I-Industrial Applications ye-Sodium Cyanide: Izindima Eziningi Ezisuka Kwezimayini ukuya ku-Chemical Synthesis

I-sodium cyanide, into yamakhemikhali ezwakala ixakile, idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu futhi ehlukahlukene emkhakheni wezimboni. Itholakala kabanzi ezimbonini eziningi, kusukela Ukumayini kuya I-Chemical Synthesis, futhi inomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwezimboni zesimanje.

Ukukhishwa Kwegolide Kwezimayini

Embonini yezimayini, ukusetshenziswa owaziwa kakhulu I-Sodium Cyanide kungenxa Ukukhishwa Kwegolide. Igolide livame ukuba khona ngesimo sezinhlayiya ezinhle kakhulu ezihlakazekile ore futhi kunzima ukuhlukanisa ngokuqondile. I-sodium cyanide ingasabela ngamakhemikhali negolide ukuze yakhe amanzi - igolide elincibilikayo - i-cyanide complexes. Inqubo ethize imi kanje: ngemva kokuba igolide - eliqukethe i-ore lithole ukwelashwa kokuqala njengokuchotshozwa nokugaya, lixutshwa nesisombululo esiqukethe i-sodium cyanide, bese kwethulwa umoya. Ngaphansi kwezimo ze-alkaline, i-cyanide ion (CN⁻) ku-sodium cyanide iphendulana negolide ngendlela elandelayo: 4Au + 8NaCN+O₂ + 2H₂O = 4Na[Au(CN)₂]+4NaOH. Igolide elikhiqizwe - inkimbinkimbi ye-cyanide ingancishiswa kusukela kusixazululo ngochungechunge lwezinqubo ezilandelayo, njengokususwa endaweni nge-zinc powder, ukuze kuzuzwe ukuhlukaniswa kwegolide kokunye ukungcola. Le ndlela ithuthukise kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokumbiwa kwegolide, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukumbiwa ngokomnotho amatshe egolide asezingeni eliphansi okwakunzima ekuqaleni ukuwasebenzisa, kwabeka isisekelo esiqinile sokuthuthukiswa kwemboni yegolide emhlabeni wonke. Kwezinye izimayini ezinkulu zegolide, inani elikhulu le-sodium cyanide lingase lisetshenziswe nsuku zonke ukuze kugaywe amashumi ezinkulungwane zamathani ensimbi, ngokuqhubekayo kukhiqizwe igolide eliyigugu.

I-Raw Material Ye-Chemical Synthesis

Emkhakheni we-organic chemical synthesis, i-sodium cyanide iyimpahla eluhlaza ebaluleke kakhulu. Ivamise ukusetshenziselwa ukwethula iqembu elisebenzayo le-cyano (-CN), elibaluleke kakhulu I-Organic Synthesis futhi ingaguqulwa ibe amanye amaqembu ahlukahlukene asebenzayo ngokusabela kwamakhemikhali okulandelayo, njengeqembu le-carboxyl (-COOH) kanye neqembu le-amino (-NH₂). Isibonelo, lapho i-halogenated hydrocarbon isabela ne-sodium cyanide ekuphenduleni kwe-nucleophilic substitution, i-athomu ye-halogen ithathelwa indawo yiqembu le-cyano ukuze lenze isakhi se-nitrile. Ukuthatha ukusabela kwe-ethyl bromide ne-sodium cyanide njengesibonelo: C₂H₅Br + NaCN → C₂H₅CN + NaBr. I-propionitrile ekhiqiziwe ingaqhubeka i-hydrolyzed ukuze ithole i-propionic acid noma incishiswe ukuze ithole i-propylamine. Le ndlela yokwethula iqembu le-cyano ngokusebenzisa i-sodium cyanide bese iguqula iqembu elisebenzayo inikeza indlela ebalulekile yokuhlukahluka kwesakhiwo samakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi ezimbonini ezifana nokuhlanganiswa kwezidakamizwa kanye nokuhlanganiswa kodayi. Izindlela zokuhlanganiswa kwezidakamizwa eziningi ezivamile zihlanganisa i-sodium cyanide, futhi ifana "nesakhiwo sokwakha" esiyinhloko sokwakha isakhiwo sama-molecule ephilayo.

Imboni Enhle Yamakhemikhali

Ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo emihle yamakhemikhali, i-sodium cyanide nayo idlala indima ebalulekile. Isibonelo, ekukhiqizweni kwamapulasitiki athile wobunjiniyela asebenza kakhulu nezithasiselo zenjoloba, ukusabela okubandakanya i-sodium cyanide kunganikeza imikhiqizo ngezakhiwo ezihlukile. Ekuhlanganisweni kwe-polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA, evame ukwaziwa ngokuthi i-plexiglass), kusetshenziswa indawo ephakathi ngokubamba iqhaza kwe-sodium cyanide. Ngokusabela kwamakhemikhali okuthile, i-cyano - equkethe inhlanganisela iguqulwa ibe imonomeri enesakhiwo esithile kanye nezakhiwo, bese yenziwa i-polymer ukuze kutholwe impahla ye-PMMA esebenza kahle kakhulu. Le nto isetshenziswa kabanzi emkhakheni we-optical, umhlobiso wezakhiwo, njll. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekukhiqizeni ezinye ze-vulcanization accelerators for high - performance rubbers, i-sodium cyanide nayo iyimpahla ebalulekile eluhlaza. Ingaphromotha inqubo yokwenza irabha ibe buthakathaka futhi ithuthukise amandla, ukumelana nokugqokwa nezinye izici zemikhiqizo yenjoloba, ivumele imikhiqizo yenjoloba ukuthi ihlangabezane kangcono nezimo ezihlukahlukene zokufaka isicelo samandla aphezulu njengamasondo emoto namabhande okuthutha ezimboni.

Izicelo Emkhakheni we-Electroplating

The Imboni ye-Electroplating kungenye insimu ebalulekile yokusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide. Enqubweni ye-electroplating, kuyadingeka ukufaka ngokulinganayo ungqimba lwenye insimbi ebusweni bensimbi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukumelana nokugqwala, ukuhlobisa kanye nezinye izakhiwo zensimbi. I-sodium cyanide inemisebenzi eminingi kusixazululo se-electroplating. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingenza ama-complexes azinzile ngama-ion ensimbi esixazululweni se-plating, ilawula izinga lokubeka i-ion yensimbi endaweni ye-cathode, ukuze ukumboza kufane futhi kufane. Isibonelo, enqubweni yokucwenga yethusi, i-sodium cyanide yenza ama-ion ayinkimbinkimbi afana ne-[Cu(CN)₂]⁻ nama-ion ethusi. Lapho la ma-ion ayinkimbinkimbi ephuma ku-cathode, ama-athomu ethusi angafakwa ngokulinganayo ebusweni bento ezogqitshwa, athole ukunamathela kwethusi okubushelelezi nokuminyene. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-sodium cyanide ingaphinde ithuthukise ukuqhutshwa kukagesi kwesisombululo sokucwebezelisa kanye nekhono lokuhlakazeka lesisombululo sokucwebezelisa, okwenza izinto zokusebenza ezinomumo oyinkimbinkimbi nazo zithole umphumela omuhle wokunamathela. Nakuba ngenxa yobuthi be-sodium cyanide, izinqubo ze-cyanide - zamahhala ze-electroplating ziye zathuthukiswa eminyakeni yamuva nje, kweminye imikhakha enezidingo eziphakeme kakhulu zekhwalithi yokunamathela, njengokufakwa kwe-electroplating yezingxenye ze-electronic kanye nezingxenye ze-aerospace, i-cyanide - equkethe inqubo ye-electroplating isathatha ingxenye ethile yemakethe ngenxa yezinzuzo zayo eziyingqayizivele, futhi i-sodium cyanide isadlala indima ebalulekile kulezi zicelo.

Ezinye Izicelo Zezimboni

Ngaphezu kwezinkambu ezishiwo ngenhla, i-sodium cyanide nayo isetshenziswa kwezinye izinqubo zezimboni. Kwe Ukwelashwa Kokushisa Kwensimbi embonini, i-sodium cyanide ingasetshenziswa ekwelapheni i-cyaniding yensimbi. Ngokufudumeza insimbi endaweni equkethe i-sodium cyanide neminye imithombo yezindaba, i-nitrogen ne-carbon kufakwa kanyekanye ebusweni bensimbi ukuze kwakhiwe ungqimba lwe-cyanide olunokuqina okuphezulu, ukumelana nokugqoka okuphezulu kanye nezakhiwo ezinhle zokulwa nokuthunjwa, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza okuphelele kwendawo yensimbi. Isetshenziswa kabanzi ekwelapheni izingxenye ezibalulekile emkhakheni wokukhiqiza imishini kanye nezingxenye zezimoto. Kwezinye izinqubo ezikhethekile ze-metallurgical, i-sodium cyanide ingasetshenziswa futhi ukuhlukanisa nokuhlanza izinsimbi ezithile ezingavamile. Ngokwenza ama-complexes athile ngezinsimbi ezingavamile, ukuhlukaniswa kwezinsimbi ezingavamile kwezinye izinto ezingcolile kufinyelelwa, okuhlinzeka ngamathuba okusetshenziswa kahle kwezinsimbi ezingavamile.

Kodwa-ke, kufanele siqaphele ngokucacile ukuthi i-sodium cyanide inobuthi obukhulu futhi ibeka usongo olukhulu emvelweni nempilo yabantu. Ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza, ukugcinwa, ukuthuthwa nokusetshenziswa kwayo, imithetho efanele yokuphepha kanye nezidingo zokuvikelwa kwemvelo kufanele kulandelwe ngokuqinile, futhi izinyathelo zokuvikela eziphelele kanye nezindlela zokuhlanza imfucuza kufanele zamukelwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izingozi ezingase zibe khona zilawulwa ngempumelelo. Nakuba i-sodium cyanide idlala indima ebalulekile embonini, ngenqubekelaphambili eqhubekayo yesayensi nobuchwepheshe, abantu bahlola ngenkuthalo ezinye izindlela eziphephile nezinobungani nemvelo ukuze banciphise ukuncika kulesi sidakamizwa esinobuthi obukhulu. Kodwa kulesi sigaba samanje, ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo zamakhemikhali eziyingqayizivele, i-sodium cyanide isabambe izindima eziningi ezibalulekile ezingenakuthathelwa indawo emikhakheni eminingi yezimboni, kusukela ezimayini kuya ekuhlanganiseni kwamakhemikhali, eqhubekayo ekhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni zesimanje.