Ubuchwephesha bokuLawula ungcoliseko lweSodium Cyanide kuShishino lweGolide

intshayelelo

Ishishini legolide kudala lixhomekeke kwi -sodium cyanide kwinkqubo yokukhupha ngenxa yokusebenza kakuhle kwayo ekunyibilikiseni igolide kwi-ore, nokuba zezona zikumgangatho ophantsi. Ukusukela oko yasetyenziswa okokuqala ngo-1887 ekukhupheni igolide nesilivere, indlela ye-cyanidation iye yaba yinto eqhelekileyo kwicandelo lezemigodi yegolide kwihlabathi liphela. Isisombululo esisisiseko sekhemikhali esibandakanyekayo yi-4Au + 8NaCN + O₂+ 2H₂O → 4Na(Au(CN)₂)+ 4NaOH, apho igolide kwi-ore isabela kunye nee-ion ze-cyanide xa kukho ioksijini ukuze yenze ii-complex ze-cyanide zegolide ezinyibilikayo. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwe- Sodium Cyanide kuzisa umngcipheko omkhulu wongcoliseko, okwenza uphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kweteknoloji yokulawula ungcoliseko kube yinto ebalulekileyo.

IiNkalo zokusiNgqongileyo kunye noKhuseleko eziNxulunyaniswe neSodium Cyanide

Ubutyhefu kunye noNgcoliseko lweNdalo

I-Cyanide yinto enetyhefu kakhulu. Ulwelo lwenkunkuma yesodium cyanide lunokubangela ungcoliseko olumandla kokusingqongileyo. Kwanakwimilinganiselo emincinane, isenokuba yingozi kubomi basemanzini yaye ibe sisisongelo kwimpilo yabantu ukuba ingcolisa imithombo yamanzi. Kwinkqubo yokukhutshwa kwegolide, ukulahlwa ngokungafanelekanga kwe-cyanide - equlethe inkunkuma kunokukhokelela ekungcolisekeni komhlaba, amanzi angaphezulu, kunye namanzi aphantsi komhlaba. Umzekelo, kwezinye iindawo ezinemigodi yegolide, ukuvuza kwe-cyanide - iintsalela ezityebileyo kukhokelele ekufeni kweentlanzi kwimilambo ekufutshane kunye nokuhla komgangatho wamanzi, okuchaphazela ubomi boluntu lwasekuhlaleni oluxhomekeke emanzini.

Imingcipheko yoKhuseleko ekuPhathweni

Ukuthuthwa, ukugcinwa, kunye nokusetyenziswa kweSodium cyanide kufuna amanyathelo angqongqo okhuseleko. Yikhemikhali ekhethekileyo efuna ilayisenisi yokungenisa kunye nesatifikethi somsebenzisi wokugqibela ngaphambi kokungeniswa. Ngexesha lokugcina, akufuneki ibekwe kunye nee-asidi, ii-nitrites, ii-nitrates, kunye nezinye izinto, njengoko ukuvezwa kwindawo ene-asidi kunokubangela ukukhululwa kwegesi ye-hydrogen cyanide enobuthi, kunciphisa umgangatho wemveliso kunye nefuthe lokusetyenziswa. Kufuneka igcinwe kwindawo enomoya opholileyo neyomileyo, ngcono kwindawo yokugcina impahla ekhethekileyo okanye kwikhabhathi ekhethekileyo etshixiweyo kabini. Ukuhlolwa rhoqo, ukugcinwa, kunye nolawulo lobushushu kunye nokufuma kwendawo yokugcina kuyimfuneko, kunye namanyathelo afanelekileyo okungenisa umoya okanye ukukhupha umswakama. Indawo yokugcina kufuneka ixhotyiswe ngeemaski zegesi ezifanelekileyo, iimaski, izixhobo zokuzikhusela zomntu, kunye nezixhobo zokulwa nomlilo. Iingozi ngexesha lokuphathwa, ezifana nokuchitheka okanye ukuvuza, zinokuba nemiphumo emibi kubasebenzi nakwindawo engqongileyo.

Technologies Control Ungcoliseko

UkuNcitshiswa koMthombo

1.UPhuculo lweNkqubo

• Eminye imigodi yegolide isebenzisa inkqubo entsha yokutsala ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwesodium cyanide. Umzekelo, uphuhliso nokusetyenziswa kwe-non-cyanide leaching agents kujongwa. Nangona indlela ye-cyanidation yongamele, obunye ubuchwephesha obufana nokusetyenziswa kwe-thiosulfate-based leaching agents kubonisa ukubanakho. Ezi arhente zingeyo-cyanide zinokukhupha igolide phantsi kweemeko ezithile ngaphandle kweengozi eziphezulu zetyhefu ezinxulumene necyanide.

• Enye indlela kukuphucula i-ore - inkqubo yokunxiba. Ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezisebenzayo zokusila kunye nokwahlula, igolide kwi-ore inokugxininiswa ngakumbi ngaphambi kwesinyathelo se-leaching. Oku kunciphisa ubungakanani bentsimbi ekrwada ekufuneka inyangwe ngecyanide, oko kunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwecyanide ngokubanzi.

2.Ukuphuculwa kweZixhobo

• Uphuculo lwezixhobo lunokuba negalelo ekuncitshisweni kwemithombo. Umzekelo, izixhobo zokukhupha igolide zanamhlanje ziyilelwe ukuba zivalwe ngakumbi - loop, ukunciphisa amandla okuvuza kwecyanide. Amatanki okuvuza obuchwepheshe obuphezulu aneendlela zokutywina ezikumgangatho ophezulu anokuthintela ukuphuma kwecyanide - equlethe iigesi kunye nolwelo ngexesha lenkqubo yokutsalwa.

Inkqubo yoLawulo

1.Ukubeka iliso kunye nokulungelelanisa ukusetyenziswa kweCyanide

• Iinkqubo zokubeka iliso zexesha langempela zifakwe kwigolide ezininzi - imisebenzi yemigodi ukulawula inani le-cyanide esetyenzisiweyo. Ezi nkqubo zinokuhlalutya ukubunjwa kwe-ore kunye nokulungelelanisa umthamo we-cyanide ngokufanelekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba umxholo wegolide kwi-ore ungaphantsi, inkqubo inokunciphisa inani le-cyanide elongeziweyo, ngelixa iqinisekisa ukukhutshwa ngokufanelekileyo.

• Ukongezelela, ukubeka iliso okuqhubekayo kwi-concentration ye-cyanide kwisisombululo se-leaching kuvumela ukulungiswa ngokukhawuleza. Ukuba i-cyanide concentration iphezulu kakhulu, ayichithi nje izibonelelo kodwa inyusa umngcipheko wongcoliseko. Ngokugcina ugxininiso lwe-cyanide olufanelekileyo, ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-extraction kunokwandiswa ngelixa kuncitshiswa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo.

2.Ukunyangwa kweNkunkuma ePhakathi

• Ubuchwephesha bokunyanga inkunkuma ephakathi eyenziwe ngexesha legolide - inkqubo yokukhutshwa nayo iyinxalenye yolawulo lwenkqubo. Ngokomzekelo, kwimeko yezisombululo zenkunkuma equkethe i-cyanide kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolileyo, iindlela ezifana ne-ion-tshintshiselwano zingasetyenziselwa ukususa nokubuyisela isinyithi esixabisekileyo ngelixa ukunciphisa umxholo we-cyanide. Oku akuncedi kuphela ekubuyiseni ubutyebi kodwa kwakhona kunciphisa ubutyhefu benkunkuma phambi kokuba unyango olungakumbi okanye ukulahlwa.

Unyango lwamanzi amdaka

1.I-Chemical Oxidation

• I-oxidation yeekhemikhali yindlela eqhelekileyo yokunyanga amanzi amdaka aqulethe i-cyanide. Unyango lwe-hydrogen peroxide lusetyenziswa kakhulu. Xa i-hydrogen peroxide isabela kwi-sodium cyanide waste liquid, i-sodium bi Carbon ate kunye ne-ammonia gas ziyaveliswa. Le nkqubo ye-oxidation kunye ne-degradation isebenza kakuhle kwaye ingabizi kakhulu. Ezinye ii-oxidizing agents ezifana ne-ozone nazo zingasetyenziswa. I-Ozone inamandla amakhulu e-oxidizing kwaye inokuqhekeza ngokukhawuleza ii-cyanide compounds emanzini amdaka, iziguqule zibe zizinto ezingenabungozi kangako.

2.Unyango lwebhayoloji

• Iindlela zonyango lwebhayoloji nazo zivela njengokhetho olusebenzayo. Iibhaktheriya ezithile kunye ne-microorganisms zinokusebenzisa i-cyanide compounds. Kwinkqubo yonyango yebhayoloji eyilwe kakuhle, ezi microorganisms zinokukhuliswa kwi-reactor apho i-cyanide - equlethe amanzi amdaka adlulayo. Ezi ntsholongwane ziqhekeza icyanide ibe yikharbon diokside, iammonia nezinye izinto ezingenabungozi. Le ndlela ihambelana nokusingqongileyo njengoko ingangenisi ukungcola kweekhemikhali ezongezelelweyo, kodwa ifuna ukulawulwa ngenyameko kweemeko zokusingqongileyo ezifana nobushushu, i-pH, kunye nokufumaneka kwezondlo zokuqinisekisa ukukhula okufanelekileyo kunye nomsebenzi we-microorganisms.

Ulawulo lweNkunkuma

1.Ukulahlwa ngokuKhuselekileyo kweCyanide-Equlethe iiTailings

• Kwi-cyanide-equlethe ii-tailings, ukulahlwa okufanelekileyo kubalulekile. Enye indlela kukusebenzisa iindawo zokulahla inkunkuma ezikhuselekileyo eziyilelwe ukuthintela ukuvuza kwecyanide kwindawo esingqongileyo. Ezi nkunkuma zifakwe kwiileyile ezininzi zezixhobo ezingenamanzi, ezifana nodongwe kunye neembrane zokwenziwa, ukumisa ukufuduka kwe-cyanide - equlethe izinto ezingcolileyo.

• Olunye ukhetho lunyango lwe-tailings ukunciphisa umxholo wabo we-cyanide ngaphambi kokulahlwa. Ubuchwephesha obunjengokuzinziswa kweekhemikhali bunokusetyenziswa ukubopha i-cyanide kwiintsila, okwenza kube lula ukuba bangene kwimo engqongileyo.

2.UkuBuyiswa kweResource evela kwiiTailings

• Ukongeza kokulahlwa ngokukhuselekileyo, kwenziwa iinzame zokubuyisela izixhobo ezixabisekileyo kwicyanide - equlethe iintsalela zezimbiwa. Ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezihambele phambili zokwahlula, igolide kunye nezinye iintsimbi ezisenokuba zisekho kwiintsalela zezimbiwa zinokutsalwa. Oku akuncitshi nje kuphela impembelelo yokusingqongileyo yeentsalela zezimbiwa kodwa ikwabonelela ngenzuzo eyongezelelweyo yezoqoqosho. Umzekelo, eminye imigodi isebenzisa iindlela zokudada kunye nokwahlulwa kwemagnethi ukubuyisela igolide nezinye izimbiwa kwiintsalela zezimbiwa, ukunciphisa inkunkuma kunye nokwandisa ukusetyenziswa kobutyebi.

case Studies

Isicelo seZijin Mining

I-Zijin Mining isebenzise ngempumelelo indlela ye-cyanidation isebenzisa i-sodium cyanide kwi-Zijinshan Gold Mine. Ngokutshiza isinyibiliko secyanide (isisombululo sesodium cyanide) kwindawo ekrwada yegolide yodidi oluphantsi, baye bafumana ukutsalwa kwegolide ngexabiso eliphantsi. Nangona kunjalo, zikwanika ingqwalasela enkulu kulawulo longcoliseko. Bafakele iinkqubo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka eziphambili ezisebenzisa indibaniselwano ye-chemical oxidation kunye neendlela zonyango lwebhayoloji ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-cyanide - equlathe amanzi amdaka adibana nemigangatho engqongqo yokusingqongileyo phambi kokuba ikhutshwe. Ngokubhekiselele kulawulo lwenkunkuma eqinileyo, baye baseka iindawo zokugcina iintsalela zezimbiwa ezikhuselekileyo ezinomgca ofanelekileyo kunye neenkqubo zokubeka iliso ukuthintela ukuvuza kwecyanide.

Umgodi weGolide woMmandla woMmandla waseNtshona

Kumgodi wegolide kummandla owomileyo osentshona, imfumba yelifa lembali - ukuvuza iintsalela zecyanide yayiyeyona nto ixhalabisayo yokusingqongileyo. Imisila, eyayishiywe ingaphathwanga ixesha elide, yabeka umngcipheko wokungcolisa umhlaba ojikelezileyo kunye namanzi aphantsi komhlaba. Ukujongana nalo mba, kwasetyenziswa indlela yokutywina kunye nokubhloka kwangaphakathi. Imisila yayigqunywe ngezaleko ezininzi zezinto ezinganyangekiyo, kubandakanywa udongwe kunye ne-geomembranes. Oku kuthintele ngokufanelekileyo ukusasazwa kunye nokuphuma kwezinto ezingcolisa umoya ngenxa yemvula. Emva kokuba iprojekthi iphunyeziwe, iziphumo zokubeka iliso zibonise ukuba ukuxinwa kwe-cyanide kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo kwindawo engqongileyo yehle kakhulu, ukufikelela kwiinjongo zobunjineli ezilindelekileyo.

Iindlela zexesha elizayo

1.Uphuhliso lwe-Non-Cyanide Extraction Technologies

• Ishishini legolide kulindeleke ukuba libone uphando oluninzi kunye neenzame zophuhliso ezigxile kubuchwephesha obungeyo-cyanide yokukhutshwa. Njengoko imimiselo yokusingqongileyo iya iba ngqongqo kwaye ulwazi lukawonke-wonke ngokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo lukhula, imfuno yeendlela ezingenayo ityhefu yokutsalwa iya kwanda. Oku kunokukhokelela ekurhwebeni kweearhente ezintsha ezingezizo i-cyanide kunye neenkqubo kwixesha elizayo elingekude.

2.Ukudityaniswa kweeNkqubo eziPhakamileyo zokuBeka iliso kunye noLawulo

• Iinkqubo zokubeka iliso ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu kunye neenkqubo zokulawula ziya kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ngakumbi kushishino lwegolide. Ukusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji ye-Intanethi yeZinto (i-IoT), umzekelo, inokwenza ukuba kubekwe iliso ngexesha lokwenyani lokusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide, umgangatho wamanzi amdaka, kunye nemeko yeendawo zokugcina ii-tailings. Le datha inokuhlalutywa ngexesha lokwenyani, ukuvumela uhlengahlengiso olukhawulezileyo kwinkqubo yokukhutshwa ukuze kuncitshiswe ungcoliseko nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko.

3.IiNdlela zoQoqosho lweSetyhula

• Kuya kubakho ugxininiso olukhulu kwiindlela zoqoqosho ezijikelezayo kushishino lwegolide. Oku kubandakanya kungekuphela nje ukufunyanwa kwegolide nezinye iintsimbi ezixabisekileyo kwiintsalela zezimbiwa kodwa kunye nokurisayikilishwa nokusetyenziswa kwakhona kwamanzi kunye nezinye izinto eziluncedo kwinkqubo yokukhutshwa. Ngokunciphisa inkunkuma kunye nokwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo, ishishini legolide linokuba lizinzileyo kwaye likhuseleke ngakumbi kokusingqongileyo.

Ukuqukumbela, iitekhnoloji zolawulo longcoliseko lwesodium cyanide kwishishini legolide zibalulekile ekwehliseni imingcipheko yokusingqongileyo nokhuseleko eyayanyaniswa nokutsalwa kwegolide. Ngendibaniselwano yokunciphisa imithombo, ulawulo lwenkqubo, ukucocwa kwamanzi amdaka, kunye nolawulo lwenkunkuma eqinileyo, ishishini legolide lingaqhubeka nokusebenza ngelixa linciphisa impembelelo yalo kokusingqongileyo. Ngophuhliso lobuchwephesha obutsha kunye nokwamkelwa kwezenzo ezizinzileyo, ikamva loshishino lwegolide linokuba nobungane ngakumbi kokusingqongileyo kwaye lizinze.