Umthelela Wokuhlalisana Kwe-Sodium Cyanide ne-Sodium Chloride ekuLeaching

1. Isingeniso

Emkhakheni we-metallurgy, ikakhulukazi ekukhishweni kwezinsimbi eziyigugu njengegolide nesiliva, i i-cyanideinqubo leaching ubambe isikhundla esibalulekile. I-sodium cyanide (NaCN) isetshenziswa kakhulu ngoba ingancibilikisa igolide nesiliva ngokukhetha ore. Kodwa-ke, emizimbeni eminingi ye-ore, kuhlangana izinto ezahlukahlukene, futhi i-chloride ye-sodium (I-NaCl) ingenye yama-salts ajwayelekile ahambisana nawo. Ukuqonda umthelela wokuphilisana kwe-(NaCN) kanye (NaCl) enqubweni yokucwiliswa kwamanzi kubalulekile ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokukhipha, ukunciphisa izindleko, kanye nokunciphisa imithelela yemvelo. Lesi sihloko sihlose ukuhlola kabanzi lolu daba.

2. Iqhaza Le-Sodium Cyanide Ekushiseni

2.1 I-Chemical Reaction Mechanism

Ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhishwa kwe-cyanide, ama-ion e-cyanide adlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni izakhiwo ezincibilikayo ezinama-athomu egolide nesiliva. I-oksijeni nayo ibalulekile njengoba isebenza njenge-oxidizing ejenti, yenza lula i-oxidation yegolide nesiliva futhi ikhuthaze ukuchithwa kwazo kusixazululo se-cyanide. Lokhu kusebenzisana kwamakhemikhali kwenza ukuba kukhishwe lezi zinsimbi eziyigugu ensimbini.

2.2 Izinto Ezithinta Ukusebenza Kwe-Sodium Cyanide Ekushiseni

• Ukugxila kwe-sodium cyanide: Ukuhlushwa kwe i-sodium cyanide kuthinta kakhulu izinga leaching. Ngokwetiyori, inani elithile le I-Sodium Cyanide iyadingeka ekuncibilikiseni inani elithile legolide ngokusekelwe ekuphenduleni kwe-electrochemical. Nokho, in practice, ukusetshenziswa langempela I-sodium cyanide ngokuvamile liphakeme kakhulu kunenani letiyori. Ezinqubweni ezifana ne-Carbon - in - Pulp (CIP) ne-Carbon - in - Leach (CIL), ukugxila kwe-sodium cyanide ngokuvamile kugcinwa ngaphakathi kwebanga elithile. Ukuze uthole ama-ore ayinkimbinkimbi noma lawo anamazinga aphezulu okungcola, ukugxilisa ingqondo kungase kudinge ukunyuswa ngokufanele.

• Izinga le-pH: I-sodium cyanide hydrolyzes esixazululweni, ikhiqiza i-hydrocyanic acid, igesi enobuthi obukhulu. Izinga le-hydrolysis lincike ku-pH yesisombululo. Ukunciphisa ukulahleka kwe-cyanide nge-hydrolysis futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuzinza kwesisombululo se-cyanide, i-pH ivamise ukugcinwa ngaphakathi kwebanga elithile le-alkaline ezitshalweni zegolide ze-CIP. Le ndawo ye-pH iphinde ibe nomthelela ekugxilweni okufanelekile kwe-sodium cyanide ukuze kukhishwe igolide ngempumelelo.

• I-Oxygen Concentration Encibilikisiwe: Umoya-mpilo ubalulekile ekuhlakazweni kwegolide nesiliva kusixazululo se-cyanide. Ukusabela kudinga kokubili ama-ion cyanide nomoya-mpilo. I-solubility ephezulu ye-oxygen ekamelweni lokushisa nokucindezela kunqunyelwe. Uma ukugcwala komoyampilo oncibilikisiwe ku-slurry kuphansi kakhulu, kungakhawulela izinga lokuncibilika legolide nesiliva. Ezimweni ezinjalo, izindlela ezinjengokujova umoya odongeni noma ukufaka i-hydrogen peroxide zingasetshenziswa ukwandisa ukugcwala komoyampilo. Isilinganiso somoya-mpilo ne-cyanide sibalulekile; ukungalingani kungaholela ekwehleni kwezinga leaching.

3. Umthelela We-Sodium Chloride Enqubweni Yokucwilisa

3.1 Imithelela Emvelweni Wamakhemikhali

• Amandla e-Ionic kanye ne-Coefficient Yomsebenzi: Uma i-sodium chloride ikhona kusixazululo se-leaching, yandisa amandla e-ionic esixazululo. Ngokusho kwemibono efanele, ukwanda kwamandla e-ionic kungathinta ama-coefficients omsebenzi we-ion esixazululweni. Kuhlelo lwe-cyanide leaching, lolu shintsho kuma-coefficients omsebenzi lungathonya ukulingana kwamakhemikhali kokusabela okuhlobene nokuqedwa kwegolide nesiliva. Isibonelo, ingase iguqule ukugxiliswa okusebenzayo kwama-ion e-cyanide atholakalayo ukuze asabele ngegolide, ngaleyo ndlela kuthinte izinga lokuvuza.

• Umncintiswano Wamasayithi Asebenzayo: Ama-ion e-chloride angaqhudelana nama-ion e-cyanide ngeziza ezisebenzayo endaweni yezinhlayiya ze-ore. Kwezinye izimo, uma ukuhlangana kwama-ion e-chloride kuphezulu ngokwanele, angakhanga phezu kwezinhlayiya zegolide noma zesiliva, avimbele ama-ion e-cyanide ukuthi angafinyeleli futhi ngaleyo ndlela anciphise ukusebenza kahle kokucwilisa. Kodwa-ke, ezimweni ezithile, ukuba khona kwe-chloride ion nakho kungaba nomthelela omuhle. Isibonelo, kwamanye ama-ore aqukethe amaminerali ethusi, ama-ion e-chloride angakha ama-complexes ngethusi, anciphise ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide ngethusi futhi okungenzeka athuthukise ukucwiliswa kwegolide nesiliva.

3.2 Umthelela Ekukhishweni Kwezinsimbi Ezihlangene

• Ithusi - Iqukethe Ores: Kuma-ore anokuqukethwe kwethusi okuphezulu, amaminerali ethusi asabela ngokuqinile nge-sodium cyanide, edla inani elibalulekile le-cyanide. Ukuba khona kwe-sodium chloride kungathinta lokhu kusabela. I-chloride ion ingakha ama-complexes ngethusi, futhi lezi zinkimbinkimbi zingase zibe nokuqina okuhlukile uma kuqhathaniswa ne-copper - cyanide complexes. Uma ukwakheka kwe-copper - chloride complexes kuthandwa, kunganciphisa inani le-cyanide elidliwa ithusi, kushiye i-cyanide eningi etholakalayo ekulethweni kwegolide nesiliva.

• Ezinye Izinsimbi: I-sodium chloride ingaphinde ihlanganyele nezinye izinsimbi ezikhona ku-ore, njenge-zinc, umthofu, nensimbi. Isibonelo, ama-ion e-chloride angathuthukisa ukuncibilika kwezinye izinhlanganisela ze-zinc kanye nomthofu, okungase kuthikameze ukuziphatha kwazo phakathi nenqubo yokucwiliswa kanye nomthelela wawo ekucwilisweni kwe-cyanide yegolide nesiliva. Endabeni yensimbi, ukuba khona kwama-ion e-chloride kungaba nomthelela ekwakhekeni nasekuzinzeni kwensimbi - equkethe ama-precipitates noma ama-complexes, okungase kukhuthaze noma kuvimbele inqubo yokukhishwa kuye ngezimo ezithile.

4. Imithelela Ehlanganisiwe Ye-Sodium Cyanide ne-Sodium Chloride Ekushiseni

4.1 I-Synergistic noma I-Antagonistic Effects

• I-Synergistic Effects: Kwezinye izimo, ukuhlalisana kwe-sodium cyanide kanye ne-sodium chloride kungaba nomthelela onenzuzo, noma we-synergistic, enkambisweni ye-leaching. Isibonelo, kwezinye izinsimbi zegolide eziphikisayo, ukwengeza inani elifanele le-sodium chloride kungathuthukisa ukungeneka kwesakhiwo se-ore, kuvumele ama-ion e-cyanide ukuthi angene kalula futhi asabele ngezinhlayiya zegolide. Lokhu kungaholela ekwenyukeni kwezinga legolide le-leaching. Ukwengeza, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, kuma-ores anamaminerali ethusi, ukwakheka kwe-copper - chloride complexes nge-sodium chloride kunganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide ngethusi, okuzuzisa i-cyanide leaching yegolide nesiliva, okubonisa umphumela we-synergistic.

• Imiphumela Ephikisanayo: Nokho, kukhona futhi izimo lapho i-sodium cyanide ne-sodium chloride zinemiphumela ephikisanayo, noma ephikisayo. Ukugxila okuphezulu kwama-ion e-chloride kungaqhudelana nama-ion e-cyanide ebusweni bezinhlayiya zegolide nesiliva, futhi kuphazamise ukulingana kwamakhemikhali kokusabela kwe-cyanide leaching, okuholela ekwehleni kokusebenza kahle kokucwilisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma ukuba khona kwe-sodium chloride kubangela ukwakheka kwemvula ethile noma ama-complexes amboza izinhlayiya ze-ore, kungavimbela ama-ion e-cyanide ukuthi angathintani nezinsimbi ezibalulekile, kuqhubeke kwehlisa izinga lokuvuza.

4.2 Ukuthuthukiswa Kwenqubo Yokuvuza Ebukhoneni Babo Bobabili

• Ukulungiswa kwe-Reagent Concentrations: Uma kokubili i-sodium cyanide ne-sodium chloride zikhona, kuyadingeka ukwandisa ukugxila kwazo. Lokhu kudinga ukuhlaziya okuningiliziwe kokwakheka kwensimbi. Ngama-ores anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinsimbi ezingasabela nge-cyanide, njengethusi, ukwenyuka okufanelekile kokugxiliswa kwe-sodium chloride kungase kubhekwe njengokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuhlushwa kwe-sodium cyanide kufanele kulungiswe ngokuvumelana nomphumela wangempela we-leaching ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhishwa okuphumelelayo kwegolide nesiliva.

• Ukulawulwa Kwezimo Zenqubo: Ngokungeziwe ekugxilweni kwe-reagent, ezinye izimo zenqubo ezifana ne-pH, izinga lokushisa, nokufaka umoya nazo zidinga ukulawulwa ngokucophelela. Inani le-pH lidinga ukugcinwa ngaphakathi kwebanga elifanele ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzinza kwesisombululo se-cyanide kanye nempumelelo yokusabela kokucwiliswa kwamanzi, kucatshangelwa umthelela wako kokubili i-sodium cyanide ne-sodium chloride. Ukushisa kwekhambi nakho kubalulekile. Nakuba kukhona izinga lokushisa ngokwethiyori elilungile lokuncibilika kwegolide kusixazululo se-cyanide, lapho kukhona i-sodium chloride, umthelela wamazinga okushisa enqubweni yokucwiliswa kwamanzi ungashintsha, futhi kuyadingeka ukuthola izinga lokushisa elilungile ngocwaningo lokuhlola. Ukungena komoya okwanele kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukutholakala kwe-oksijeni eyanele ekuphenduleni kwe-leaching, futhi ukuba khona kwe-sodium chloride kungase kuthinte ukunyibilika nokusatshalaliswa komoya-mpilo esixazululweni, okudingeka kucatshangelwe.

5. Izibonelo kanye nemiphumela yokuhlola

5.1 Indaba 1: Igolide - Insimbi Yesiliva Enokuqukethwe Kwethusi Eliphezulu

Kwidiphozithi yegolide - insimbi yesiliva enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwethusi, ukucwiliswa kwe-cyanide yendabuko kusetshenziswa kuphela i-sodium cyanide kubangele izinga eliphansi legolide lokucwiliswa ngenxa yokusetshenziswa okubalulekile kwe-cyanide ngethusi. Lapho i-sodium chloride yengezwa ohlelweni lokuvuza ekugxiliseni okuthile futhi ukugxila kwe-sodium cyanide kulungiswa, izinga legolide le-leaching landa. Ukuhlaziywa kwabonisa ukuthi ukungezwa kwe-sodium chloride kwaholela ekwakhekeni kwe-copper - chloride complexes, ukunciphisa inani le-cyanide elidliwa ithusi futhi ngaleyo ndlela kwandise ukutholakala kwe-cyanide yokukhishwa kwegolide.

5.2 I-Case Study 2: Igolide Elingaxutshwa Negolide

Ngensimbi yegolide ekhanyelayo, ukucwiliswa kwe-cyanide kokuqala ngaphandle kwe-sodium chloride kufinyelele izinga eliphansi legolide lokucwiliswa. Ngemva kokwengeza i-sodium chloride ekugxiliseni okuthile nokuthuthukisa ukugxiliswa kwe-cyanide nezinye izimo zenqubo, izinga legolide le-leaching liyenyuka. Ukubhekwa okuncane kwezinhlayiya ze-ore kwembula ukuthi ukungezwa kwe-sodium chloride kuthuthukisa ukungeneka kwesakhiwo se-ore, okuvumela ama-ion e-cyanide ukuthi afinyelele izinhlayiya zegolide ngempumelelo, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokugeleza.

6. Ukucatshangelwa Kwemvelo Nokuphepha

6.1 Ubuthi beCyanide

I-Cyanide iyinto enobuthi kakhulu. Noma yikuphi ukukhishwa kwe-cyanide - equkethe izixazululo endaweni ezungezile kungaba nemiphumela ebuhlungu empilweni yasemanzini, ikhwalithi yomhlabathi, nempilo yabantu. Lapho i-sodium chloride ihlangana ne-sodium cyanide ohlelweni lwe-leaching, kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuphathwa nokwelashwa kwe-cyanide - equkethe imfucuza kusaqhutshwa ngokuhambisana nemithetho yemvelo. Ukuba khona kwe-sodium chloride kungase kuthinte ukuziphatha kwe-cyanide ezinqubweni zokwelashwa kwemfucuza, njengezindlela ezisetshenziselwa ukucekela phansi i-cyanide njenge-alkaline chlorination noma ukwelashwa kwebhayoloji. Isibonelo, amandla e-ionic akhuphukayo abangelwa i-sodium chloride angase athonye izinga lokusabela nokusebenza kahle kwalezi zindlela zokwelapha.

6.2 Ukuphepha Ekuphatheni

Kokubili i-sodium cyanide ne-sodium chloride idinga ukuphathwa ngokucophelela. I-sodium cyanide inobuthi obudlulele futhi idinga izinyathelo zokuphepha eziqinile ngesikhathi sokugcinwa, ukuthuthwa, kanye nokusetshenziswa. I-sodium chloride, nakuba ingenabungozi kangako, isengadala ubungozi obunjengokugqwala kwezinto zokusebenza kanye nemithelela engaba khona endaweni yokusebenza uma ingalawulwa ngendlela efanele. Emsebenzini wokucwilisa lapho kusetshenziswa kokubili, izisebenzi zidinga ukuqeqeshwa ukuphatha la makhemikhali ngokuphepha, futhi izinto zokuphepha ezifanele kanye nezinqubo kufanele zibe khona ukuvimbela izingozi nokuqinisekisa inhlalakahle yabasebenzi.

7. Isiphetho

Ukuhlalisana kwe-sodium cyanide ne-sodium chloride enqubweni yokucwilisa kunomthelela oyinkimbinkimbi ekukhishweni kwezinsimbi eziyigugu. I-sodium chloride ingathinta indawo yamakhemikhali esixazululo sokuvuza, ihlanganyele nezinsimbi ezihambisanayo, futhi ibe nemiphumela ehambisanayo nephikisanayo ne-sodium cyanide. Ukuqonda le miphumela kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni inqubo ye-leaching. Ngokulungisa ukugxilisa kwe-reagent, ukulawula izimo zenqubo, nokucabangela izici zemvelo nezokuphepha, kungenzeka ukuzuza ukukhishwa okuphumelelayo nokusimeme kwegolide, isiliva, nezinye izinsimbi ezibalulekile. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe kanye nezifundo zokuhlola zisadingeka ukuhlola ngokugcwele amandla ale nqubo ekhona ehlangene ngaphansi kwezinhlobo ze-ore ezihlukene nezimo zenqubo, okuhloswe ngayo ukuthuthukisa ngokuqhubekayo ubuchwepheshe bokumba bemboni yensimbi.