Ukukhethwa Kwezindawo Zokuvuza Inqwaba kanye Nokubekwa Kwemigqa Engezansi

Ukwakhiwa kwenqwaba kubandakanya ukunqwabelanisa ama-ore noma ama-agglomerated ore kumugqa ongezansi we- Ukukhipha inqwaba indawo ngokuya ngobukhulu bejometri eklanyelwe. Inqwaba ye-ore eyakhiwe kufanele ifake kahle futhi ingene ngendlela efanayo, kanye nokuzinza kwesakhiwo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi phakathi nenqubo yokucwilisa, i-ejenti yokucwilisa ingangena ngokulinganayo kuyo yonke ingxenye yenqwaba yetshe lensimbi ngoketshezi oludingekayo - ukuqina kokusabalalisa. Ngaleso sikhathi, ivimbela izenzakalo ezinjengokubhidlika emaphethelweni enqwaba yensimbi noma ukuwasha kwasendaweni. Ngakho-ke, ukunakwa okukhulu kufanele kukhokhwe ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Emsebenzini wokukhiqiza, kunolunye uhlobo lwendlela yokukhishwa kwenqwaba. I-ore ekhishiwe ithuthwa ngokuqondile endaweni yesikhulumi senqwaba ukuze ikhishwe ngaphandle kokuchotshozwa ngaphambili. Kwezinye izimo, i-leaching iyenzeka ngisho nasendaweni yokuqhuma. Ubukhulu bezinhlayiyana zensimbi ngokuvamile busukela ku-100 kuya ku-200 mm noma ngisho nangaphezulu, okuholela emjikelezweni wokucwilisa ongathatha isigamu sonyaka noma ngisho nangaphezulu. Njengoba lolu hlobo lokucwiliswa kwenqwaba lulula, ngokuvamile aluhlolisiswa njengendlela evamile yokukhishwa kwenqwaba.

Ukukhethwa Kwezindawo Zokuvuza Inqwaba kanye Nokubekwa Kwemigqa Engezansi

Ukukhethwa kwe- Indawo yokuhlanza imfucuza ihlobene nokutshalwa kwezimali kwengqalasizinda, okuhlanganisa ukucutshungulwa kwendawo, imigwaqo yezokuthutha, nokuhlelwa kwamapayipi. Ulayini ophansi wendawo yokuchelela inqwaba kanye nokubekwa kwayo kubalulekile ekukhiqizeni inqwaba yenqwaba, ikakhulukazi izinqwaba zezikali ezinkulu. Ngakho-ke, ikhwalithi ye-liner engezansi kufanele iqinisekiswe.

1. Izidingo Eziyisisekelo Zezindawo Zokuvuza Inqwaba

Isayithi kufanele libe namandla anele okuthwala ukumelana nokucindezela okuphelele kwesisindo se-ore kanye nemishini yokuthutha.

Kufanele ibe ne-topographic slope ethile, evumela ukusika indawo kanye nokugeleza kwe-leachate.

Kufanele kube nendawo eyanele yokwakha inqwaba kanye nezindawo zokuhamba. Ezimayini ezinamandla okuthuthukiswa, amathuba okunwetshwa kwesikhathi esizayo nawo kufanele acatshangelwe.

2. Ukukhethwa kanye Nokwendlalwa Kwemigqa Engezansi Yezingxenyekazi Ze-Heap Leaching

2.1 Ukukhethwa Kwemigqa Esezansi Yezingxenyekazi Ze-Heap Leaching

Imigqa engezansi yamapulatifomu e-heap leaching ingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili: ezihlala njalo nezesikhashana. Eyangaphambili idinga isikhathi eside sokwakha kanye nezindleko eziphezulu, okuyenza ifaneleke ezimayini ezimaphakathi kuya kwezinkulu eziphila isikhathi eside. Ngokuphambene, amalayini aphansi esikhashana asetshenziswa kanye kuphela, adinga isikhathi esifushane sokwakha, futhi aphansi - izindleko. Zifanele izimayini ezinempilo yesevisi engaphansi kweminyaka engu-5. Ukwengeza, indawo ezungezile nayo idlala indima. Uma indawo yokwakha isizinda sokuvuza inqwaba ilinganiselwe, kungakhiwa iplatifomu ehlala njalo yokulethela inqwaba. Ngokuphambene, uma kukhona indawo emthambekeni enkulu eduze futhi insimbi - ibanga lokuhamba lilifishane, kungakhiwa iplathifomu yesikhashana yokwehlisa inqwaba.

2.2 Izinto Eziningana Ezivame Ukusetshenzwa Zolayini Osezansi

• Clay kanye Bentonite: Uma kunenani elikhulu lobumba eduze kwendawo yokucwilisa inqwaba, ukusebenzisa umugqa ongaphansi wobumba kuyisinqumo esifanele. Lo mugqa ongezansi ungahlanganiswa ube yizingqimba ezintathu, ugqinsi ngalunye lube ngu-150 mm. I-permeability coefficient yalo mugqa ongezansi ingu-1.0×10−7 cm/s, ehlangabezana nezidingo zokuvikelwa kwemvelo. Njengoba i-bentonite (ikakhulukazi i-sodium - uhlobo) inamanzi aqinile - izakhiwo zokumunca futhi inganweba izikhathi ezingu-10 - 30 ngevolumu ngemva kokumunca amanzi, ukwengeza inani elifanele (cishe u-4%) we-bentonite obumba kunganciphisa kakhulu ukungena kobumba. Lolu hlobo lwe-liner ephansi kulula ukubeka futhi lunezindleko eziphansi. Isisekelo kufanele sihlanganiswe, futhi umthambeka kufanele ube mnene ukuvimbela ukuguguleka komugqa ongezansi ngesikhathi senqubo yokucwilisa inqwaba.

• Itiyela kanye Nokhonkolo: Uma i-asphalt noma ukhonkolo kusetshenziswa njengomugqa ophansi, i-anti-seepage yayo namandla okucindezela ahlobene nokushuba kwawo. Ngokuvamile, ububanzi busukela ku-150 kuye ku-200 mm. Uma yakhiwe kahle, i-permeability coefficient iphakathi kuka-1.0×10−9 cm/s kanye no-1.0×10−10 cm/s. Kodwa-ke, lolu hlobo lomugqa ophansi lubiza kakhulu futhi lujwayele ukuqhekeka.

• Amafilimu E-Polyethylene Eminingi Ephezulu (Amapuleti) (HDPE): Uma i-polyethylene ephezulu-density nezinye izinto zokwenziwa zisetshenziswa njenge-liner engezansi, ubukhulu bungu-1 - 2 mm kuphela. I-coefficient yayo yokungena ingaphansi kuka-1.0×10−13 cm/s, futhi inamandla okubhoboza okuphakathi - ukumelana. Ilungele insimbi enosayizi wezinhlayiyana ezingaphansi kuka-20 mm futhi ingasetshenziswa kabusha izikhathi eziningi. Amapuleti athambile e-polyethylene aphezulu angaboshelwa endaweni - kusetshenziswa i-cyclohexanone. Indlela yokwakha ilula, kodwa izidingo eziqinile zibekwe kwikhwalithi yama-welds. Emazweni angaphandle, lokhu kwaziswa kuvame ukukhethwa kuma-liners aphansi wezindawo zokuhlanza inqwaba (kuhlanganise namachibi aphelile - amachibi aketshezi).

2.3 Izakhiwo Zomugqa Ongezansi

• I-Single - Layer Bottom Liners: Uma ubumba, itiyela, noma ukhonkolo kusetshenziswa amalayini angaphansi ongqimba olulodwa, athwala ingcindezi ephakeme uma kuqhathaniswa futhi angakwazi ukulawula ukuzinza kwenqwaba yensimbi kanye nesisekelo. Lapho kusetshenziswa izinto zokwenziwa, ikakhulukazi lapho izinto zokwenziwa zibekwe phezu kwesisekelo sezinto ezisanhlamvu ezinhle, amandla okuxhumana okungqubuzana aphansi kakhulu, angaqinisekisa ukuzinza kwenqwaba yensimbi.

• I-Double - Layer Bottom Liners: Amalayini angaphansi angaphansi - angaphansi ahlanganiswe izinhlobo ezimbili zezinto eziphansi - zamalayini. Izendlalelo ezimbili zingathintana ngokuqondile noma zibe nongqimba lokudonsa amanzi noma ungqimba lwebhafa phakathi. I-drainage layer esetshenziselwa ukuqapha ukuvuza ingaqoqa futhi isebenzise kabusha i-leachate. Isendlalelo se-drainage singenziwa ngezinto ezifana nesihlabathi esihle, futhi ukungezwa kwayo kungathuthukisa nokuzinza kwenqwaba ye-ore. Ungqimba olungaphezulu lwe-double-layer bottom liner ngokuvamile luwungqimba lomcamelo osebenzayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukutholakala kokuvuza, kuyilapho ungqimba olungezansi luwungqimba oluyisipele ukuvimbela ukuvuza kwesixazululo endaweni ezungezile. Ngokuvamile, ungqimba olusebenzayo lwe-double - layer bottom liner lwenziwa ngezinto zokwenziwa ezifana ne-HDPE ne-PVC, futhi isendlalelo sokusekelayo senziwe ngobumba.

• Kathathu - Layer Bottom Liners: Amalayini angaphansi kwesendlalelo amathathu ngokuvamile akhiwa ungqimba olulodwa lwe-PVC noma ipuleti elithambile le-HDPE kanye nezingqimba ezimbili zobumba, noma izingqimba ezimbili ze-PVC nongqimba olulodwa lobumba. Kukhona amathuba aphezulu okuthi i-ore - inqwaba ishelela ngamalayini aphansi angaphansi kathathu. Ukuvimbela ukushelela, okungenani ungqimba olulodwa lokudonsa amanzi kufanele luhlinzekwe phakathi kwezingqimba ezingezansi - ze-liner. Amalayini aphansi amathathu - awasetshenziswa kakhulu.

2.4 Ukwendlaleka Kwemigqa Engezansi

Ubuchwepheshe bokubeka kanye nekhwalithi ye-liner engezansi ithinta kakhulu umsebenzi wayo. Lapho ubeka umugqa ongaphansi wobumba, kuyadingeka ukugwema izinkathi zemvula noma ezomile ukuvimbela umugqa ophansi ekuqhekekeni ngenxa yokulahlekelwa kwamanzi. Indlela ethize iwukuba kuqala ubeke ungqimba lobumba, i-bentonite, noma i-tailings emihle esisekelweni, uyihlanganise, bese ubeka amafilimu epulasitiki noma amashidi enjoloba, engeza ungqimba lobumba noma isihlabathi esihle, futhi ekugcineni umboze ungqimba lwensimbi enkulu - usayizi njengesendlalelo sokuzivikela.

Uma kunomehluko wokuphakama esisekelweni, ukubekwa kwama-synthetic - ama-liners aphansi wezinto kufanele aqale ukusuka endaweni ephansi kakhulu futhi aqhubeke phezulu. Gwema ukudala imibimbi. Umshini we-roller ongenamthungo ungasetshenziselwa ukubeka, futhi i-welding yenziwa kangcono endaweni. Ama-welds kufanele afane, futhi isiqondiso sawo sokuhlelwa kufanele sibe yi-perpendicular endleleni yokunyakaza okungenzeka yenqwaba ye-ore. Ukwengeza, indawo yokubeka yomugqa ongezansi wesizinda senqwaba yokuvuza kufanele ibe nkulu kancane kunendawo engaphansi yangempela yenqwaba yensimbi.