Liyini Izinga Lempumelelo Lokwelapha Ubuthi Be-Sodium Cyanide?

Sodium i-cyanide iyisithako esinobuthi kakhulu, futhi Ubuthi be-sodium cyanide iyisimo esiphuthumayo esisongela ukuphila. Izinga lokuphumelela lokwelashwa lithintwa izici eziningi, futhi asikho isilinganiso esisodwa, esiqondile sesilinganiso sempumelelo esisebenza kuzo zonke izimo.

1. Indlela Enobuthi Ye-Sodium Cyanide

Ukukhishwa kwe-sodium cyanide I-Cyanide ions (CN⁻) emzimbeni. Lawa ma ion e-cyanide anobudlelwane obuqine kakhulu be-ferric iron (Fe³⁺) ku-cytochrome oxidase kumaseli. Uma sezihlanganisiwe, zakha inkimbinkimbi ezinzile, okwenza i-cytochrome oxidase ilahlekelwe amandla ayo okudlulisa ama-electron. Ngenxa yalokho, iketango lokuthutha i-electron emangqamuzaneni liyaphazamiseka, futhi amaseli awakwazi ukusebenzisa umoya-mpilo ngendlela evamile, okuholela ku-intracellular asphyxia. Izicubu ziphoqeleka ukuthi zisuke ku-aerobic metabolism ziye ku-anaerobic metabolism, okuhambisana nokwanda kokuqukethwe kwe-lactate ne-inorganic phosphate ezicutshini, kanye nokuncipha kokuqukethwe kwe-glycogen ne-ATP. Njengoba isimiso sezinzwa esiphakathi sizwela kakhulu ku-hypoxia, ngowokuqala ukonakala, ikakhulukazi isikhungo sokuphefumula kanye nesikhungo se-vasomotor.

2. Izinto Ezithinta Izinga Lempumelelo Lokwelashwa

2.1 Ubukhulu Bobuthi

• Ubuthi obuncane: Ezimweni eziphansi I-Sodium Cyanide ubuthi, uma umthamo we-cyanide ongenisiwe noma ohogelwe umncane uma kuqhathaniswa, izindlela zokunxephezela zomzimba zisengakwazi ukusebenza ngezinga elithile. Isibonelo, iziguli zingase zibe nezimpawu ezithambile kuphela ezifana nekhanda elibuhlungu, isiyezi, isicanucanu, nokuphelelwa umoya. Ezimweni ezinjalo, uma welashwa ngokushesha, izinga lokuphumelela lokwelashwa liphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa. Ngokususwa okufika ngesikhathi emthonjeni onoshevu, ukuhogela umoya-mpilo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinqamuleli ezifanele, iziguli eziningi zingalulama ngokuphelele.

• Ubuthi Obunzima: Uma ubuthi bukhulu, iziguli zingase zithuthukele ngokushesha zibe nezimpawu ezinjengokoma, ukudlikizeka, kanye nokuboshwa kwenhliziyo nokuphefumula. Ngalesi sikhathi, izitho eziningi emzimbeni zilimele kakhulu. Isibonelo, inhliziyo ingase iyeke ukushaya ngokuphumelelayo, futhi ubuchopho bungase buhlupheke ngenxa ye-hypoxia enzima - ukulimala kwe-ischemic. Uma lesi simo siqhubeka isikhathi eside, izinga lokulimala kwezitho likhulu, futhi kuba nzima nakakhulu ukubuyisela isimo emuva, okuholela ekunciphiseni kakhulu izinga lempumelelo yokwelashwa.

2.2 Isikhathi Sobuthi

• Ubuthi besikhathi esifushane: Uma isikhathi kusukela ukwenzeka i-sodium cyanide ubuthi ekuqaleni kokwelashwa bufushane, umonakalo emzimbeni ulinganiselwe. Isibonelo, uma umuntu ehlengwa futhi welashwa emizuzwini embalwa ukuya kuhhafu wehora ngemuva kokuhogela umoya noma ukumunca I-sodium cyanide, ithuba lokwelashwa ngempumelelo likhulu kakhulu. Ngoba ngalesi sikhathi, i-cyanide ayizange ibe nesikhathi esanele sokubangela umonakalo ongenakulungiseka ezithweni ezibalulekile.

• Ubuthi besikhathi eside: Njengoba isikhathi sihamba, i-cyanide iyaqhubeka isebenza emangqamuzaneni, futhi umonakalo ezithweni ezinjengenhliziyo, ubuchopho nesibindi kuyanqwabelana. Uma isikhathi sobuthi sidlula amahora ambalwa futhi isiguli singakutholi ukwelashwa okusebenzayo, izinga lokusinda liyoba liphansi kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kwamahora ambalwa oshevu obunzima be-cyanide, ubuchopho kungenzeka bube necrosis eningi ngenxa ye-hypoxia, futhi ngisho noma i-cyanide ikhishwa emzimbeni kamuva, umsebenzi wobuchopho owonakele kunzima ukululama.

2.3 Ukufika Kwesikhathi Nokunemba Kwezinyathelo Zosizo Lokuqala

• Isikhathi Sokuqala - Usizo: Izinyathelo zosizo lokuqala ezisheshayo endaweni yesigameko zidlala indima ebalulekile. Uma sekusolwa ubuthi be-sodium cyanide, isinyathelo sokuqala ukususa isiguli ngokushesha endaweni enoshevu ukuvimbela ukuchayeka okwengeziwe. Ngokwesibonelo, uma kwenzeka kuba noshevu wokuhogela engozini yemboni, ukuhambisa isiguli endaweni enomoya ohlanzekile ngokushesha kunganciphisa ukuhogela kwe-cyanide eyengeziwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukubiza izinsizakalo zezokwelapha eziphuthumayo kubalulekile ngokushesha. Uma ukuphefumula kwesiguli noma ukushaya kwenhliziyo kuyekile, ukuvuselela i-cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) kufanele kuqalwe ngokushesha. Njalo ngomzuzu wokubambezeleka ezinyathelweni zosizo lokuqala zinganciphisa izinga lokuphumelela lokwelashwa.

• Lungisa Okokuqala - Usizo: Imisebenzi yosizo lokuqala efanele nayo ibalulekile. Isibonelo, lapho wenza i-CPR, kuyadingeka ukulandela izinyathelo ezifanele zokusebenza, kufaka phakathi isilinganiso esifanele sokucindezelwa kwesifuba ekuphefumuleni okwenziwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma isiguli sidle i-sodium cyanide, izindlela ezingafanele zokuphuma komchamo zingase zibangele ukulangazelela futhi zibeke engozini ukuphila kwesiguli. Ngakho-ke, abosizo lokuqala badinga ukuqeqeshwa ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi izinyathelo zosizo lokuqala zenziwa ngendlela efanele.

2.4 Ukwelashwa Esibhedlela

• Ukusetshenziswa Kwezidakamizwa: Esibhedlela, ukusetshenziswa okufika ngesikhathi nokulungile kwama-antidotes kuyisixhumanisi esibalulekile ekwelapheni ubuthi be-sodium cyanide. Ukwelashwa okuyinhloko kwe-antidote yobuthi be-cyanide ukwelapha "i-nitrite - thiosulfate". Ama-nitrites (afana ne-sodium nitrite) angakwazi ukwenza ingxenye ye-hemoglobin evamile egazini ibe yi-methemoglobin. I-Methemoglobin iqukethe i-ferric iron (Fe³⁺), enobudlelwane obuqinile be-cyanide ions kune-cytochrome oxidase. Ngakho-ke, ingaqhudelana ne-cytochrome oxidase kuma-ion e-cyanide, ibophe ama-ion e-cyanide ukwenza i-cyanmethemoglobin, ngaleyo ndlela ikhulule umthelela ovimbelayo wama-ion e-cyanide ku-cytochrome oxidase. Ngemuva kwalokho, i-thiosulfate isetshenziswa. Ngaphansi kwesenzo se-enzyme ye-rhodanese yomzimba, i-thiosulfate ihlangana nama-ion e-cyanide ukwenza i-thiocyanate engeyona enobuthi, ekhishwa emzimbeni ngomchamo. Uma ikhambi lingasetshenziswa kusenesikhathi ngokwesimo sesiguli, izinga lokuphumelela lokwelashwa liyoba ngcono kakhulu.

• Ukwelashwa Okuphelele: Ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwama-antidotes, izindlela zokwelashwa ezibanzi nazo ziyadingeka. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukulondoloza izimpawu ezibalulekile zesiguli, njengokuqinisekisa ukuphefumula okuzinzile ngokusebenzisa umoya omncane uma kudingekile, ukulondoloza umfutho wegazi ovamile ngokushintsha uketshezi kanye nezidakamizwa ezisebenza nge-vasoactive, nokuvimbela nokwelapha izinkinga ezifana ne-cerebral edema. Isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwe-glucocorticoids, i-hypertonic glucose, ne-vitamin C kungasiza ekunciphiseni ukuvuvuka kobuchopho. Uma lezi zinyathelo zokwelapha ezibanzi zisetshenziswa ngempumelelo, zizophinde zibe negalelo ekuthuthukiseni izinga lempumelelo yokwelashwa.

3. Isilinganiso Esijwayelekile Sezinga Lempumelelo Yokwelashwa

Ngokuvamile, uma ubuthi bumnene, isiguli siphathwa ngokushesha (imvamisa phakathi kwemizuzu engama-30 kuya kwehora elingu-1 ngemuva kokungenwa ubuthi), futhi yonke inqubo yokwelashwa, kuhlanganise nosizo lokuqala endaweni yesehlakalo kanye nokwelashwa esibhedlela, kwenziwa ngendlela efanele, izinga lokuphumelela lokwelashwa lingase libe phezulu, mhlawumbe lifinyelele ngaphezu kwama-80% kwezinye izimo. Kodwa-ke, ezimweni ezinzima, ikakhulukazi lezo ezinesikhathi eside sobuthi (ngaphezu kwamahora angu-2 - 3) kanye nokwelashwa sekwephuzile, izinga lokuphumelela lokwelashwa lingase libe ngaphansi kwama-20%, futhi kwezinye izimo ezinzima kakhulu, isiguli singase singakwazi ukusindiswa naphezu kwayo yonke imizamo.

Sengiphetha, izinga lokuphumelela ekwelapheni ubuthi be-sodium cyanide liyahlukahluka kuye ngezici eziningi. Isihluthulelo sokuthuthukisa izinga lokuphumelela silele ekuvimbeleni kusenesikhathi, okufika ngesikhathi futhi okulungile kuqala - usizo lokuqala endaweni yesigameko, kanye nokwelashwa kwezokwelapha okuphelele nokusebenzayo esibhedlela.