IiNgozi kunye neeNkqubo zoNyango lweCyanide - equlathe Amanzi amdaka

intshayelelo

I-Cyanide - equlathe amanzi amdaka yinkxalabo ebalulekileyo yendalo esingqongileyo ngenxa yobume bayo obuyityhefu kakhulu. Ezi zintathu zidume ngokuba yityhefu kakhulu iicyanidesoko kukuthi Isodium cyanide (NaCN), potassium i-cyanide (KCN), kunye ne-hydrocyanic acid (HCN), ibeka ingozi enkulu kwimpilo yabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo. Idinomineyitha eqhelekileyo phakathi kwezi IiCyanides kukukwazi kwabo ukuhlukana ngokukhawuleza kunye nokukhulula i-cyanide ion (CN-).

Iingozi zeCyanide - eziqulathe Amanzi amdaka

Inkqubo yetyhefu ebantwini

I-toxicology ebulalayo ye-cyanides ilele kwinto yokuba i-cyanide ion (CN-) inobudlelwane obuqinileyo be-iron ion. Kanye kumzimba womntu, i-CN- idibanisa ngokulula kunye ne-iron ion, ekhokelela ekunciphiseni kwe-oksijini - ukuthwala umthamo wentsimbi - equlethe izinto. Oku ekugqibeleni kubangela ukunqongophala kweoksijini kwiiseli zenkqubo ye-nervous central. Ngenxa yoko, abantu abanetyhefu bahlala befa ngenxa yokukhubazeka okuphakathi kokuphefumla. Ityhefu inokwenzeka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya ukunxibelelana kwesikhumba, ukungeniswa ngomlomo, ukuphefumla, inaliti, kunye nokunxibelelana kwe-mucosal. Nokuba intwana yokuvezwa kwecyanide inokubeka ubomi esichengeni.

Impembelelo kokusiNgqongileyo

I-Cyanide - equlathe amanzi amdaka, ukuba ayiphathwanga kakuhle kwaye ikhutshelwe emanzini, ingaba nefuthe elibi kubomi basemanzini. Izinto eziphila emanzini zinochuku kakhulu kwicyanide. Nakwiqondo eliphantsi, i-cyanide inokuphazamisa imisebenzi eqhelekileyo yendalo yeentlanzi, ii-invertebrates, kunye nezinye iintlobo zasemanzini, ezikhokelela ekukhuleni okuncitshisiweyo, iingxaki zokuzala, kunye nokufa ekugqibeleni. Oku ke, kunokuphazamisa yonke i-ecosystem yasemanzini, kuchaphazela amatyathanga okutya kunye neentlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo.

Iinkqubo zoNyango lweCyanide - equlathe Amanzi amdaka

I-Cyanide ephezulu yoxinaniso - equlethe Unyango lwamanzi amdaka: Ukubuyiswa kweeCyanides

Kwi-cyanide ephezulu-equlethe amanzi amdaka, indlela yokubuyisela i-cyanides ihlala isetyenziswa. Le ndlela ijolise ekukhupheni nasekusetyenzisweni ngokutsha iicyanides ezixabisekileyo kumanzi amdaka. Enye indlela eqhelekileyo kukutsalwa kwesinyibilikisi. Kwi-solvent extraction, i-solvent efanelekileyo yezinto eziphilayo isetyenziselwa ukukhetha ngokukhethiweyo i-cyanide compounds kwisigaba samanzi amdaka. Isigaba se-cyanide esigcwele i-organic sinokuphinda siqhubekeke ukuphinda siphinde sifumane iicyanides ezisulungekileyo. Le ndlela inenzuzo yokunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo kuphela ngokususa i-cyanide kumanzi amdaka kodwa kwakhona nokubuyisela ubutyebi bekhemikhali obunokuba nexabiso. Nangona kunjalo, kufuna ukukhethwa ngokucophelela kwee-solvents kunye nokulawulwa ngokungqongqo kweemeko zokusebenza ukuqinisekisa ukukhutshwa okuphezulu kunye nokunciphisa ilahleko ye-solvent.

I-Cyanide yoXolo oluPhantsi - equlethe Ukucoca ngamanzi amdaka: Ukutshatyalaliswa kweCyanide

Iindlela ze-Oxidation

1.I-Chemical Oxidation

• Siseko: Iindlela zokunyibilikisa iikhemikhali zisebenzisa ii-oxidizing agents ezinamandla ukuguqula ii-ion ze-cyanide zibe zizinto ezingenabungozi okanye ezingenabungozi. Umzekelo, ii-oxidants ezisekelwe kwi-chlorine ezifana ne-sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) zinokusabela kunye nee-ion ze-cyanide. I-reaction iqala iguqule i-cyanide (CN-) ibe yi-cyanate (CNO-), kwaye i-oxidation engaphezulu inokuqhekeza i-cyanate ibe ICarbon i-dioxide (CO2), i-nitrogen (N2), kunye nezinye iimveliso ezingenabungozi. Impendulo iyonke ingamelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Kwinqanaba lokuqala: (CN^ -+OCl^ -\rightarrow CNO^ -+Cl^)

• Kwinqanaba lesibini: (2CNO^ -+3OCl^ -+H_2O\rightarrow 2CO_2 + N_2+3Cl^ -+2OH^ -)

• eziluncedo: I-Chemical oxidation ilula ukusebenza kwaye inokusebenza ekunyangeni i-low-concentration cyanide - equlethe amanzi amdaka. Inokuphunyezwa kwiindawo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka ezikhoyo kunye nohlengahlengiso oluthile kwinkqubo yonyango.

• nezingeloncedo: Ukusetyenziswa kweemali ezinkulu ze-oxidizing agents kunokuba yindleko. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba ayilawulwa kakuhle, impendulo inokuvelisa - iimveliso ezinokuthi zibe yingozi kwindalo esingqongileyo. Umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kweklorini ngokugqithisileyo kunokukhokelela ekwenziweni kokubulawa kweentsholongwane ngee-mveliso ezifana ne-trihalomethanes.

2.Electrolytic Oxidation

• Siseko: Kwi-oxidation ye-electrolytic, umbane wombane udlula kwi-cyanide - equkethe amanzi angcolileyo kwiseli ye-electrolytic. I-anode yeseli isebenza njengendawo apho kwenzeka khona i-oxidation. Iiyoni ze-cyanide zixutywe nge-oxid kwindawo ye-anode. Ukusabela ngokubanzi kwi-anode kungabhalwa njenge (2CN ^ -+4OH^ -\rightarrow 2CNO^ -+2H_2O + 2e ^ -), kunye ne-oxidation eyongezelelweyo ye-cyanate inokwenzeka ukwenza i-carbon dioxide kunye ne-nitrogen.

• eziluncedo: Yindlela yonyango ecocekileyo njengoko ingazisi izinto ezongezelelweyo zeekhemikhali ngaphandle kwee-electrodes. Iyakwazi ukuzenzekelayo kwaye ilawulwe ngokuchanekileyo.

• nezingeloncedo: Nangona kunjalo, njengoko kukhankanyiwe, i-electrolytic oxidation idla amandla amaninzi. Imfuno yobonelelo oluqhubekayo lombane yenza ukuba iindleko zonyango zibe phezulu. Ukongezelela, i-electrode inokufumana ukubola ngokuhamba kwexesha, okudinga ukugcinwa rhoqo kunye nokutshintshwa.

Unyango lwebhayoloji

1. Siseko: Unyango lwebhayoloji yecyanide - equlathe amanzi amdaka ixhomekeke kwiimicroorganisms ezinokusebenzisa icyanide njengomthombo wekhabhoni okanye wenitrogen. Ezinye iibhaktheriya kunye nokungunda zinamandla okuqhekeza i-cyanide ngokusabela kwe-enzymatic. Umzekelo, i-cyanide ethile-ibhaktheriya ehlazisayo inokuguqula i-cyanide ibe yi-ammonia kwaye ibumbe ngoluhlu lwamanyathelo e-enzymatic. I-ammonia inokuphinda ifakwe i-nitrified ngamanye ama-microorganisms kwinkqubo yonyango.

2. eziluncedo: Unyango lwebhayoloji ngokuqhelekileyo luhambelana nokusingqongileyo njengoko lungabandakanyi ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali ezininzi. Inokuba yindleko-esebenzayo ukunyanga i-cyanide ephantsi-equlethe amanzi amdaka kwixesha elide, ngakumbi kwiimeko apho kukho i-microbial consortium efanelekileyo.

3. nezingeloncedo: Nangona kunjalo, unyango lwebhayoloji lunovakalelo kakhulu kutshintsho kukwakheka kwamanzi amdaka, ubushushu, kunye ne-pH. Utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kule parameters lunokuthintela ukukhula kunye nomsebenzi we-cyanide - i-microorganisms ehlazisayo, ekhokelela ekunciphiseni unyango olusebenzayo. Kukwafuna ixesha elide lonyango xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela zemichiza.

Ukuhlaziywa kweCyanide kunye neNdlela yokuBuyisa

1. Siseko: Le ndlela iyafana nendlela yokubuyisela amanzi amdaka agxininise kakhulu kodwa ingasetyenziswa kwezinye iimeko eziphantsi. Ijolise ekuveliseni ngokutsha nasekusetyenzisweni ngokutsha kwecyanide kumanzi amdaka. Enye indlela kukusebenzisa i-ion-exchange resins. Iiyoni zecyanide kumanzi amdaka zinokubhengezwa kumphezulu weresin. Emva koko, ngokusebenzisa i-eluent efanelekileyo, i-cyanide inokuchithwa kwi-resin kwaye ibuyiselwe.

2. eziluncedo: Inokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwe-cyanide kwiinkqubo zoshishino ngokuphinda kusetyenziswe i-cyanide. Oku akunanzuzo kuphela kwezoqoqosho kodwa kunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo ehambelana nokulahlwa kwe-cyanide - equlethe amanzi amdaka.

3. nezingeloncedo: I-ion-exchange resins kufuneka ikhethwe ngokucophelela kwaye igcinwe. Inkqubo yokuhlaziya ingadinga ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali ezongezelelweyo, kwaye kukho umngcipheko wokungcola kwe-resin, enokunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo yokubuyisela i-cyanide.

isiphelo

I-Cyanide - equlathe amanzi amdaka yingozi enkulu kwindalo kunye nempilo. Ukuqonda iindlela zetyhefu kunye nokuphumeza iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zonyango zibalulekile. Indlela nganye yokonyango, nokuba yeyamanzi amdaka aphezulu okanye aphantsi, ineenzuzo zayo kunye nokungalungi. Ukhetho lwendlela yonyango luxhomekeke kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ezifana nokugxininiswa kokuqala kwe-cyanide, ukufaneleka konyango olufunekayo, iindleko-ukusebenza, kunye nefuthe lokusingqongileyo. Kwixesha elizayo, uphando oluninzi kunye nophuhliso luyafuneka ukuze kuphuculwe iinkqubo ezikhoyo zonyango kunye nokuphuhlisa iindlela ezintsha, ezisebenzayo, kunye neendleko-ezisebenzayo zokunyanga i-cyanide - equlethe amanzi amdaka ukuqinisekisa indawo ecocekileyo nekhuselekileyo.