Izinqubo Zakamuva Zokukhiqiza ze-Sodium Cyanide

1. Isingeniso

I-Sodium cyanide (NaCN) iyinhlanganisela ebalulekile yamakhemikhali esetshenziswa kabanzi ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene, njengokumbiwa kwegolide, ukufakelwa kwe-electroplating, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali. Izinqubo zokukhiqiza ze- Sodium cyanide bezilokhu zishintsha njalo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle, kuncishiswe izindleko, futhi kuthuthukiswe ubungane bemvelo. Lesi sihloko sizokwethula izinqubo eziningana zakamuva zokukhiqiza ze- Sodium Cyanide.

2. I-Amonia - Indlela Ye-Sodium

2.1 Umgomo Wenqubo

Ngendlela ye-ammonia-sodium, i-metallic sodium kanye ne-petroleum coke kuqala kwenezelwa ku-reactor ngesilinganiso esithile. Izinga lokushisa libe selikhuphukela ku-650 °C, bese kungeniswa igesi ye-ammonia. Njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka liye ku-800 °C, kwenzeka ukusabela esikhathini esingamahora angu-7, lapho i-metallic sodium iguqulwa ngokuphelele ibe yi -sodium cyanide . Ngemva kwalokho, ama-reactant ahlungwa ekushiseni okungu-650 °C ukuze kususwe i-petroleum coke eningi. Umkhiqizo oncibilikisiwe ube usukhishwa bese uphonswa esimweni esifiselekayo ukuze kutholakale imikhiqizo ye-sodium cyanide.

2.2 Okuhle nokubi

• Izinzuzo : Le nqubo inomgomo wokusabela olula, futhi izinto zokusetshenziswa i-sodium ne-ammonia zivame kakhulu embonini yamakhemikhali.

• Okubi : Izimo zokusabela kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu zidinga ukusetshenziswa kwamandla amaningi. Futhi, ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium yensimbi kubeka engcupheni ethile yokuphepha ngenxa yokusabela kwayo okuphezulu.

3. Indlela ye-Cyanide Melt

3.1 Umgomo Wenqubo

I-Cyanide melt kanye ne-lead oxide yengezwa ethangini lokukhipha. Isilinganiso esijwayelekile sokuncibilika kwe-cyanide ku-lead oxide ngu (500 - 700):1. Ukwengezwa kwe-lead oxide kusiza ekususeni i-sulfurization ngokwenza i-lead sulfide precipitate. Uketshezi olukhishwayo lube seluvunyelwa ukuthi luzinze, bese uketshezi oluphumayo olucacile luqukethe u-80 - 90 g/L we-NaCN. Kujeneretha, lolu ketshezi luhlangana ne-sulfuric acid egxilile ukuze kukhiqizwe igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide. Ngemva kokujiya ukuze kukhishwe amanzi, igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide ingena endaweni yokumuncwa bese isabela nge-alkali ewuketshezi (isixazululo se-sodium hydroxide) yenze i-sodium cyanide.

3.2 Okuhle nokubi

• Izinzuzo : Le nqubo ingasusa ngempumelelo ukungcola kwesibabule ngokwengeza i-lead oxide, okuwusizo ekuthuthukiseni ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo wokugcina.

• Okubi : Ukusetshenziswa kwe-lead oxide kungaholela ezinkingeni zokungcoliswa kwemvelo ezihambisana ne-lead. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo ihilela izinyathelo eziningi njengokukhipha, ukusabela, kanye nokumuncwa, okwandisa ubunzima bokusebenza.

4. Inqubo ye-Andrussow (Indlela ye-Anshig)

4.1 Umgomo Wenqubo

Inqubo ye-Andrussow isebenzisa igesi yemvelo, i-ammonia, nomoya njengezinto zokusetshenziswa. Okokuqala, igesi yemvelo igezwa embhoshongweni wokuwasha ngamanzi ukuze kususwe isibabule esingaphili kanye nengxenye yesibabule esiphilayo. Ngemva kokuhlunga, igesi yemvelo ehlanziwe kufanele ibe nokuqukethwe kwesibabule okungu-≤1 mg/m³ kanti okuqukethwe kwe-hydro Carbon s ngaphezu kwe-C₂ kufanele kube ngaphansi kuka-2%. I-ammonia ewuketshezi iyaphefumula ku-vaporizer, bese umoya uhlungwa ngesihlungi. Izinto zokusetshenziswa ezintathu zibe sezixutshwa ku-mixer ngesilinganiso se-ammonia:methane:air = 1:(1.15 - 1.17):(6.70 - 6.80). Igesi exubile ingena ku-oxidation reactor ene-platinum-rhodium alloy njenge-catalyst. Ekushiseni okungu-1070 - 1120 °C, kwenzeka ukusabela okukhiqiza igesi exubile equkethe i-8.5% hydrogen cyanide.

Igesi iyapholiswa bese ingena embhoshongweni wokumuncwa kwe-ammonia, lapho i-ammonia esele imuncwa i-sulfuric acid. Ngemuva kwalokho, ipholiswa ngamanzi futhi i-hydrogen cyanide imuncwa amanzi okushisa aphansi. Igesi yomsila ikhishwa ngemva kokuwashwa ngombhoshongo wokugeza i-alkali. Isixazululo se-hydrogen cyanide esimuncwa amanzi siwukushisa - siyashintshana bese singena embhoshongweni wokuncibilika. Phezulu kombhoshongo we-desorption, i-hydrogen cyanide enobumsulwa obungama-98% itholakala. Le hydrogen cyanide bese isabela nesisombululo se-alkali ukwenza isixazululo se-sodium cyanide, ephinde icutshungulwe ngokuhwamuka, icrystallization, ukomiswa, kanye nokubunjwa ukuze kutholwe umkhiqizo wokugcina we-sodium cyanide.

4.2 Okuhle nokubi

• Izinzuzo : Ezindaweni ezinemithombo yegesi yemvelo ecebile, izindleko zezinto zokusetshenziswa ziphansi kakhulu. Inqubo isivuthiwe kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwezimboni, futhi isikali sokukhiqiza singaba sikhulu kakhulu.

• Okubi : Ezindaweni ezingenazo izinsizakusebenza zegesi yemvelo, ezithintwa yizici ezifana nokuntuleka kwegesi yemvelo, izinqubomgomo, kanye namanani, izindleko zokukhiqiza zingase zishintshe kakhulu. Izimo zokusabela kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu zidinga imishini evikela izinga lokushisa eliphezulu futhi zidla amandla amaningi.

5. Inqubo Yomlilo

5.1 Umgomo Wenqubo

Igesi yemvelo, umoya-mpilo, ne-ammonia kusetshenziswa njengezinto ezingavuthiwe. Lawa magesi amathathu ahlungwa ngokuhlukana ukuze akhiphe ukungcola bese efaka umshini wokuhlanganisa ngemva kokuzinziswa nokubalwa kwamamitha. Ingxenye yomoya-mpilo isetshenziswa njengowomoya-mpilo oyinhloko wokungena ku-mixer, kanti enye ingxenye ifakwa ngqo ku-nozzle ukuze ithuthe. Izinto ezintathu zokusetshenziswa zihlanganiswa ngesilinganiso esithile futhi zithole ukusabela komlilo ukuze kuhlanganiswe i-hydrogen cyanide ekushiseni okungu-1500 °C.

I-reaction gas icishwa ngokufafaza amanzi bese ipholiswa endaweni epholile. Ibe isingena embhoshongweni wokumuncwa kwe-ammonia, lapho i-ammonia esele kugesi yokusabela imuncwa ngo-15% - 20% we-sulfuric acid, futhi i-ammonium sulfate ingatholwa. I-reaction gas equkethe i-hydrogen cyanide ipholiswa ngamanzi bese imuncwa amanzi okushisa okuphansi ukuze kwakhe isixazululo se-hydrogen cyanide esingu-1.5%. Lesi sixazululo sigaywa embhoshongweni we-distillation ukuze kutholwe i-hydrogen cyanide enokuqukethwe okungama-98% - 99%. Ekugcineni, imuncwa isixazululo se-alkali, futhi ngemva kokuhwamuka, icrystallization, ukomiswa, nokubunjwa, kutholwa umkhiqizo we-sodium cyanide.

5.2 Okuhle nokubi

• Izinzuzo : Le nqubo ingafeza ukukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen cyanide emsulwa kakhulu. Ukubuyiselwa kwe-ammonium sulfate njengomkhiqizo ophumayo kungaletha izinzuzo ezithile zomnotho.

• Okubi : Ukusabela kokusha kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kudinga amandla amaningi okufakwayo. Le nqubo ihilela nemisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi njengokuxuba igesi, ukusha, ukucima, kanye nokumunca, okudinga ukulawulwa kwenqubo kwezinga eliphezulu.

6. I-Light Oil Pyrolysis Method

6.1 Umgomo Wenqubo

Amafutha alula kanye ne-ammonia kuxutshwe ku-atomizer ngesilinganiso esithile futhi kushiswe kuqala ku-280 °C. Ingxube ibe isingena esithandweni se-arc sikagesi ukuze iphendule nge-pyrolysis. I-petroleum coke isetshenziswa njengesithwali, kanti i-nitrogen isetshenziswa njengegesi evikelayo ukuvimbela i-oxidation endaweni evaliwe. Ezingeni lokushisa elingu-1450 °C, kwenzeka ukusabela ukukhiqiza igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide. Khona-ke igesi iba wuthuli - iyasuswa, ipholiswe, futhi iqhutshekwe ngezinyathelo ezinjengokususwa kwe-ammonia, ukuwashwa kwamanzi, ukumuncwa, nokuhluzwa ukuze kutholwe i-hydrogen cyanide ehlanzekile. Ekugcineni, i-hydrogen cyanide isabela nesisombululo se-alkali (i-sodium hydroxide) yakhe i-sodium cyanide.

6.2 Okuhle nokubi

• Izinzuzo : Ubuchwepheshe benqubo buvuthiwe. Bungasebenzisa uwoyela olula, into eluhlaza evame kakhulu embonini yamakhemikhali kaphethroli.

• Okubi : Kunobunzima ekususeni i-hydrogen cyanide ekungcoleni nasekususeni ukungcola. Lo mkhiqizo usebenzisa amandla amaningi, futhi ukwelashwa "kwemfucuza emithathu" (igesi engcolile, amanzi angcolile, kanye nezinsalela zemfucuza) kunzima. Izindleko zokukhiqiza ziphakeme kakhulu.

7. I-Acrylonitrile By - Indlela Yomkhiqizo

7.1 Umgomo Wenqubo

Enqubweni yokukhiqiza i-acrylonitrile nge-ammoxidation ye-propylene, igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide ikhiqizwa njengomkhiqizo (inani lilingana no-4% - 10% wokukhiqizwa kwe-acrylonitrile). Igesi equkethe i-hydrogen cyanide imuncwa isixazululo se-alkali. Ngemuva kokuhwamuka, ukugxila, ukuhlukaniswa, nokomisa, umkhiqizo we-sodium cyanide utholakala.

7.2 Okuhle nokubi

• Izinzuzo : Lena inqubo yokusetshenziswa komkhiqizo, engasetshenziswa ngokugcwele izinsiza futhi inciphise izindleko zokukhiqiza ngezinga elithile.

• Okubi : Ukukhiqizwa kwe-sodium cyanide kunqunyelwe yisilinganiso sokukhiqizwa kwe-acrylonitrile. Ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo we-hydrogen cyanide ingathinteka yinqubo eyinhloko yokukhiqizwa kwe-acrylonitrile, edinga ukulawulwa okuqinile nokuhlanzwa.

8. Indlela ye-Methanol Ammoxidation

8.1 Umgomo Wenqubo

Umoya udlula kusihlungi kanye ne-pre-heater bese ungena esithandweni somlilo. I-ammonia ewuketshezi iyahwamuka futhi i-methanol iyahwamuka. Bafaka i-pre - heater exutshwayo bese besabela ngomoya esithandweni somlilo. Ngaphansi kwesenzo se-catalyst esakhiwe ikakhulukazi i-Fe - Mo oxide, ukusabela kukhiqiza i-hydrogen cyanide. Igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide ingena embhoshongweni we-de -ammonia ukuze ikhiphe i-ammonia bese ithola i-hydrogen cyanide. Ekugcineni, imuncwa isixazululo se-alkali ukulungisa i-sodium cyanide.

8.2 Okuhle nokubi

• Izinzuzo : Ukusetshenziswa kwe-methanol ne-ammonia njengezinto zokusetshenziswa kuvamile, futhi i-catalyst ingaphinde isetshenziswe futhi isetshenziswe ngezinga elithile. Inqubo ingalungiswa ngokuya ngezidingo zokukhiqiza.

• Okubi : I-catalyst iyazwela ezimweni zokusabela, futhi izinguquko ezincane ekushiseni, ekucindezelweni, kanye nesilinganiso sezinto zokusetshenziswa zingathinta umsebenzi kanye nokukhetha kwe-catalyst, ngaleyo ndlela kuthinte isivuno kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo.

9. Isiphetho

Izinqubo zokukhiqiza ze-sodium cyanide ngayinye inezici zayo. Ukukhethwa kwenqubo yokukhiqiza kuncike ezintweni ezahlukahlukene njengokutholakala kwempahla eluhlaza, izindleko, izidingo zemvelo, kanye nesikali sokukhiqiza. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe, izinqubo ezintsha zokukhiqiza zingase zivele esikhathini esizayo, okuhloswe ngazo ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle nokusebenza kwemvelo kokukhiqizwa kwe-sodium cyanide. Njengoba isidingo se-sodium cyanide ezimbonini ezihlukene siqhubeka nokukhula, ukwenziwa ngcono kanye nokuqanjwa okusha kwezinqubo zokukhiqiza kuzodlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlangabezaneni nezidingo zemakethe ngenkathi kuqinisekiswa intuthuko esimeme.