Yiziphi Izithako Zamakhemikhali Ezingasetshenziswa Ukuzilungiselela I-Sodium Cyanide?

I-Sodium cyanide (NaCN) iyinto eluhlaza yamakhemikhali enobuthi kakhulu kodwa ebalulekile. Idlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwezinto ezahlukahlukene zamakhemikhali ngenxa yokusabela kweqembu le-cyanide (-CN). Nazi ezinye zezinto ezibalulekile zamakhemikhali ezingalungiswa kusetshenziswa i-Sodium cyanide :

I-Cyanide Derivatives ye-Inorganic

1. Ama-Ferro cyanides : I-Sodium cyanide iphendula nosawoti wensimbi ukuze ikhiqize ama-ferro Cyanides . Isibonelo, ukusabela kwe- Sodium Cyanide nge-ferrous sulfate kungaveza i-sodium ferrocyanide (Na₄[Fe(CN)₆]). Le khompawundi isetshenziswa kabanzi ekukhiqizeni imibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka njenge-Prussian blue, futhi inezicelo embonini yokudla njenge-ejenti yokulwa nosawoti. Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kungamelwa kanje:

6NaCN + FeSO₄ → Na₄[Fe(CN)₆] + Na₂SO₄

2. I-Cyanide Complexes of Metals : I-Sodium cyanide ingakha ama-complex anama-ion amaningi ensimbi. Lapho kukhishwa igolide nesiliva, isibonelo, lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo, igolide nesiliva kusabela ne- sodium cyanide ukuze kwakheke ama-complex e-cyanide ensimbi encibilikayo. Ngegolide, ukusabela kungokulandelayo:

4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH

Lezi zakhiwo zensimbi - i-cyanide zibuye zicutshungulwe ukuze kutholwe izinsimbi ezihlanzekile. Ngaphezu kwegolide nesiliva, i-sodium cyanide ingaphinda yakhe izakhiwo ezinezinsimbi ezifana nethusi, i-zinc, ne-nickel, esebenza ku-electroplating nakwezinye izimboni. Isibonelo, ku-electroplating, i-metal - cyanide complexes isetshenziswa njengama-electrolyte ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukubekwa okubushelelezi nokufana kwensimbi ku-substrate.

I-Organic Cyanide Derivatives

1. I-Malonic Acid Derivatives : I-Sodium cyanide isetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwe-malonic acid derivatives. Inqubo evamile ukusabela i-sodium cyanide ne-chloroacetic acid ukuze kwakhiwe i-cyanoacetic acid kuqala. Ukusabela yilokhu:

ClCH₂COOH + NaCN → NCCH₂COOH + NaCl

I-cyanoacetic acid ingase iphinde ifakwe esterified ukuze ikhiqize i-malonic acid esters, njenge-diethyl malonate. I-Malonic acid derivatives ibalulekile ekwakheni i-organic synthesis, ikakhulukazi ekuhlanganiseni kwemithi, odayi, nama-flavour. Zivame ukusetshenziswa ku-Knoevenagel condensation kanye nokunye ukusabela ukuze kwakhiwe ama-molecule e-organic ayinkimbinkimbi.

2. Ama-Nitrile Compounds : I-Sodium cyanide ingasetshenziswa ukuguqula ama-haloalkanes noma ama-aryl halides abe ama-nitriles ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kokushintsha kwe-nucleophilic. Isibonelo, lapho i-bromoethane isabela ne-sodium cyanide, kwakheka i-propionitrile:

CH₃CH₂Br + NaCN → CH₃CH₂CN + NaBr

I-Nitriles iyinhlanganisela ehlukahlukene. Angafakwa nge-hydrolyzed ukuze enze ama-carboxylic acid, ancishiswe abe ama-amine, noma asetshenziswe ekuhlanganiseni ama-heterocyclic compounds. Embonini yemithi, izidakamizwa eziningi ziqukethe amaqembu asebenzayo we-nitrile, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide ekuhlanganiseni kwe-nitriles kunikeza umzila obalulekile wokulungiswa kwalezi zidakamizwa.

3. Ama-Cyanohydrin : Ama-Aldehydes nama-ketone angasabela ne-sodium cyanide lapho kukhona i-asidi catalyst ukuze akhe ama-cyanohydrin. Isibonelo, ukusabela kwe-acetone ne-sodium cyanide:

(CH₃)₂CO + NaCN + H⁺ → (CH₃)₂C(OH)CN + Na⁺

Ama-Cyanohydrin awusizo ekuxhumaneni kwe-organic synthesis. Angabuye aguqulwe abe amaqembu ahlukahlukene asebenzayo, njengama-carboxylic acid, ama-amine, nama-alcohol, ngokuphendula kwamakhemikhali okufanele. Ekuhlanganisweni kweminye imikhiqizo yemvelo kanye nemithi, ama-cyanohydrin adlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni i-carbon - skeleton kanye nokwethula amaqembu asebenzayo.

4. I-Triazine Derivatives : Ekukhiqizweni kwamakhemikhali afana ne-melamine, i-sodium cyanide ingabandakanyeka kunethiwekhi yokusabela. Nakuba ukusabela okuqondile kungaba yinkimbinkimbi futhi kuvame ukuhilela izinyathelo eziningi, iqembu le-cyanide elivela ku-sodium cyanide lisiza ekwakhekeni kwesakhiwo sendandatho ye-triazine. I-Melamine isetshenziswa kabanzi ekukhiqizweni kwepulasitiki, izinti, kanye nokugqoka. Esinye isibonelo ukwenziwa kwe-cyanuric chloride (i-trichlorotriazine), okuyindawo ebalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwemithi yokubulala ukhula, izibulala-zinambuzane, kanye nodayi ophendulayo. Ukwenziwa kwe-cyanuric chloride elivela ku-sodium cyanide kuvame ukuhilela uchungechunge lwezenzo ezihlanganisa i-chlorination yezandulela ezihlobene ne-cyanide.

5. Ama-Amino Acids Nezinto Ezivela Kuwo : Kweminye imizila yokwenziwa yama-amino acid, i-sodium cyanide ingasetshenziswa. Isibonelo, ekuhlanganisweni kwama-amino acid e-Strecker, i-aldehyde noma i-ketone isabela ne-ammonia kanye ne-sodium cyanide ukuze yakhe i-aminonitrile intermediate, bese i-hydrolyzed ibe yi-amino acid ehambisanayo. Kusukela ku-aldehyde RCHO, ukusabela kungokulandelayo:

RCHO + NH₃ + NaCN → RCH(NH₂)CN + NaOH

RCH(NH₂)CN + 2H₂O + H⁺ → RCH(NH₃⁺)COOH + Cl⁻

Ama-amino acid ayizisekelo zokwakha amaprotheni futhi asebenza kabanzi ezimbonini zokudla, ezemithi, nezimonyo.

Kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi ngenxa yobuthi obuphezulu be-sodium cyanide, izinyathelo zokuphepha eziqinile kanye nezinqubo zokuphatha kufanele zilandelwe ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwayo ekulungiseleleni lezi zici zamakhemikhali ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kwabasebenzi kanye nemvelo.