanide kunye ne-First-Aid Measures

1. intshayelelo

I-Sodium cyanide (NaCN) yikhemikhali enobungozi kakhulu, kwaye imo yayo yolwelo ibeka umngcipheko omkhulu kwimpilo yabantu nakwindalo esingqongileyo. Ukuqonda iindlela zayo zobungozi kunye nokwazi amanyathelo afanelekileyo oncedo lokuqala xa kuvela ingozi kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko, ngakumbi kwiindawo zoshishino apho isetyenziswa khona, njengakwimigodi yegolide kwiinkqubo zokukhupha igolide nakwezinye iindawo zokwenza iikhemikhali.

2. Ubutyhefu beLiquid Sodium Cyanide

2.1. Indlela yobutyhefu

I-Liquid Sodium Cyanide iyahlukana emzimbeni ukuze ikhuphe ii-ion ze-cyanide (CN⁻). Ezi i-ion ze-cyanide zinobuhlobo obuphezulu kakhulu ne-cytochrome oxidase, i-enzyme complex kwi-mitochondria yeeseli. Ngokubophelela kwi-cytochrome oxidase, i-cyanide ithintela uthotho lwe-electron transport, oluyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuphefumla kwe-aerobic. Ngenxa yoko, iiseli azikwazi ukusebenzisa i-oksijini ngokufanelekileyo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimeko ye-histotoxic hypoxia. Ngamazwi alula, iiseli azifumani i-oksijini kwanaxa kukho unikezelo olwaneleyo egazini, nto leyo ephazamisa ukusebenza kweseli kunye ne-metabolism eqhelekileyo.

2.2. Iindlela zokuvezwa kunye neziPhumo eziNxulumene nobutyhefu

2.2.1. Ukuphefumla

Ukuba umphunga okanye inkungu ye -Liquid sodium cyanide iphefumlwe, iimpawu zinokwenzeka ngokukhawuleza kakhulu. Inkqubo yokuphefumla yeyokuqala ukuchaphazeleka. Iimpawu zokuqala zingabandakanya ukurhawuzelelwa komqala, ukukhohlela, kunye nokuziva uxinezelekile esifubeni. Njengoko ukuvezwa kuqhubeka, iimpawu ezinzulu ezifana nokuphefumla kancinci, ukuphefumla ngokukhawuleza, kunye nokuvezwa okuxineneyo, ukunqandeka kokuphefumla kunokwenzeka. Ukuphefumla nokuba yimithamo emincinci ye-cyanide - equlethe umphunga kunokuba yingozi ebomini ngenxa yokungena ngokukhawuleza kwe-cyanide egazini nge-alveoli emiphungeni.

2.2.2. Uqhagamshelwano lwesikhumba

Ukudibana ngqo nolusu ne -sodium cyanide engamanzi nako kunokuba yingozi. I-alkaline yendalo yezisombululo ze -Sodium cyanide inokubangela ukurhawuzelelwa, ukutsha, kunye nokubola kolusu. Ukongeza, ukuba kukho nakuphi na ukusikeka, ukukrweleka, okanye amanxeba avulekileyo eluswini, i-cyanide inokufunxwa egazini. Ukudibana nolusu ixesha elide okanye ixesha elide kunokukhokelela kwityhefu yomzimba, kunye neempawu ezifana nezo zokungena okanye ukuphefumla, njengentloko ebuhlungu, isiyezi, ubuthathaka, kwaye kwiimeko ezinzima, ukumisa kwentliziyo.

2.2.3. Ukungeniswa

Ukusela ulwelo lwesodium cyanide kuyingozi kakhulu. Nokuba isixa esincinci sinokubulala. Iiyoni ze-cyanide zifunxwa ngokukhawuleza kumzila wesisu ukuya egazini. Iimpawu zihlala ziqala phakathi kwemizuzu kwaye zinokubandakanya isicaphucaphu, ukuhlanza, iintlungu zesisu, kunye nokutshisa emlonyeni nasemqaleni. Njengoko ityhefu isasazeka emzimbeni, inokukhokelela ekulahlekelweni kwengqondo, ukuxhuzula, kwaye ekugqibeleni, ukufa ngenxa yokungaphumeleli kokuphefumla kunye nentliziyo.

2.3. Idosi yeLethal

Idosi ebulalayo yolwelo lwesodium cyanide inokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto ezifana nendlela yokuvezwa, imeko yempilo yomntu, kunye nobunzima bomzimba. Nangona kunjalo, ngokubanzi, i-sodium cyanide inetyhefu kakhulu, kwaye isixa esincinci sinokubulala. Ngokomzekelo, idosi enobungozi yomlomo enokwenzeka kubantu iqikelelwa ukuba ingaphantsi kwe-5 mg / kg yesisindo somzimba. Oku kuthetha ukuba kumntu omdala ophakathi (malunga nama-70 kg), ngaphantsi kwe-350 mg yesodium cyanide inokubulala ukuba ityiwe.

3. Okokuqala - Amanyathelo oNcedo

3.1. Ukuphefumla

1. Ukufuduka Kwangoko : Ukuba umntu uphefumle umphunga okanye inkungu ye-sodium cyanide engamanzi, kufuneka asuswe ngokukhawuleza kwindawo engcolileyo asiwe kwindawo enomoya omtsha. Oku kunceda ekuthinteleni ukuvezwa ngakumbi kwinto enobuthi.

2. Gcina Indlela Yomoya Nokuphefumla : Qinisekisa ukuba indlela yomoya yexhoba icocekile. Ukuba ixhoba linengxaki yokuphefumla, linike umoya wokwenziwa ukuba liqeqeshwe ukwenza njalo. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuba ungaphindi uphefumle ngomlomo kuba kukho umngcipheko wokufumana i-cyanide kumhlanguli. Endaweni yoko, sebenzisa isixhobo semaski esine-bag - valve - kunye ne-oxygen eyongezelelweyo ukuba ikhona.

3. Funa Uncedo Lwezonyango Ngokukhawuleza : Fowunela iinkonzo zonyango ezingxamisekileyo (EMS) ngoko nangoko. Ngelixa ulinde i-ambulensi, jonga iimpawu ezibalulekileyo zexhoba, ezinje ngokuphefumla kunye nokubetha kwentliziyo. Ukuba ixhoba lilahlekelwa zingqondo okanye lifumana ukuminxeka kwentliziyo, qalisa ukuvuselela i-cardiopulmonary (CPR) ukuba uqeqeshwe, ulandela izikhokelo ezifanelekileyo.

3.2. Uqhagamshelwano lwesikhumba

1. Susa impahla engcolileyo : Ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka, susa nayiphi na impahla edibene ne-sodium cyanide engamanzi. Oku kunceda ukuthintela ukuvezwa ngakumbi kwesikhumba kunye nokufunxwa. Xa ususa impahla, lumka ungasasazi le khemikhali kwezinye iindawo zomzimba okanye kumhlanguli.

2. Hlamba Ulusu Ngokucokisekileyo : Hlamba indawo echaphazelekayo yolusu ngamanzi amaninzi ahambayo ubuncinane imizuzu engama-20. Oku kunceda ekunyibilikiseni nasekususeni i-sodium cyanide eluswini. Ukuba ikhona, isisombululo se-5% se-sodium thiosulfate singasetyenziselwa ukuhlamba ulusu emva kokuhlamba ngamanzi kokuqala. I-sodium thiosulfate inokunceda ekuthinteleni i-cyanide eluswini.

3. Funa Uncedo Lukagqirha : Emva kokuhlamba ulusu, umntu ochaphazelekayo kufuneka asiwe esibhedlele ukuze ahlolwe aze anyangwe ngakumbi. Nokuba ulusu alubonakali luchaphazeleke kakhulu, kusenokuba kukho umngcipheko wokutya ityhefu emzimbeni, kwaye iingcali zonyango zinokujonga naziphi na iimpawu zobungozi.

3.3. Ukungeniswa

1. Musa Ukuvuselela Ukuhlanza : Akufuneki nanini na ukuba ukuhlanza kubangele umonakalo omkhulu kumphunga kwaye kwandise umngcipheko wokufunxwa kwesi sixhobo sinobuthi emiphungeni.

2. Hlamba Umlomo : Ukuba ixhoba lisezingqondweni, hlambulula umlomo walo kakuhle ngamanzi ukuze ususe nayiphi na intsalela ye-sodium cyanide engamanzi.

3. Phatha Amayeza Okubulala Iintsholongwane Phantsi Kolawulo Lwezonyango : Amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane e-cyanide yi-hydroxocobalamin (Cyanokit) kunye nomxube we-sodium nitrite kunye ne-sodium thiosulfate. Nangona kunjalo, la mayeza okubulala iintsholongwane kufuneka anikwe kuphela ziingcali zonyango. Kufuneka kubizwe i-EMS ngoko nangoko, kwaye ixhoba lifanele lithuthwe liye esibhedlele ngokukhawuleza. Esibhedlele, amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane afanelekileyo aza kunikwa ngokusekelwe kubukhali betyhefu kunye nemeko yexhoba.

4. Ukhathalelo Oluxhasayo : Ukongeza kunyango oluchasene neziyobisi, ixhoba linokufuna ukhathalelo oluxhasayo, olufana nolwelo olufakwa kwimithambo ukuze ligcine amanzi ehlala emanzi, amayeza okulawula ukuxhuzula ukuba kwenzeka, kunye nokujonga ngokusondeleyo iimpawu ezibalulekileyo, kubandakanya izinga lokubetha kwentliziyo, uxinzelelo lwegazi, kunye nokwanda kweoksijini.

4. Amanyathelo oThintelo kunye noKhuseleko

Ukuthintela ukuvezwa kwe-sodium cyanide, amanyathelo angqongqo okhuseleko kufuneka aphunyezwe kwiindawo zokusebenza apho isetyenziswa khona. Abasebenzi kufuneka babonelelwe ngezixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokuzikhusela (personal protective equipment) (PPE), kubandakanywa iiglavu ezikwaziyo ukumelana neekhemikhali, iiglavu, kunye nokhuseleko lokuphefumla. Iindawo ekusetyenzwa kuzo kufuneka zifakwe umoya kakuhle ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokuphefumla umphunga wecyanide. Kufuneka kwakhona kubekho imiqondiso ecacileyo ebonisa ubukho bento eyityhefu, kwaye abasebenzi kufuneka bafumane uqeqesho rhoqo malunga nokuphatha ngokukhuselekileyo kunye nokugcinwa kwe-sodium cyanide engamanzi, kunye nokuba benze ntoni xa benokuvezwa ngempazamo.

Ukuqukumbela, i-sodium cyanide engamanzi yinto enetyhefu kakhulu, kwaye nakuphi na ukuvezwa kuyo kunokuba neziphumo ezibi kwimpilo yabantu. Ukwazi iindlela zetyhefu kunye nokuqhelana namanyathelo oncedo lokuqala afanelekileyo kunokwenza umahluko omkhulu ekusindiseni ubomi kwimeko kaxakeka.