Ubuchwephesha bokuLawula ungcoliseko lweSodium Cyanide kuShishino lweGolide

intshayelelo

The ishishini legolide kudala wathembela kuyo sodium cyanide kwinkqubo yotsalo ngenxa yokusebenza kakuhle kwayo ekunyibilikeni kwegolide kwi-ores, nakwinqanaba eliphantsi. Ukususela ekusetyenzisweni kwayo okokuqala ngo-1887 ekutsalweni kwegolide nesilivere, indlela ye-cyanidation iye yaba yinto eqhelekileyo kwicandelo lemigodi yegolide yehlabathi. Eyona ndlela yokusabela kweekhemikhali yi-4Au + 8NaCN + O₂+ 2H₂O → 4Na(Au(CN)₂)+ 4NaOH, apho igolide ekwintsimbi ekrwada isabela nayo i-cyanide ion kubukho beoksijini ukwenza izinto ezinyibilikayo zecyanide zegolide. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwe Isodium cyanide kuzisa imingcipheko ebalulekileyo yongcoliseko, okwenza uphuhliso kunye nokuphunyezwa kwe ulawulo longcoliseko ubugcisa bubalulekile.

IiNkalo zokusiNgqongileyo kunye noKhuseleko eziNxulunyaniswe neSodium Cyanide

Ubutyhefu kunye noNgcoliseko lweNdalo

I-Cyanide yinto enetyhefu kakhulu. Ulwelo lwenkunkuma yesodium cyanide lunokubangela ungcoliseko olumandla kokusingqongileyo. Kwanakwimilinganiselo emincinane, isenokuba yingozi kubomi basemanzini yaye ibe sisisongelo kwimpilo yabantu ukuba ingcolisa imithombo yamanzi. Kwinkqubo yokukhutshwa kwegolide, ukulahlwa ngokungafanelekanga kwe-cyanide - equlethe inkunkuma kunokukhokelela ekungcolisekeni komhlaba, amanzi angaphezulu, kunye namanzi aphantsi komhlaba. Umzekelo, kwezinye iindawo ezinemigodi yegolide, ukuvuza kwe-cyanide - iintsalela ezityebileyo kukhokelele ekufeni kweentlanzi kwimilambo ekufutshane kunye nokuhla komgangatho wamanzi, okuchaphazela ubomi boluntu lwasekuhlaleni oluxhomekeke emanzini.

Imingcipheko yoKhuseleko ekuPhathweni

Ukuthuthwa, ukugcinwa, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe Isodium cyanide kufuna amanyathelo angqongqo okhuseleko. Yikhemikhali ekhethekileyo efuna ilayisenisi yokungenisa elizweni kunye nesatifikethi somsebenzisi wokugqibela phambi kokungenisa elizweni. Ngexesha lokugcinwa, akufanele kubekwe kunye ne-acids, i-nitrites, i-nitrate, kunye nezinye izinto, njengoko ukuvezwa kwindawo ene-acidic kunokubangela ukukhutshwa kwegesi enetyhefu ye-hydrogen cyanide, ukunciphisa umgangatho wemveliso kunye nomphumo wokusebenzisa. Kufuneka igcinwe kwindawo enomoya kunye neyomileyo, ngokukodwa kwindawo yokugcina impahla okanye kwikhabhinethi ekhethekileyo evaliweyo kabini. Ukuhlolwa rhoqo, ukugcinwa, kunye nokulawulwa kobushushu kunye nokufuma kwendawo yokugcina kuyimfuneko, kunye nemilinganiselo efanelekileyo yokukhupha umoya okanye yokunciphisa. Indawo yokugcina kufuneka ixhotyiswe ngeemaski zegesi ezihambelanayo, iimaski, izixhobo zokuzikhusela, kunye nezixhobo zokulwa nomlilo. Iingozi ngexesha lokuphatha, ezifana nokuchitheka okanye ukuvuza, kunokuba nemiphumo eyintlekele kubasebenzi kunye nokusingqongileyo.

Technologies Control Ungcoliseko

UkuNcitshiswa koMthombo

1.UPhuculo lweNkqubo

• Eminye imigodi yegolide isebenzisa inkqubo entsha yokutsala ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwesodium cyanide. Umzekelo, uphuhliso nokusetyenziswa kwe-non-cyanide leaching agents kujongwa. Nangona indlela ye-cyanidation yongamele, obunye ubuchwephesha obufana nokusetyenziswa kwe-thiosulfate-based leaching agents kubonisa ukubanakho. Ezi arhente zingeyo-cyanide zinokukhupha igolide phantsi kweemeko ezithile ngaphandle kweengozi eziphezulu zetyhefu ezinxulumene necyanide.

• Enye indlela kukuphucula i-ore - inkqubo yokunxiba. Ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezisebenzayo zokusila kunye nokwahlula, igolide kwi-ore inokugxininiswa ngakumbi ngaphambi kwesinyathelo se-leaching. Oku kunciphisa ubungakanani bentsimbi ekrwada ekufuneka inyangwe ngecyanide, oko kunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwecyanide ngokubanzi.

2.Ukuphuculwa kweZixhobo

• Uphuculo lwezixhobo lunokuba negalelo ekuncitshisweni kwemithombo. Umzekelo, izixhobo zokukhupha igolide zanamhlanje ziyilelwe ukuba zivalwe ngakumbi - loop, ukunciphisa amandla okuvuza kwecyanide. Amatanki okuvuza obuchwepheshe obuphezulu aneendlela zokutywina ezikumgangatho ophezulu anokuthintela ukuphuma kwecyanide - equlethe iigesi kunye nolwelo ngexesha lenkqubo yokutsalwa.

Inkqubo yoLawulo

1.Ukubeka iliso kunye nokulungelelanisa ukusetyenziswa kweCyanide

• Iinkqubo zokubeka iliso zexesha langempela zifakwe kwigolide ezininzi - imisebenzi yemigodi ukulawula inani le-cyanide esetyenzisiweyo. Ezi nkqubo zinokuhlalutya ukubunjwa kwe-ore kunye nokulungelelanisa umthamo we-cyanide ngokufanelekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba umxholo wegolide kwi-ore ungaphantsi, inkqubo inokunciphisa inani le-cyanide elongeziweyo, ngelixa iqinisekisa ukukhutshwa ngokufanelekileyo.

• Ukongezelela, ukubeka iliso okuqhubekayo kwi-concentration ye-cyanide kwisisombululo se-leaching kuvumela ukulungiswa ngokukhawuleza. Ukuba i-cyanide concentration iphezulu kakhulu, ayichithi nje izibonelelo kodwa inyusa umngcipheko wongcoliseko. Ngokugcina ugxininiso lwe-cyanide olufanelekileyo, ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-extraction kunokwandiswa ngelixa kuncitshiswa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo.

2.Ukunyangwa kweNkunkuma ePhakathi

• Ubuchwephesha bokunyanga inkunkuma ephakathi eyenziwe ngexesha legolide - inkqubo yokukhutshwa nayo iyinxalenye yolawulo lwenkqubo. Ngokomzekelo, kwimeko yezisombululo zenkunkuma equkethe i-cyanide kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolileyo, iindlela ezifana ne-ion-tshintshiselwano zingasetyenziselwa ukususa nokubuyisela isinyithi esixabisekileyo ngelixa ukunciphisa umxholo we-cyanide. Oku akuncedi kuphela ekubuyiseni ubutyebi kodwa kwakhona kunciphisa ubutyhefu benkunkuma phambi kokuba unyango olungakumbi okanye ukulahlwa.

Unyango lwamanzi amdaka

1.I-Chemical Oxidation

• I-Chemical oxidation yindlela eqhelekileyo yokunyanga i-cyanide - equlethe amanzi amdaka. Unyango lwe-hydrogen peroxide lusetyenziswa kakhulu. Xa ihydrogen peroxide isabela kulwelo lwenkunkuma yesodium cyanide, kuveliswa isodiyam bicarbonate kunye negesi yeammonia. Le nkqubo ye-oxidation kunye nokuthotywa kwayo iyasebenza kwaye iyonga kakhulu. Ezinye ii-oxidizing agents ezifana ne-ozone nazo zingasetyenziswa. I-ozone inamandla okxidizing eyomeleleyo kwaye inokukhawuleza ukwaphula iikhompawundi ze-cyanide kumanzi amdaka, iziguqule zibe zizinto ezingenabungozi kangako.

2.Unyango lwebhayoloji

• Iindlela zonyango lwebhayoloji nazo zivela njengokhetho olusebenzayo. Iibhaktheriya ezithile kunye ne-microorganisms zinokusebenzisa i-cyanide compounds. Kwinkqubo yonyango yebhayoloji eyilwe kakuhle, ezi microorganisms zinokukhuliswa kwi-reactor apho i-cyanide - equlethe amanzi amdaka adlulayo. Ezi ntsholongwane ziqhekeza icyanide ibe yikharbon diokside, iammonia nezinye izinto ezingenabungozi. Le ndlela ihambelana nokusingqongileyo njengoko ingangenisi ukungcola kweekhemikhali ezongezelelweyo, kodwa ifuna ukulawulwa ngenyameko kweemeko zokusingqongileyo ezifana nobushushu, i-pH, kunye nokufumaneka kwezondlo zokuqinisekisa ukukhula okufanelekileyo kunye nomsebenzi we-microorganisms.

Ulawulo lweNkunkuma

1.Ukulahlwa ngokuKhuselekileyo kweCyanide-Equlethe iiTailings

• Kwi-cyanide-equlethe ii-tailings, ukulahlwa okufanelekileyo kubalulekile. Enye indlela kukusebenzisa iindawo zokulahla inkunkuma ezikhuselekileyo eziyilelwe ukuthintela ukuvuza kwecyanide kwindawo esingqongileyo. Ezi nkunkuma zifakwe kwiileyile ezininzi zezixhobo ezingenamanzi, ezifana nodongwe kunye neembrane zokwenziwa, ukumisa ukufuduka kwe-cyanide - equlethe izinto ezingcolileyo.

• Olunye ukhetho lunyango lwe-tailings ukunciphisa umxholo wabo we-cyanide ngaphambi kokulahlwa. Ubuchwephesha obunjengokuzinziswa kweekhemikhali bunokusetyenziswa ukubopha i-cyanide kwiintsila, okwenza kube lula ukuba bangene kwimo engqongileyo.

2.UkuBuyiswa kweResource evela kwiiTailings

• Ukongeza kokulahlwa ngokukhuselekileyo, kwenziwa iinzame zokubuyisela izixhobo ezixabisekileyo kwicyanide - equlethe iintsalela zezimbiwa. Ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezihambele phambili zokwahlula, igolide kunye nezinye iintsimbi ezisenokuba zisekho kwiintsalela zezimbiwa zinokutsalwa. Oku akuncitshi nje kuphela impembelelo yokusingqongileyo yeentsalela zezimbiwa kodwa ikwabonelela ngenzuzo eyongezelelweyo yezoqoqosho. Umzekelo, eminye imigodi isebenzisa iindlela zokudada kunye nokwahlulwa kwemagnethi ukubuyisela igolide nezinye izimbiwa kwiintsalela zezimbiwa, ukunciphisa inkunkuma kunye nokwandisa ukusetyenziswa kobutyebi.

case Studies

Isicelo seZijin Mining

I-Zijin Mining isebenzise ngempumelelo indlela ye-cyanidation isebenzisa i-sodium cyanide kwi-Zijinshan Gold Mine. Ngokutshiza isinyibiliko secyanide (isisombululo sesodium cyanide) kwindawo ekrwada yegolide yodidi oluphantsi, baye bafumana ukutsalwa kwegolide ngexabiso eliphantsi. Nangona kunjalo, zikwanika ingqwalasela enkulu kulawulo longcoliseko. Bafakele iinkqubo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka eziphambili ezisebenzisa indibaniselwano ye-chemical oxidation kunye neendlela zonyango lwebhayoloji ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-cyanide - equlathe amanzi amdaka adibana nemigangatho engqongqo yokusingqongileyo phambi kokuba ikhutshwe. Ngokubhekiselele kulawulo lwenkunkuma eqinileyo, baye baseka iindawo zokugcina iintsalela zezimbiwa ezikhuselekileyo ezinomgca ofanelekileyo kunye neenkqubo zokubeka iliso ukuthintela ukuvuza kwecyanide.

Umgodi weGolide woMmandla woMmandla waseNtshona

Kumgodi wegolide kummandla owomileyo osentshona, imfumba yelifa lembali - ukuvuza iintsalela zecyanide yayiyeyona nto ixhalabisayo yokusingqongileyo. Imisila, eyayishiywe ingaphathwanga ixesha elide, yabeka umngcipheko wokungcolisa umhlaba ojikelezileyo kunye namanzi aphantsi komhlaba. Ukujongana nalo mba, kwasetyenziswa indlela yokutywina kunye nokubhloka kwangaphakathi. Imisila yayigqunywe ngezaleko ezininzi zezinto ezinganyangekiyo, kubandakanywa udongwe kunye ne-geomembranes. Oku kuthintele ngokufanelekileyo ukusasazwa kunye nokuphuma kwezinto ezingcolisa umoya ngenxa yemvula. Emva kokuba iprojekthi iphunyeziwe, iziphumo zokubeka iliso zibonise ukuba ukuxinwa kwe-cyanide kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo kwindawo engqongileyo yehle kakhulu, ukufikelela kwiinjongo zobunjineli ezilindelekileyo.

Iindlela zexesha elizayo

1.Uphuhliso lwe-Non-Cyanide Extraction Technologies

• Ishishini legolide kulindeleke ukuba libone uphando oluninzi kunye neenzame zophuhliso ezigxile kubuchwephesha obungeyo-cyanide yokukhutshwa. Njengoko imimiselo yokusingqongileyo iya iba ngqongqo kwaye ulwazi lukawonke-wonke ngokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo lukhula, imfuno yeendlela ezingenayo ityhefu yokutsalwa iya kwanda. Oku kunokukhokelela ekurhwebeni kweearhente ezintsha ezingezizo i-cyanide kunye neenkqubo kwixesha elizayo elingekude.

2.Ukudityaniswa kweeNkqubo eziPhakamileyo zokuBeka iliso kunye noLawulo

• Iinkqubo zokubeka iliso ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu kunye neenkqubo zokulawula ziya kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ngakumbi kushishino lwegolide. Ukusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji ye-Intanethi yeZinto (i-IoT), umzekelo, inokwenza ukuba kubekwe iliso ngexesha lokwenyani lokusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide, umgangatho wamanzi amdaka, kunye nemeko yeendawo zokugcina ii-tailings. Le datha inokuhlalutywa ngexesha lokwenyani, ukuvumela uhlengahlengiso olukhawulezileyo kwinkqubo yokukhutshwa ukuze kuncitshiswe ungcoliseko nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko.

3.IiNdlela zoQoqosho lweSetyhula

• Kuya kubakho ugxininiso olukhulu kwiindlela zoqoqosho ezijikelezayo kushishino lwegolide. Oku kubandakanya kungekuphela nje ukufunyanwa kwegolide nezinye iintsimbi ezixabisekileyo kwiintsalela zezimbiwa kodwa kunye nokurisayikilishwa nokusetyenziswa kwakhona kwamanzi kunye nezinye izinto eziluncedo kwinkqubo yokukhutshwa. Ngokunciphisa inkunkuma kunye nokwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo, ishishini legolide linokuba lizinzileyo kwaye likhuseleke ngakumbi kokusingqongileyo.

Ukuqukumbela, iitekhnoloji zolawulo longcoliseko lwesodium cyanide kwishishini legolide zibalulekile ekwehliseni imingcipheko yokusingqongileyo nokhuseleko eyayanyaniswa nokutsalwa kwegolide. Ngendibaniselwano yokunciphisa imithombo, ulawulo lwenkqubo, ukucocwa kwamanzi amdaka, kunye nolawulo lwenkunkuma eqinileyo, ishishini legolide lingaqhubeka nokusebenza ngelixa linciphisa impembelelo yalo kokusingqongileyo. Ngophuhliso lobuchwephesha obutsha kunye nokwamkelwa kwezenzo ezizinzileyo, ikamva loshishino lwegolide linokuba nobungane ngakumbi kokusingqongileyo kwaye lizinze.