Iimfuno ezingqongqo kufuneka zilandelwe njani xa kuhanjiswa i-sodium cyanide?

Sodium i-cyanide yimathiriyeli esisiseko ebalulekileyo yeekhemikhali, esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumashishini amaninzi afana nemigodi, i-electroplating, kunye nokuveliswa kweekhemikhali. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yetyhefu ephezulu kakhulu, nakuphi na ukuvuza okanye ukuphathwa ngendlela engafanelekanga ngexesha uthutho kunokubangela ingozi enkulu kwimpilo yabantu nakwimekobume. Ngoko ke, ukuthuthwa kwe Isodium cyanide kufuneka ihambelane neemfuno ezingqongqo.

1. Ukuthotyelwa koMgaqo

1.1 INkqubo-sikhokelo yoMthetho

Kumazwe amaninzi, ukuthuthwa kwe sodium cyanide ilawulwa ngokungqongqo yimithetho nemigaqo efanelekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, eUnited States, iSebe lezoThutho (i-DOT) linemigaqo eneenkcukacha kwiKhowudi ye-Federal Regulations (CFR), iSiqendu 49. Le migaqo ibandakanya iinkalo ezinjengokupakisha, ukuleyibheli, ukufakwa kweeplacards kunye nokuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi bezothutho. E-China, "iMimiselo yoLawulo loKhuseleko lweMichiza enobungozi" ichaza ngokucacileyo iimfuno zolawulo lokhuseleko lokuthuthwa kweekhemikhali ezinetyhefu kakhulu njenge. Isodium cyanide. Abathumeli bangaphandle kufuneka bafumane iimvume zokuthumela ngaphandle kweekhemikhali ezilawulwayo kwiziphathamandla zelizwe ngaphambi kokuthumela ngaphandle, kwaye isiqinisekiso sokuphela - siyafuneka ukufumana imvume yokuthumela ngaphandle.

1.2 Amaphepha-mvume kunye neeLayisenisi

Iinkampani zothutho kufuneka zifumane iimvume ezithile kunye neelayisensi zokuthutha i-sodium cyanide. La maphepha-mvume adla ngokukhutshwa ngamasebe karhulumente afanelekileyo emva kophononongo olubanzi lwenkqubo yolawulo lokhuseleko lwenkampani, izixhobo zothutho, kunye neziqinisekiso zabasebenzi bayo. Ngokomzekelo, ekuthuthweni kwempahla eyingozi kwi-European Union, iinkampani kufuneka zihambelane ne-ADR (IsiVumelwano saseYurophu esiphathelele kwi-International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road) imigaqo kwaye zifumane izatifikethi eziyimfuneko ze-ADR.

2. UkuPakisha kunye nokuFakwa kweelebhile

2.1 IiMathiriyeli zokuPakisha

• Isodium Cyanide eqinile: I-sodium cyanide eqinile idla ngokuthuthwa kwiidramu zetsimbi ezinobunzima obungama-50 kg. Le migqomo ixhotyiswe ngeengxowa ze-PE zangaphakathi ukuthintela ukuvuza. Iibhokisi zePlywood ezinobunzima obuzi-1000 kg, ezifakwe kwi-PE yangaphakathi kunye ne-PP iingxowa eziphothiweyo eziphothiweyo, nazo zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo. Izinto zokupakisha kufuneka zibe ngumhlwa - zixhathise kwaye zibe namandla awoneleyo okumelana nokuphathwa okuqhelekileyo kunye nezothuso zokuhamba.

• Isisombululo seSodium Cyanide: I-cyanide ye-sodium emanzi idla ngokuthuthwa kwiinkqubo "ezinzima-ukuzalisa" (ivaliwe - loop). Uthutho lukaloliwe, lulayishwa okanye luthululwe kwiimoto zikaloliwe ngokusebenzisa imibhobho yeekhemikhali okanye i-PTFE - iingalo zokulayisha ezinemigca. Iilori zetanki ezisetyenziselwa ukuthutha isisombululo se-sodium cyanide kufuneka zihlangabezane neemfuno ezisekiweyo ze-DOT, ezifana ne-MC 307 okanye izikhongozeli zemichiza ye-ISO ephantsi. Zonke iitreyila kufuneka zixhotyiswe ngeevalvu zokunciphisa uxinzelelo, kwaye ezo zineentsimbi ezisezantsi kufuneka zixhotyiswe ngeeremote - control valves stop.

2.2 Ukuleyibhile kunye nokuPlakhadi

• Iilebhile ezilumkisayo: Zonke iipakethi eziqukethe i-sodium cyanide kufuneka zibhalwe ngokucacileyo kunye neelebhile ezilumkisayo. Ezi lebhile kufuneka zibonise igama lekhemikhali, ubume bayo betyhefu, kunye nezilumkiso eziyimfuneko ezinobungozi, ezifana ne-"Poison," "Toxic by Inhalation," kunye "Nengozi: Inokubangela Ukufa." Iileyibhile zifanele zibe ngolwimi oluqondakala lula kwindawo yezothutho.

• Iikhabhathi: Izithuthi ezithutha i-sodium cyanide kufuneka zibonise iiplacards ezifanelekileyo kuwo onke amacala amane. Ezi placards zinkulu, iimpawu zedayimani ezimile ezibonisa ngokucacileyo ubume bengozi yomthwalo. Kwi-sodium cyanide, i-placard iya kubonisa ngokuqhelekileyo inombolo ye-UN (UN1689 ye-sodium cyanide eqinile kunye ne-UN3414 yesisombululo se-sodium cyanide), iklasi (iKlasi 6.1. emele izinto ezinobuthi), kunye nesimboli esiyingozi esifanelekileyo.

3. Izixhobo zoThutho kunye neMiqathango

3.1 IiMfuno zeSithuthi

• Uthutho lukaloliwe: I-sodium cyanide ngokuqhelekileyo ithunyelwa kwi-26.000 - i-gallon DOT - i-111 i-insulated okanye i-non-insulated tank cars kunye ne-valve yokhuseleko. Iimoto zikaloliwe zine-diameter yangaphandle emalunga neenyawo ezi-9 kunye nobude obupheleleyo obungama-45 - 55 ezinyaweni, kunye nokuvulwa kweziko le-6 'x 6' okanye ukuvuleka kwebhokisi ye-crash offset. Iimoto zetanki kufuneka zihlolwe rhoqo ukuze kukhangelwe naziphi na iimpawu zomhlwa, ukuvuza, okanye ukonakala.

• Ukuhamba ezindleleni: Iilori zetanki ezisetyenziselwa ukuthutha i-sodium cyanide kufuneka zihlangabezane nemigangatho engqongqo yokhuseleko. Kufuneka baxhotyiswe ngezixhobo zokhuseleko ezifana neevalvu ezivaliweyo ngokungxamisekileyo, iigeji zoxinzelelo, kunye nokhuseleko lokulwa ne-rollover. Izithuthi kufuneka kwakhona zibe nenkqubo yokuqhobosha ethembekileyo kwaye zigcinwe kakuhle ukuqinisekisa ukuthuthwa okukhuselekileyo endleleni.

• Uthutho Lomoya: Xa uhambisa i-sodium cyanide ngomoya, izilumkiso ezikhethekileyo ziyafuneka. Umzekelo, kwimeko apho iitoni ezingama-25.7 zecyanide kufuneka zithuthwe ukusuka eXi'an ukuya eMongolia, umphathiswa uthathe amanyathelo okhuseleko amaninzi. Umthwalo wawupakishwe ngendlela "yesingxobo esitywiniweyo sangaphakathi + igubu lentsimbi langaphandle". Imigqomo yentsimbi ezaliswe yi-sodium cyanide yayizinze ngokuqinileyo kwi-tray ethwele uxinzelelo ukuthintela ukungqubana kunye nokuhamba ngexesha lokubhabha. Iinqwelomoya zidla ngokunikezela abasebenzi benqwelomoya abanamava kwiinqwelomoya zomthwalo ezikhethekileyo.

3.2 IiMeko zokusiNgqongileyo

• Ulawulo lobushushu kunye nokufuma: I-sodium cyanide kufuneka ihanjiswe kwindawo ekhusela amaqondo aphezulu kunye nokufuma. Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu anokunyusa umngcipheko wokuchaphazeleka kweekhemikhali, kwaye ukufuma kunokubangela isodiyam cyanide eqinileyo ifunxe ukufuma kwaye ibenakho ukukhupha igesi eyityhefu yehydrogen cyanide. Izithuthi kunye neendawo zokugcina kufuneka zixhotyiswe ngezixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokulawula ubushushu kunye nokufuma ukuba kuyimfuneko.

• Ukunqanda ukothuka kunye nokungcangcazela: Ngexesha lokuhamba, isithuthi kufuneka siphephe ukothuka okugqithisileyo kunye nokungcangcazela. Ukuqhuba ngokurhabaxa, okufana nokuqhobosheka ngesiquphe rhoqo kunye nokujika okubukhali, kunokubangela ukuba iipakethi zingqubane kwaye zisenokonakalisa isingxobo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuvuzeni. Ngoko ke, abaqhubi bafanele baqeqeshelwe ukuqhuba kakuhle kwaye baziphephe iimeko ezinjalo.

4. UQeqesho lwaBasebenzi kunye neMiqathango yoKhuseleko

4.1 IiMfuno zoQeqesho

• Uqeqesho loKwazisa ngokuBanzi: Bonke abasebenzi ababandakanyekayo ekuthuthweni kwe-sodium cyanide, kubandakanywa nabaqhubi, abalayishi, kunye nabaphathi, kufuneka bafumane uqeqesho lokuqonda ngokubanzi kwizinto ezinobungozi. Olu qeqesho lubandakanya ulwazi lweempawu ze-sodium cyanide, iingozi ezinokubakho, kunye neenkqubo ezisisiseko zokhuseleko ekufuneka zilandelwe.

• Umsebenzi-uQeqesho oluKhethekileyo: Abasebenzi kufuneka nabo bafumane umsebenzi-uqeqesho oluthe ngqo olunxulumene noxanduva lomsebenzi wabo. Umzekelo, abaqhubi kufuneka bazi indlela yokusabela kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo ngexesha lothutho, njengokuchitheka okanye ingozi yemoto. Abalayishi kufuneka baqeqeshwe kwiinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokulayisha kunye nokothula ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lomthwalo kunye neziqu zabo.

• UQeqesho olwenziwa rhoqo: Uqeqesho lwarhoqo lwarhoqo luyimfuneko ukugcina ulwazi nezakhono zabasebenzi zisexesheni. Oku kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba bahlala beqaphela imimiselo yokhuseleko yakutsha kunye nezenzo ezilungileyo ekuthuthweni kwe-sodium cyanide.

4.2 Amanyathelo okhuseleko

• Izixhobo Ezikhuselayo (i-PPE): Xa uphethe i-sodium cyanide, bonke abasebenzi kufuneka banxibe iPPE efanelekileyo. Oku kubandakanya iiglavu zerabha, iifaskoti, iibhutsi, iiglasi, kunye nothuli-ubungqina okanye imaski yegesi. I-PPE inceda ukuthintela ukudibana ngokuthe ngqo kwikhemikhali kunye nokuphefumla umsi wayo oyityhefu.

• komoya: Iindawo zokulayisha kunye nezothutho, kunye nendawo yangaphakathi yezithuthi zothutho, kufuneka zifakwe kakuhle. Ukungena komoya okulungileyo kunokunciphisa ukuxinana kweegesi ezinetyhefu emoyeni kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko wokuphefumla ngabasebenzi. Kwiindawo apho i-sodium cyanide iphathwa ixesha elide, izixhobo zokungenisa umoya kufuneka zifakwe.

• IziCwangciso zokuPhendula ngokuNgxamisekileyo: Iinkampani zezothutho kufuneka zibe nezicwangciso ezineenkcukacha zokusabela kwimeko kaxakeka. Ezi zicwangciso kufuneka zichaze iinkqubo emazilandelwe xa kukho ukuchitheka, ukuvuza, okanye ezinye iimeko zikaxakeka. Izicwangciso kufuneka zibandakanye iinkcukacha zoqhagamshelwano kwii-arhente ezifanelekileyo zokusabela kwingxakeko, njengamasebe omlilo asekuhlaleni, ii-arhente zokukhusela indalo esingqongileyo, kunye namaziko okulawula ityhefu.

5. UkuPhendula ngokuNgxamisekileyo kunye noLawulo lokuSila

5.1 Isicwangciso sokuPhendula ngokuNgxamisekileyo

• IiNkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo: Kwimeko yengozi okanye ukuchitheka okubandakanya i-sodium cyanide, isicwangciso sempendulo kaxakeka esicetyiweyo kufuneka sisebenze ngokukhawuleza. Isicwangciso kufuneka sichaze iinkcukacha zamanyathelo aza kuthathwa ukukhusela ubomi bomntu, ukuthintela ukusasazeka kokuchitheka, kunye nokunciphisa umonakalo wokusingqongileyo. Ngokomzekelo, kufuneka icacise indlela yokukhupha indawo ejikelezileyo, indlela yokuqulatha ukuchitheka, kunye nendlela yokunciphisa i-sodium cyanide.

• uqhagamshelwano: Unxibelelwano olucacileyo nolusebenzayo lubalulekile ngexesha likaxakeka. Inkampani yezothutho kufuneka yazise ngokukhawuleza ii-arhente zendawo zokusabela kwingxakeko, kunye nabasemagunyeni abafanelekileyo abalawulayo. Ukongeza, iindlela zonxibelelwano kufuneka zisekwe kunye noluntu olungqongileyo ukubazisa ngemeko kunye nawo nawaphi na amanyathelo ayimfuneko okufuduka okanye amanyathelo okhuseleko.

5.2 Ulawulo lokuchitheka

• Umthamo: Xa ukuchitheka kusenzeka, inyathelo lokuqala kukuqulatha isodium cyanide ukuthintela ukwanda kwayo. Oku kunokwenziwa ngokusebenzisa izinto zokufunxa, ezifana nesanti okanye ukuchitheka okukhethekileyo - iibhomu zokulawula. Indawo ejikeleze ukuchitheka kufuneka ivalwe ukuze kuthintelwe ukungena okungagunyaziswanga.

• Ukungathathi cala: Ulwelo lwe-hydrogen cyanide (iveliswa xa i-sodium cyanide isabelana namanzi) kunye nayiphi na i-sodium cyanide eseleyo kufuneka ingathathi hlangothi. Kule njongo, ii-oxidizing agents ezinamandla ezifana ne-hydrogen peroxide okanye i-sodium thiosulfate zingasetyenziswa. Inkqubo yokungathathi hlangothi kufuneka iqhutywe ngabaqeqeshi abaqeqeshiweyo ngokulandela iinkqubo ezingqongqo zokhuseleko.

• Ukucoca kunye nokuLahla: Emva kokungathathi hlangothi, izinto ezingcolileyo, kubandakanywa izinto ezixubileyo kunye naluphi na umhlaba okanye amanzi achaphazelekayo ngokuchithwa, kufuneka ahlambuluke ngokufanelekileyo kwaye alahlwe. Oku kudla ngokubandakanya ukuthuthwa kwezixhobo ukuya kwindawo enelayisensi yokulahla inkunkuma eyingozi ukuze kunyangwe ngendlela ekhuselekileyo.

Ekugqibeleni, ukuthuthwa kwe-sodium cyanide yinto elawulwa kakhulu kunye nokhuseleko-umsebenzi obalulekileyo. Ngokuthobela ngokungqongqo zonke iimfuno ezinxulumene ne Ukuthotyelwa koMthetho, ukupakishwa, izixhobo zokuthutha, uqeqesho lwabasebenzi, kunye nokuphendula ngokukhawuleza, iingozi ezinxulumene nokuthutha le khemikhali enetyhefu kakhulu inokunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo, ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo.