I-Sodium Cyanide Emayini Yensimbi Eyigugu: Ukubukeka Okujulile

Isingeniso

Emkhakheni wezimayini zezinsimbi eziyigugu njengegolide nesiliva, i-sodium cyanide ibambe iqhaza elibalulekile iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu. Kusukela yethulwa ngawo-1880, ukusetshenziswa kwe i-cyanide - Izinqubo ezisekelwe kuye zenze izinguquko ekukhishweni kwalezi zinsimbi ezibalulekile emizimbeni yensimbi. Lesi sihloko sicubungula izici ezihlukahlukene zokusebenzisa I-Sodium Cyanide in izimayini zensimbi eziyigugu, okuhlanganisa izakhiwo zayo zamakhemikhali, i inqubo yokukhipha, izinyathelo zokuphepha, nemithelela yemvelo.

Izakhiwo Zamakhemikhali ze-Sodium Cyanide

I-sodium cyanide (NaCN) iyinhlanganisela yamakhemikhali eyakhiwe i-sodium (Na), i-carbon (C), ne-nitrogen (N). Ngokuvamile kubonakala njengokuqinile okumhlophe, okuncibilika emanzini. Ngokwezimboni, ingakhiqizwa ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko. Enye iwukusabela i-hydrogen cyanide (HCN) nge-sodium hydroxide (NaOH), kanti enye idlula inqubo ye-Castner, lapho i-sodium amide (NaNH₂) isabela ne-carbon emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.

Inqubo yeCyanide Leaching

Ukulungiselela Ore

Ngaphambi kokuba inqubo yokucwilisa i-cyanide iqale, i-ore equkethe izinsimbi eziyigugu kufanele ilungiswe. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuhilela ukuchotshozwa nokugaya itshe lensimbi libe yimpushana. Umgomo ukwandisa indawo engaphezulu ye-ore, okuvumela ukuthintana okungcono phakathi kwe-ore I-sodium cyanide isixazululo kanye nezinhlayiya zensimbi eziyigugu. Isibonelo, ezimayini zegolide, uma igolide lisatshalaliswa kuyo yonke insimbi ngamanani amancane, ukugaya okufanele kungabeka igolide eliningi esixazululweni sokucwiliswa.

Ukuhamba

Uma insimbi isisesimweni esifanele, kwethulwa isisombululo se-sodium cyanide esiqashwe ngokucophelela. Lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo, ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kwenzeka. Igolide lakha inkimbinkimbi enama-ion e-cyanide, okwenza igolide elincibilikayo - i-cyanide complex. Le nkimbinkimbi ibe isincibilika esixazululweni, ihlukanise ngempumelelo igolide nayo yonke i-matrix ye-ore. I-oksijini ekuphenduleni isebenza ukwenza igolide i-oxidize, yenza kube lula ukuhlakazeka kwayo.

Ukutholwa Kwezinsimbi Eziyigugu

Ngemva kwenqubo yokucwilisa, isinyathelo esilandelayo ukubuyisela izinsimbi eziyigugu esixazululweni. Enye indlela evamile iwukusebenzisa i-zinc. Uma i-zinc yengezwa esixazululweni, isusa igolide endaweni yegolide - i-cyanide complex, iphendule igolide libe yifomu eliqinile. Leli golide eliqinile lingaqhubeka licutshungulwa, ngokujwayelekile ngokuncibilikiswa, ukuze kutholwe igolide elimsulwa.

Izinhlobo zeCyanide Leaching

I-Vat Leaching (Izigayi Ezilawulwayo)

Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-vat leaching, le nqubo ivamise ukwenzeka endaweni yokugaya ekhethekile esendaweni yezimayini. I-ore egaywe kahle ivezwa kusawoti we-cyanide. Isixazululo sibopha nama-ion ezinsimbini eziyigugu, ezivumela ukuba zihlukane zibe isixazululo. Kodwa-ke, izici ezinjengobukhona bezakhi ezihlukene ku-ore zingathinta ukusebenza kahle kwale nqubo. Isibonelo, ezinye izakhi zingase zisabele nge-cyanide noma izinsimbi eziyigugu, ziphazamise ukwakheka kwenkimbinkimbi encibilikayo. Ukwengeza, nakuba ukwethulwa komoya-mpilo omningi kungasheshisa inqubo yokucwilisa, lokhu akwenziwa njalo ezigayweni ngenxa yokukhathazeka kwezindleko.

I-Heap Leaching

I-Heap leaching ingenye indlela esetshenziswa kakhulu. Kule nqubo, i-ore echotshoziwe inqwabelana ibe yizinqwaba ezinkulu. Isixazululo se-sodium cyanide sibe sesifafazwa phezu kwalezi zinqwaba. Njengoba ikhambi ligeleza phakathi kwensimbi, lincibilikisa izinsimbi eziyigugu. Ukucwiliswa kwenqwaba kubiza kakhulu - kusebenza ngempumelelo uma kuqhathaniswa nokucwiliswa kwe-vat, ikakhulukazi ore lwezinga eliphansi. Iphinde ibe nenzuzo yokwengeza umoya-mpilo enhlanganisweni ngokwemvelo njengoba isixazululo sigobhoza ensimbini. Kodwa-ke, inselele enkulu wubunzima bokulawula isiphetho sesixazululo se-cyanide enobuthi ngemva kokuqeda inqubo yokucwilisa.

Izinyathelo Zokuphepha

Naphezu kokusebenza kwayo ekukhishweni kwensimbi eyigugu, i-sodium cyanide inobuthi obukhulu. Kuzo zombili izinhlobo zayo eziqinile neziyigesi, ingaba yingozi uma imunyile noma ihogelwe. Nokho, embonini yezimayini, izinyathelo zokuphepha eziqinile zikhona. Ukugcwala kwe-cyanide esixazululweni sokukhipha kugcinwa kuphansi kakhulu, ngokuvamile ebangeni lezingxenye eziyi-100 kuya kwezingu-500 ngesigidi ngasinye. Izisebenzi eziphatha i-sodium cyanide, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iwuhlobo lwamabrikhethi aqinile noma izixazululo, kudingeka bagqoke izinto zokuzivikela ezifanele, njengezifihla-buso ukuze bavikeleke othulini oluphuma emoyeni noma amagesi anamanani amancane e-cyanide. Eqinisweni, eNyakatho Melika nase-Australia, akukaze kube khona ukufa okuhlobene ne-cyanide phakathi kwabasebenzi basezimayini eminyakeni engaphezu kweyi-100, okubonisa ukusebenza kahle kwalezi zimiso zokuphepha.

Imithelela Yezemvelo

Okunye okukhathaza kakhulu mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide ezimayini wumthelela wayo ongaba khona kwezemvelo. Uma isixazululo se-cyanide singena emanzini angaphezulu, singaba nemiphumela emibi. Izinhlanzi zaziwa ngokuzwela i-cyanide izikhathi ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane kunabantu. Ukunukubezeka okuvela ku-cyanide kungaphazamisa imvelo yemvelo, kulimaze izilwane zasemanzini futhi kuphazamise lonke uchungechunge lokudla. Ukunciphisa lezi zingozi, izinkampani zezimayini zisebenzisa amasu ahlukahlukene okuphatha imvelo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwamachibi afakwe ulayini ukuze kugcinwe izixazululo ze-cyanide, izinhlelo ezifanele zokuvala ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuvuza, nezinqubo zokwelashwa ukuze kukhishwe ubuthi be-cyanide - aqukethe amanzi angcolile ngaphambi kokuba akhishwe.

Isiphetho

I-sodium cyanide isalokhu iyikhemikhali ebalulekile ezimayini zezinsimbi eziyigugu. Ikhono layo lokukhipha ngempumelelo igolide, isiliva, nezinye izinsimbi ezibalulekile ensimbi liyenze yaba isisekelo semboni yezimayini yesimanje. Kodwa-ke, ubungozi obuhlobene, kokubili ngokokuphepha nendawo ezungezile, abunakushalazelwa. Ngokusetshenziswa kwezimiso eziqinile zokuphepha kanye nezinqubo ezithuthukisiwe zokulawulwa kwemvelo, imboni yezimayini iyaqhubeka nokusebenzisa i-sodium cyanide ngendlela enomthwalo wemfanelo, ilinganisela isidingo sokukhipha insimbi eyigugu nokuvikelwa kwempilo yabantu kanye nemvelo. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka, kungenzeka ukuthi kuthuthukiswe ngisho nezindlela ezisebenza kahle kakhulu nezivumelana nemvelo zokukhishwa kwensimbi eyigugu, kodwa esikhathini esizayo esibonakalayo, i-sodium cyanide izoqhubeka idlala indima ebalulekile kule mboni ebalulekile.