Izinto Ezithinta Ukusebenza Kokucwiliswa Kwegolide Nge-Sodium Cyanide

Embonini yezimayini zegolide, i I-Cyanidation inqubo usebenzisa I-sodium cyanide isetshenziswa kabanzi ukukhipha igolide ematsheni. Nokho, ukusebenza kahle kwale nqubo kungathonywa izici eziningi. Ukuqonda lezi zici kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni inqubo yokukhipha igolide, ukuthuthukisa amanani okuthola kabusha, nokunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza. Lesi sihloko sicubungula izici ezibalulekile ezithinta ukusebenza kahle kwe Itshe legolide ukuphuma nge I-Sodium Cyanide.

Izici ze-Ore

Ukubunjwa kwamaminerali

Ukwakheka kwamaminerali ensimbi yegolide kudlala indima ebalulekile enqubweni ye-cyanidation. Amanye amaminerali angaba nomthelela omubi ekucwiliseni igolide. Isibonelo, ithusi, i-arsenic, i-antimony, ne-bismuth ekhona kwi-ore ingakhuphula ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide noma iqede umoya-mpilo odongeni, ngaleyo ndlela kwehlise izinga lokuvuza kwegolide. Uma amaminerali ethusi ekhona, ithusi lingasabela nge-cyanide ukuze lenze i-copper-cyanide complexes, idle inani elikhulu le-cyanide. Endabeni yamaminerali aphethe i-arsenic, angakwazi ukufaka i-oxidize kusixazululo se-cyanide, adle umoya-mpilo futhi enze izinhlanganisela ze-arsenic ezingamboza ingaphezulu lezinhlayiya zegolide, zivimbele ukuthintana phakathi kwegolide ne-cyanide. Ukwengeza, uma insimbi iqukethe ikhabhoni ephezulu, ikhabhoni ingakhanga igolide elincibilikisiwe, okuholela ekulahlekeni kwegolide ezinsikeni. Ukuze kuncishiswe lezi zinkinga, izindlela zokwelashwa kwangaphambili ezifana nokugazinga noma ukuntanta kungasetshenziswa ukususa noma ukunciphisa umthelela walokhu kungcola okuyingozi.

Usayizi Wezinhlayiya Zegolide

Ubukhulu bezinhlayiya zegolide buthinta ngokuqondile isikhathi sokuvuza nokusebenza kahle. Izinhlayiya zegolide elimahhadla (ezinkulu kuno-74μm) zinezinga lokuncibilika elihamba kancane ngenxa yendawo yazo encane etholakalayo ukuze isetshenziswe nge-cyanide. Enqubweni ye-cyanidation, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlayiya zegolide zikhululeka ngokwanele kumaminerali e-ganggue. Ukugaya insimbi ibe ukucoleka okufanele kubalulekile ukuze kufinyelelwe lokhu. Ngokunciphisa usayizi wezinhlayiya, izindawo ezingaphezulu zegolide zivezwa, okusiza ukusabela nge-cyanide. Kodwa-ke, ukugaya ngokweqile kufanele kugwenywe ngoba kungaholela ekwenyukeni kwezindleko, njengokusetshenziswa okuphezulu kwamandla kanye nokuguga kwemishini yokugaya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugaya ngokweqile kungase kubangele ukukhululwa kwamaminerali amahle we-ganggue angaphazamisa inqubo yokucwilisa noma ukwandisa ubunzima bokuhlukaniswa koketshezi oluqinile. Ezinsimbi ezinegolide elicolisekile, ukuzuza ukucoleka okufanele kokugaya, ngokuvamile okunamaphesenti aphezulu ezinhlayiya ezingaphansi kosayizi othile (isb., -38μm), kungathuthukisa kakhulu umthelela wokuvuza.

Isakhiwo Sensimbi Nokuthungwa

Isakhiwo sangaphakathi nokuthungwa kwe-ore kungase kube nomthelela ohlelweni lwe-cyanidation. Izinsimbi ezinezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi, njengalezo ezifakwe kahle noma igolide elivalekile, zingadinga ukugaywa okujulile noma izinyathelo ezengeziwe zokwelashwa kwangaphambili ukuze kuvezwe igolide ukuze licwiliswe. I-Porous ores ingavumela isixazululo se-cyanide ukuthi singene kalula, sithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwe-leaching. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-ore aminyene noma ahlangene angase akhawulele ukusakazeka kwe-cyanide nomoya-mpilo, okuholela emazingeni okuphuza kancane. Ukuqonda ukwakheka kwe-ore ngokusebenzisa amasu afana ne-microscopy kungasiza ekuklameni amasu asebenza kahle kakhulu okuleaching.

I-Leaching Conditions

I-Cyanide Concentration

Ukuhlushwa kwe i-sodium cyanide kusixazululo se-leaching kuyisici esibalulekile. Izinga lokuncibilika kwegolide ekuqaleni likhuphuka ngokuhambisana nokukhuphuka kwe Ukuhlushwa kwe-cyanide ize ifinyelele inani eliphakeme. Ngale kokugxila okuthile, ukwanda okwengeziwe kwe-cyanide kungase kungathuthukisi kakhulu izinga lokuncibilika kwegolide futhi kungase kuholele ngisho nasekuncipheni. Ngokuvamile, ku-cyanidation yegolide, okuqukethwe kwe-cyanide kusixazululo kugcinwa ku-0.03% - 0.08%. Uma ukugxiliswa kwe-cyanide kuphansi kakhulu, umphumela wokucwiliswa kwegolide uba mubi, futhi isivinini sokucwilisa sihamba kancane, okuholela ezikhathini ezinde zokudonsa kanye nezindleko ezikhulayo. Ngokuphambene, inani eleqile le-cyanide aligcini nje ngokudala imfucuza kodwa futhi linyusa ubungozi bemvelo obuhambisana nokuphathwa nokulahlwa kwe-cyanide. Ngakho-ke, ukunquma ukugxiliswa kwe-cyanide okufanelekile ngokusekelwe ezicini ezithile ze-ore kubalulekile ekukhishweni kwegolide okuphumelelayo.

Ukugxila Oksijini

I-oksijeni iyadingeka ukuze kufakwe i-oxidation yegolide kunqubo ye-cyanidation. Izinga lokuncibilika kwegolide liyakhuphuka ngokwanda kokugxila komoyampilo. Ezitshalweni eziningi ze-cyanidation, umoya uvame ukusetshenziswa njengomthombo womoya-mpilo. Ngokucebisa i-oxygen esixazululweni noma ngokusebenzisa i-high-pressure aeration cyanidation, ukuchithwa kwegolide kungathuthukiswa. Kodwa-ke, njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, ukuncibilika komoya-mpilo esixazululweni kuncipha kakhulu. Ku-100°C, ukuncibilika komoyampilo kwehla kuze kufike kuqanda, okumisa inqubo yokuvuza. Ngakho-ke, ukugcina ukugcwala komoya-mpilo okufanele endaweni ethambile egelezayo, kucatshangelwa izici ezifana nezinga lokushisa nokuyaluza, kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukucwiliswa kwegolide ngendlela efanele.

Inani le-pH

Ukugcina inani le-pH elilungile ku-pulp leaching kubalulekile kwinqubo ye-cyanidation. Emkhiqizweni wezimboni, inani le-pH le-pulp livame ukugcinwa phakathi kuka-10.0 - 11.0. I-lime ivame ukungezwa kwisisombululo se-cyanide ukuze isebenze njenge-alkali evikelayo. Kuyasiza ukunciphisa i-hydrolysis ye-cyanide, ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwe-cyanide njengegesi ye-hydrogen cyanide. Ukwengeza, umcako unganciphisa izinto ezine-asidi ku-ore futhi ukhiphe ama-ion ayingozi odaka, okwenza izimo ezikahle zokuncibilika kwegolide. Uma i-alkalinity iphezulu kakhulu (pH > 12) noma iphansi kakhulu (pH <9), izinga lokuvuza legolide lizokwehla. I-alkalinity ephezulu ingavimbela ukusabela phakathi kwegolide ne-cyanide, kuyilapho i-alkalinity ephansi ingase isheshise i-hydrolysis ye-cyanide futhi yandise ukusetshenziswa kwayo.

Temperature

Izinga lokushisa lenqubo ye-leaching inomphumela oyinkimbinkimbi ku-cyanidation yegolide. Njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, umsebenzi we-ion uyanda, oqala ukusheshisa izinga legolide le-leaching. Kodwa-ke, amazinga okushisa aphezulu nawo aholela ekwehleni okukhulu kokuncibilika komoya-mpilo esixazululweni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-hydrolysis ye-cyanide ngokwayo iyanda, futhi ukusabela kwesisekelo sensimbi ama-cyanides kuyashesha, okuholela ekwandeni kokusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuncibilika kwe-calcium hydroxide (kusuka ku-lime eyengeziwe) kuncipha emazingeni okushisa aphakeme, okungabangela inani le-pH le-pulp lehle. Ngakho-ke, ezinqubweni eziningi zegolide ze-cyanidation, nakuba ukunyuka okumaphakathi kwezinga lokushisa kungathuthukisa izinga lokuvuza ngezinga elithile, izinga lokushisa elidlulele alizuzisi. Ngokuvamile, i-cyanidation ivame ukwenziwa emazingeni okushisa azungezile noma aphakeme kancane, futhi izinga lokushisa elifanele lidinga ukunqunywa ngokusekelwe ezicini ezithile ze-ore kanye nezimo zenqubo.

Isikhathi Sokuvula

Isikhathi sokucwiliswa esidingekayo sincike ezicini ezihlukahlukene ezifana nemvelo yensimbi, indlela ye-cyanidation, nezimo zokucwiliswa. Ukuze i-cyanidation enyakaziswayo, isikhathi sokuvuza ngokuvamile singaphezu kwamahora angu-24 futhi ngezinye izikhathi singaba side esingamahora angu-40 noma ngaphezulu. Endabeni ye-leaching telluride ores yegolide, kungathatha amahora angama-72. Ukuze uthole i-cyanidation ye-percolation, isikhathi sokuvuza side nakakhulu, ngokuvamile sidinga izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezinsuku ezinhlanu. Uma isikhathi sokucwiliswa sisifushane kakhulu, izinhlayiya zegolide zingase zingancibiliki ngokuphelele, okuholela emazingeni aphansi okubuyisela. Ngokuphambene, uma isikhathi sokugezwa siside kakhulu, akugcini nje ngokukhuphula izindleko zokukhiqiza kodwa futhi kungase kubangele ukuchithwa kokungcola okwengeziwe kwensimbi, okungaphazamisa inqubo yokutholwa kwegolide elandelayo. Ngakho-ke, ukunquma isikhathi esifanele sokukhipha ngocwaningo lokuhlola kanye nokwenza ngcono inqubo kuyadingeka ukuze kuzuzwe ukukhishwa kwegolide okuphumelelayo.

I-Slurry Concentration

Ukugxila kwe-leaching slurry kuthinta ngokuqondile izinga lokusabalalisa lezingxenye zenqubo ye-cyanidation. Ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-slurry kukhulisa i-viscosity ye-slurry, engahambisani nokusakazwa kwe-cyanide nomoya-mpilo ezinhlayiyeni zegolide, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa ukusebenza kahle kokugeleza. Ngokuphambene, uma ukugxiliswa kwe-slurry kuphansi kakhulu, nakuba kungase kuthuthukise izimo zokusabalalisa, kuzokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide namanye ama-reagents futhi kudinga umthamo omkhulu wemishini, okuholela ekwenyukeni kwezindleko. Ukugxiliswa kwe-slurry okufanele kudinga ukunqunywa ngokuhlolwa kwenzuzo ngokuya nezici zensimbi. Ezinsimbi ezinodaka oluncane kanye nokungcola okumbalwa, ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-slurry (imvamisa u-40% - 50%) kungasetshenziswa ukucwilisa. Ngama-ores anezakhi zamaminerali eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye nodaka oluphezulu, ukugxila okuphansi kwe-slurry (okungaba ngu-25%) kuvame ukudingeka.

Ezinye Izinto

Ukuba khona Kokungcola Odongeni

Ngaphezu kwamaminerali ayingozi ku-ore ngokwayo, okunye ukungcola ku-slurry ye-leaching nakho kungathinta inqubo ye-cyanidation. Isibonelo, izinhlayiya ezinhle ze-ganggue, ikakhulukazi lezo ezinobumba oluphezulu, zingandisa i-viscosity ye-slurry, zivimbela ukunyakaza kwe-cyanide nomoya-mpilo. Lezi zinhlayiya ezinhle zingase futhi zikhangise i-cyanide, zehlise ukugxila kwayo okusebenzayo ekucwiliseni igolide. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kukhona ama-ion ensimbi esindayo ku-slurry, angase asabele nge-cyanide ukuze akhe ama-complexes, adle i-cyanide futhi aphazamise ukusabela kwegolide. Ukuqapha okuvamile nokwelashwa kwangaphambili okufanele kwe-slurry ukususa noma ukunciphisa lokhu kungcola kungasiza ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-cyanidation.

Ukuyaluza Nokuxubana

Ukuyaluza ngendlela efanele kanye nokuxutshwa kwe-leaching slurry kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusatshalaliswa okufanayo kwezinhlayiya ze-cyanide, umoya-mpilo kanye ne-ore. Ukuyaluza kusiza ukuletha ama-reactants ukuthintana ngokuphumelelayo, okuthuthukisa izinga lokusabela. Ukuyaluza okunganele kungase kubangele ama-concentration gradients, lapho ezinye izindawo zodaka zine-cyanide enganele noma umoya-mpilo, okuholela ekuphumeni kwegolide okungaphelele. Kodwa-ke, ukuyaluza okukhulu kakhulu kungabangela ukuguga ngokweqile kwemishini futhi kungase kuholele ekwakhekeni kwegwebu odongeni, okungase kuthinte inqubo yokucwilisa. Ngakho-ke, ukukhulisa isivinini nokushuba ngokuya ngezidingo ezithile zenqubo kubalulekile ukuze kusetshenziswe igolide cyanidation.

Sengiphetha, ukusebenza kahle kokucwiliswa kwe-ore yegolide nge-sodium cyanide kuthonywa inqwaba yezinto, okuhlanganisa izici ze-ore, izimo zokucwiliswa kwensimbi, neminye imingcele yokusebenza. Ngokucubungula ngokucophelela nokuthuthukisa lezi zici, izinkampani zezimayini zingathuthukisa izinga lokutholwa kwegolide, zinciphise izindleko, futhi zinciphise umthelela wemvelo wenqubo ye-cyanidation.