Izindlela zokwelapha umsila we-cyanide nge-hypochlorite

Isingeniso

I-Cyanide isetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yezimayini, ikakhulukazi ezinqubweni zokukhipha igolide nesiliva ngenxa yekhono layo lokwakha izakhiwo ezizinzile ngalezi zinsimbi eziyigugu. Nokho, ukuba khona i-cyanide emasilaleni kubeka engcupheni enkulu yemvelo nempilo. I-Cyanide inobuthi obuningi eziphila emanzini, ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni, futhi ingangcolisa imithombo yamanzi uma ingelashwanga kahle. Ngakho-ke, izindlela ezisebenzayo zokususa ubuthi be-cyanide emisileni zibaluleke kakhulu. Enye indlela enjalo ukusetshenziswa kwe i-hypochlorite, esibonise isithembiso ekucekeleni phansi izinhlanganisela ze-cyanide nokunciphisa ubuthi bazo.

Ukuqonda i-Cyanide ku-Tailings

Imithombo Ye-Cyanide Ekusebenzeni Kwezimayini

Embonini yezimayini, i-cyanide isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko enqubweni ye-cyanidation, okuyindlela evamile yokukhipha igolide nesiliva ku-ores yabo. Le nqubo ihilela ukuchithwa kwegolide nesiliva kusixazululo se-cyanide, ukwakha izakhiwo zensimbi-cyanide ezincibilikayo. Ngemva kwenqubo yokukhipha, izinsalela ezisele ziqukethe i-cyanide esele, engaba uhlobo lwe-cyanide yamahhala (CN-), i-cyanide eyinkimbinkimbi (isb., ama-metal-cyanide complexes afana ne-Cu(CN)32-), noma i-cyanide eboshwe kancane. Ukugxiliswa kwe-cyanide kumasisila kungahluka kakhulu kuye ngezinto ezifana nohlobo lwe-ore, izimayini nezindlela zokukhipha ezisetshenzisiwe, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwenqubo yokutholwa kwe-cyanide.

Izingozi Zemvelo Nezempilo Ze-Cyanide ku-Tailings

I-Cyanide iyisakhi esinobuthi obukhulu esingaba nomthelela omubi emvelweni nempilo yabantu. Emvelweni, i-cyanide ingaba yingozi ezintweni eziphila emanzini ngisho nasezindaweni eziphansi kakhulu. Ingavimbela ukusebenza okuvamile kwamaseli ngokuphazamisa i-enzyme yokuphefumula i-cytochrome oxidase, okuholela ekusweleni komoyampilo futhi ekugcineni nokufa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-cyanide ingasabelana nezinye izinto ezisendaweni ezungezile yenze izinhlanganisela ezinobuthi kakhulu, njengegesi ye-hydrogen cyanide, eyingozi kakhulu empilweni yomuntu.

Kubantu, ukuchayeka ku-cyanide kungenzeka ngokuhogela, ukumunca, noma ukuthinta isikhumba. Ukuchayeka kakhulu emazingeni aphezulu e-cyanide kungabangela izimpawu ezinjengokukhanda ikhanda, isiyezi, isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, ukuphefumula ngokushesha, futhi ezimeni ezimbi kakhulu, kungaholela ekukhomeni nasekufeni. Ukuchayeka okungamahlalakhona emazingeni aphansi e-cyanide nakho kungaba nemiphumela yesikhathi eside yezempilo, okuhlanganisa ukulimala kwesimiso sezinzwa, indlala yegilo, nesistimu yokuzala.

I-Hypochlorite: Isibhubhisi Se-Cyanide Esisebenzayo

Izinhlobo ze-Hypochlorite Ezisetshenziswa Ekwelapheni I-Cyanide

I-Hypochlorite iyinhlanganisela yamakhemikhali equkethe i-ClO-ion. Ekwelapheni izinhlayiya ze-cyanide, izinhlobo ezimbili ezivamile ze-hypochlorite zisetshenziswa: i-sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) ne-calcium hypochlorite (Ca(ClO)2). I-sodium hypochlorite iwuketshezi oluphuzi ngokuluhlaza okuphaphathekile okulula ukuluphatha nokulugcina. Isetshenziswa kaningi ezinhlelweni zezimboni ngenxa yokuncibilika kwayo okuphezulu kanye nokulula kokudosa. I-calcium hypochlorite, ngakolunye uhlangothi, iqinile elimhlophe elizinze kakhulu kune-sodium hypochlorite futhi ingasetshenziswa ezimeni lapho umthombo ogxile kakhulu we-hypochlorite udingeka.

Indlela yokusabela ye-Hypochlorite ene-Cyanide

Ukusabela phakathi kwe-hypochlorite ne-cyanide kwenzeka ochungechungeni lwezinyathelo. Esinyathelweni sokuqala, i-hypochlorite i-oxidize i-cyanide ibe yi-cyanate (CNO-). Ukusabela kungamelwa yisibalo esilandelayo:

CN- + ClO- → CNO- + Cl-

Lokhu kusabela kuyashesha futhi kwenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo ze-alkaline. I-cyanate eyenziwe kulesi sinyathelo ayinabo ubuthi obuncane kune-cyanide, kodwa isengafakwa i-oxidized ngokwengeziwe. Esinyathelweni sesibili, i-cyanate i-hydrolyzed futhi iphinde ifakwe i-oxid ukuze yakhe i-carbon dioxide (CO2), igesi ye-nitrogen (N2), nama-ion e-chloride (Cl-). Ukusabela okuphelele kungamelwa kanje:

2CNO- + 3ClO- + H2O → 2CO2 + N2 + 3Cl- + 2OH-

I-oxidation ephelele ye-cyanide emikhiqizweni engenabo ubuthi ibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuphepha kwezinsalela ezilashiwe kanye nokuvimbela ukungcoliswa kwemvelo.

Inqubo yokwelashwa kwe-Hypochlorite ye-Cyanide Tailings

Ukwelashwa Kwangaphambi Kwezisila

Ngaphambi kwenqubo yokwelashwa kwe-hypochlorite, imisila ye-cyanide ivame ukudinga ukwelashwa kusengaphambili ukuze kulungiswe izakhiwo zayo ezingokomzimba namakhemikhali. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise izinyathelo ezinjengokuqina ukuze kuncishiswe umthamo we-tailings slurry, ukulungiswa kwe-pH ukuze udale izimo ze-alkaline ezifanele zokusabela nge-hypochlorite, nokususwa kwanoma yiziphi izinhlayiya eziqinile noma ukungcola okungase kuphazamise inqubo yokwelapha.

Ukwengezwa kweHypochlorite

Lapho ama-tailings esenziwe ngaphambili, i-hypochlorite yengezwa ku-tailings slurry. Inani le-hypochlorite elidingekayo lincike ezicini eziningana, okuhlanganisa ukugcwala kokuqala kwe-cyanide emisileni, uhlobo lwe-hypochlorite esetshenzisiwe, kanye nezinga elifiswayo lokubhujiswa kwe-cyanide. Ngokuvamile, i-hypochlorite eyeqile iyengezwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe i-oxidation ephelele ye-cyanide. I-hypochlorite ingafakwa ngendlela yesisombululo noma eqinile, kuye ngokuthi uhlobo lwe-hypochlorite kanye nesistimu yokwelapha.

Izimo zokusabela kanye nokuqapha

Ukusabela phakathi kwe-hypochlorite ne-cyanide kwenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo ze-alkaline, ngokuvamile ebangeni le-pH lika-10 - 12. Izinga lokushisa lokusabela lingaphinda lithinte izinga lokusabela, amazinga okushisa aphezulu ngokuvamile aholela ekuphenduleni okusheshayo. Kodwa-ke, ezinhlelweni eziningi zezimboni, ukusabela kwenziwa ekushiseni okuzungezile ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko zamandla.

Phakathi nenqubo yokwelashwa, kubalulekile ukuqapha ukuhlushwa kwe-cyanide, i-hypochlorite, nezinye imingcele ezifana ne-pH nezinga lokushisa. Lokhu kungenziwa kusetshenziswa amasu okuhlaziya ahlukahlukene, njenge-titration, i-spectrophotometry, noma ama-electrode akhethiwe we-ion. Ukuqapha kuvumela ukulungiswa kwenqubo yokwelapha ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinga elifiswayo lokubhujiswa kwe-cyanide liyafinyelelwa nokuthi inqubo yokwelapha isebenza kahle.

Ngemuva kokwelashwa kanye nokulahlwa

Ngemuva kokuthi ukusabela sekuqediwe futhi i-cyanide isicekeleke phansi ngempumelelo, izinsalela ezilashiwe zingase ziqhubeke nezinye izinyathelo zangemuva kokwelashwa. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ukuncishiswa kwe-pH ezingeni elamukeleka kakhudlwana ngokwezemvelo, ukususwa kwanoma yiziphi izinto eziqinile ezisele noma imvula, nokuhlaziya kokugcina ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukugxiliswa kwe-cyanide kumsila kuhlangabezana nezimfuneko zokulawula. Uma izinsalela ezilashiwe sezihlangabezana nenqubo yokulahla, zingalahlwa ngokuphepha ngendlela efanele, njengendawo yokulahla imfucumfucu noma indawo yokuvalela itailings.

Izinzuzo zokwelashwa kwe-Hypochlorite

Ukusebenza Okuphezulu Ekubhujisweni kweCyanide

Ukwelashwa kwe-Hypochlorite kuboniswe ukuthi kusebenza kahle kakhulu ekucekeleni phansi i-cyanide emisileni. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele, ingafinyelela izinga eliphezulu le-cyanide oxidation, inciphise ukugxiliswa kwe-cyanide ibe amazinga ahlangabezana noma adlule ngisho nezimfuneko zokulawula. Lokhu kusebenza kahle okuphezulu kungenxa yamandla aqinile we-oxidizing we-hypochlorite, okuvumela ukuthi iphendule ngokushesha nge-cyanide futhi iguqulele emikhiqizweni engenabuthi.

Izindleko-ukusebenza

Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela zokuthi ukwelashwa kwe-cyanide, njenge-electrochemical oxidation noma ukwelashwa kwe-ozone, ukwelashwa kwe-hypochlorite kungase kungabizi kakhulu. Izindleko ze-hypochlorite ngokuvamile ziphansi kunezinye i-oxidizing agents, futhi izidingo zemishini nezinqubo zokwelashwa kwe-hypochlorite zilula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusabela kungenziwa ekushiseni okuzungezile nokucindezela, ukunciphisa izindleko zamandla. Kodwa-ke, izindleko zangempela zenqubo yokwelapha zingahluka kuye ngezici ezifana nesilinganiso sokusebenza, ukutholakala kwe-hypochlorite, nezindleko zokuthutha nokulahlwa kwezinsalela ezilashiwe.

Ukuphatheka Kalula Nokugcinwa

I-sodium hypochlorite, ikakhulukazi, kulula ukuyiphatha nokuyigcina. Iwuketshezi olungaphonswa kalula futhi lufakwe ku-tailings slurry. I-calcium hypochlorite, nakuba iqinile, ingagcinwa futhi isingathwe ngezinyathelo zokuphepha ezifanele. Zombili izinhlobo ze-hypochlorite zizinzile ngaphansi kwezimo zokulondoloza ezivamile, okuzenza zifanelekele ukusetshenziswa emisebenzini yezimayini lapho ukugcinwa kwesikhathi eside nokutholakala okuthembekile kubalulekile.

Izinselelo Nokucatshangelwa

Ukusabela Okungenzeka Eceleni

Nakuba ukwelashwa kwe-hypochlorite kuphumelela ekubhubhiseni i-cyanide, kungase kube khona ukusabela okusemaceleni okungenzeka. Isibonelo, i-hypochlorite ingasabela nezinye izinto ezikhona kuma-tailings, njengama-sulfides, ama-thiosulfates, nezinto eziphilayo. Lokhu kusabela okuseceleni kungadla i-hypochlorite futhi kunciphise ukusebenza kwayo ekubhujisweni kwe-cyanide. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okunye ukusabela okuseceleni kungase kukhiqize imikhiqizo engase ibe nomthelela emvelweni noma empilweni. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusabela kwe-hypochlorite nge-sulfide kungaveza igesi ye-sulphur dioxide, engcolisayo. Ukuze unciphise lokhu kusabela okuseceleni, kubalulekile ukuphawula ngokucophelela ama-tailings futhi wandise imingcele yenqubo yokwelapha.

Umthelela Ezimpahleni Zomsila

Ukwengezwa kwe-hypochlorite kuma-tailings nakho kungaba nomthelela ezintweni ezibonakalayo namakhemikhali we-tailings. Isibonelo, inqubo ye-oxidation ingabangela izinguquko enkokhelweni yangaphezulu yezinhlayiya ze-tailings, ezingase zithinte ukuziphatha kwazo kokuxazulula kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezinqubo zokuhlukanisa uketshezi oluqinile. Ukwengeza, ukuba khona kwe-hypochlorite esele noma imikhiqizo yayo yokusabela emisileni eselashiwe kungase kube nomthelela ekuzinzeni kwesikhathi eside kanye nomthelela wemvelo wezinsalela. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukucabangela lezi zici lapho uklama futhi usebenzisa inqubo yokwelashwa kwe-hypochlorite.

Izici Zokulawula Nokuphepha

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-hypochlorite ekwelapheni i-cyanide tailings kungaphansi kwezidingo eziqinile zokulawula. Izimayini kufanele ziqinisekise ukuthi inqubo yokwelapha ihlangabezana nayo yonke imithetho efanele yezemvelo nezokuphepha. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izidingo zokugcinwa, ukuphatha, nokulahlwa kwe-hypochlorite, kanye nokuqapha nokubikwa kwe-cyanide nokunye ukungcola emisileni eselashiwe. Ukwengeza, i-hypochlorite iyi-ejenti eqinile ye-oxidizing futhi ingadala izingozi zokuphepha uma ingaphathwa kahle. Kubalulekile ukunikeza ukuqeqeshwa okufanele kubaqhubi kanye nokusebenzisa izinyathelo ezifanele zokuphepha, ezifana nokusetshenziswa kwezinto zokuzivikela kanye nokufakwa kwemishini yokuphepha endaweni yokwelapha.

Isiphetho

Ukwelashwa kwe-Hypochlorite kuyindlela esebenzayo nephumelelayo yokucekela phansi i-cyanide emisileni. Inikeza izinzuzo ezimbalwa, okuhlanganisa ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu ekucekeleni phansi kwe-cyanide, ukuphumelela kwezindleko, kanye nokubamba kalula nokugcinwa. Ngezifundo eziyisibonelo, sibonile ukuthi imisebenzi eminingi yezimayini isebenzise ngempumelelo izinqubo zokwelashwa kwe-hypochlorite ukuze ihlangabezane nezidingo zayo zokuthobela imvelo futhi ithuthukise ukusebenza kwayo kukonke.

Kodwa-ke, njenganoma iyiphi indlela yokwelapha, ukwelashwa kwe-hypochlorite nakho kunezinselele nokucatshangelwa kwakho. Ukusabela okuseceleni okungase kube khona, imithelela ezakhiweni zemisila, nezici zokulawula nokuphepha kufanele kubhekwe ngokucophelela. Ngokuqonda lezi zici kanye nokwenza kahle inqubo yokwelapha, izimayini zingaqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa okuphephile nokusebenzayo kwe-hypochlorite ekwelashweni kwemisila ye-cyanide.

Njengoba imboni yezimayini iqhubeka nokubhekana nokuhlolwa okwandayo kwezemvelo, ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokuqaliswa kwezindlela ezisimeme nezisebenzayo zokwelashwa kwe-cyanide, njengokwelashwa kwe-hypochlorite, kuzodlala indima ebalulekile ekunciphiseni umthelela wemvelo wokusebenza kwezimayini kanye nokuvikela impilo yabantu kanye nemvelo.