Kuyini ukuncibilika kwe-sodium cyanide?

Incazelo ye-Solubility

I-Solubility ibhekisela enanini eliphezulu le-solute elingancibilika enanini elinikeziwe le-solvent ngezinga lokushisa elithile kanye nokucindezela ukuze kwakhe isixazululo esilinganayo. Ngokuvamile kuvezwa ngamagremu e-solute ngamamililitha ayi-100 (g/100 mL) we-solvent noma kuma-moles ilitha ngalinye (mol/L).

Ukuncibilika kweSodium Cyanide emanzini

Sodium i-cyanide (I-NaCN) incibilika kakhulu emanzini. Emazingeni okushisa asekamelweni (cishe ama-25 °C), cishe amagremu angama-48 I-sodium cyanide ingancibilika kumamililitha amanzi ayi-100. Njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, yayo solubility nasemanzini liyakhuphuka. Isibonelo, ku-34.7 °C, ukuncibilika kwe I-Sodium Cyanide emanzini angaba ngu-82 g/100 mL.

I-solubility ephezulu ye- i-sodium cyanide emanzini kungabangelwa izici eziningana. I-sodium cyanide iyinhlanganisela ye-ionic, ehlanganisa i-sodium cations (Na⁺) ne-cyanide anions (CN⁻). Amanzi ingqamuzana elisezindaweni ezishisayo, elineshaja ephozithivu ingxenye yama-athomu e-hydrogen kanye nengxenye yokushajwa okunegethivu ku-athomu yomoya-mpilo. Lapho i-sodium cyanide yengezwa emanzini, ama-molecule wamanzi ase-polar axhumana nama-ion ku-sodium cyanide. Iziphetho ezinhle zama-molecule amanzi zikhangwa ama-anion e-cyanide, futhi iziphetho ezingezinhle zikhangwa kuma-sodium cations. Lokhu kuxhumana okuqinile kwe-ion - dipole phakathi kwama-ion e-sodium cyanide nama-molecule wamanzi kuvumela i-sodium cyanide ukuthi incibilike kalula emanzini.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo yokuchithwa kwe-sodium cyanide emanzini iyinqubo engavamile. Ngokomgomo we-Le Chatelier, ngenqubo yokuncibilika okushisayo, ukwandisa izinga lokushisa kuzosusa ukulingana kokusabela kokuhlakazeka kubhekise ekuqondeni kwe-solute eqinile (engancibiliki). Kodwa-ke, endabeni ye-sodium cyanide, ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa kusaholela ekwandeni kokuncibilika. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa nakho kwandisa amandla e-kinetic ama-molecule amanzi nama-ion, okukhuthaza ukuhlukaniswa kwe-sodium cyanide ibe ama-ion kanye nokuhlakazeka kwawo emanzini, okweqa umphumela wemvelo exothermic yokusabela kokuncibilika ekuncibilikeni ngokwezinga elithile.

Ukuncibilika Kwezinye Izincibilikisi

Ngaphezu kwamanzi, i-sodium cyanide inezici ezihlukene zokuncibilika kwamanye ama-solvents:

• I-Ethanol: I-sodium cyanide incibilika kancane ku-ethanol. I-solubility ku-ethanol iphansi kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa neyasemanzini. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-ethanol iyi-solvent encane ye-polar kunamanzi. Ingxenye engeyona i-polar ye-molecule ye-ethanol (iqembu le-ethyl) inciphisa i-polarity iyonke ye-solvent. Ngenxa yalokho, ukusebenzisana kwe-ion - dipole phakathi kwe-sodium cyanide ion nama-molecule e-ethanol akunamandla njengalawo anama-molecule amanzi, okuholela ekuncibilikeni okuphansi.

• Amanye ama-solvents e-organic: I-sodium cyanide inokuncibilika okuphansi kakhulu kuzinyibilikisi ze-organic ezingezona e-polar njenge-benzene, i-ether, njll. Izinyibilikisi ezingezona ze-polar azinawo amandla okusebenzelana ngempumelelo nezinhlobo ze-ionic ku-sodium cyanide. Njengoba ama-athomu angewona ama-polar engenakho ukuhlukaniswa kwe-charge ebalulekile, awakwazi ukuheha ama-ion e-sodium ne-cyanide ukuze aphule izibopho ze-ionic ku-sodium cyanide futhi ahlakaze ama-ion ku-solvent.

Ukubaluleka Kokuncibilika

Izicelo zezimboni

In the Ukumba igolide embonini, ukuncibilika okuphezulu kwe-sodium cyanide emanzini kubalulekile. Igolide lakha inkimbinkimbi encibilikayo ene-sodium cyanide esixazululweni esinamanzi. Le golide encibilikayo - inkimbinkimbi ye-cyanide ingaphinde icutshungulwe ukuze kukhishwe igolide elimsulwa. Ukuncibilika kwe-sodium cyanide emanzini kuvumela ukucwiliswa kahle kwegolide ku-ores yayo.

Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali

Ekuhlanganiseni kwamakhemikhali, ukunyibilika kwe-sodium cyanide ezincibilikisini ezifanele kuthinta amazinga okusabela kanye nesivuno. Isibonelo, kwezinye izimo ze-nucleophilic substitution reactions lapho i-sodium cyanide isetshenziswa njenge-nucleophile, ukuncibilika kwayo endaweni yokusabela (imvamisa i-solvent ye-polar njengamanzi noma ingxube yamanzi yotshwala) inquma ukuthi i-cyanide ion ingasabela ngokushesha kangakanani ne-substrate. Uma ukunyibilika kuphansi kakhulu, ukugxila kwe-ion cyanide esebenzayo esixazululweni kuzoba phansi, okungase kubambezele ukusabela noma kuvimbele ukusabela ukuthi kwenzeke ngendlela efanele.

Ukucatshangelwa kokuphepha kanye nemvelo

Ukuqonda ukunyibilika kwe-sodium cyanide nakho kubalulekile ekuphepheni nasekuvikelweni kwemvelo. Ngenxa yobuthi bayo obuphezulu, uma i-sodium cyanide ichitheka ngephutha, ukuncibilika kwayo emanzini kusho ukuthi ingancibilika ngokushesha futhi ingcolise imithombo yamanzi. Isodium cyanide encibilikayo ingabese ikhipha igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide enobuthi phambi kwama-asidi noma ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zemvelo. Ulwazi lokuncibilika kwayo lusiza ekuklameni amasu afanele okuqukatha nawokulungisa uma kwenzeka kuchitheka.

Sengiphetha, i-sodium cyanide inokuncibilika okuphezulu emanzini, okuhlukahluka ngokuya ngezinga lokushisa, kanye nokuncibilika okuphansi kakhulu kwezinye izincibilikisi ezifana ne-ethanol kanye nokuncibilika okuphansi kakhulu kuma-non-polar solvents. Le mpahla ye-solubility idlala indima ebalulekile kuyo Izicelo zezimboni, ukusabela kwamakhemikhali, nezici ezihlobene nokuphepha.