I-Cyanide ne-Nitrile Compounds

Ama-Cyanides nama-nitriles yizigaba ezimbili zamakhompiyutha amakhemikhali adlala indima ebalulekile ezinqubweni ezehlukene zezimboni. I-Cyanides, ebonakala ngokuba khona kwe- i-cyanide ion (CN⁻), asetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza. Ngokwesibonelo, embonini yezimayini, i-cyanide isetshenziswa ekukhishweni kwezinsimbi eziyigugu njengegolide nesiliva. Le nqubo ihilela ukusetshenziswa kwezixazululo ze-cyanide ukuncibilikisa izinsimbi ezinsimbini zazo, kusizakala ngekhono eliqinile lokwakha i-cyanide ion ngalezi zinsimbi. Le ndlela, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-cyanidation, iphumelela kakhulu ekuhlukaniseni igolide nesiliva kwamanye amaminerali, okwenza kube indlela ebaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni wezimayini.

Ama-Nitriles, ngakolunye uhlangothi, aqukethe - Iqembu elisebenzayo le-CN, abaluleke ngokulinganayo embonini yamakhemikhali. Zisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene. Ekwenziweni kwemicu yokwenziwa, njengemicu ye-acrylic eyaziwa kakhulu, ama-nitriles ayizinto ezibalulekile zokusetshenziswa. I-Polyacrylonitrile, uhlobo lwe-polymer eyenziwe nge-acrylonitrile (i-nitrile), iyingxenye eyinhloko yemicu ye-acrylic. Le micu isetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yendwangu ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezifiselekayo njengamandla amahle, ukumelana nokukhanya kwelanga, nokugcinwa kalula. Ama-nitriles nawo asetshenziswa ekuhlanganiseni amapulasitiki, irabha, kanye nemithi. Embonini yemithi, basebenza njengabaphakathi ababalulekile ekukhiqizeni izidakamizwa eziningi, ezifaka isandla ekwakhiweni kwemithi ephatha izifo ezihlukahlukene.

Nokho, naphezu kwezicelo zabo eziningi zezimboni, ama-cyanides nama-nitriles nawo adume kabi ngobuthi bawo obuphezulu. Ama-cyanides aphakathi koshevu osebenza ngokushesha owaziwa ngabantu. Ngisho nenani elincane le-cyanide lingabulala. Lapho i-cyanide ingena emzimbeni, ibophezela ku-cytochrome c oxidase, i-enzyme ebalulekile ekuphefumuleni kwamaselula. Lokhu kubophezela kuphazamisa ukusebenza okuvamile kwe-enzyme, kuvimbela amangqamuzana ekusebenziseni umoya-mpilo ngokuphumelelayo. Ngenxa yalokho, amangqamuzana awakwazi ukukhiqiza amandla, okuholela ekufeni kwamangqamuzana ngokushesha futhi, ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ukufa komzimba. Ama-Nitriles, nakuba ngokuvamile engenabuthi obuncane kunama-cyanides, asengadala umonakalo omkhulu empilweni yabantu. Bangakwazi ukumuncwa ngesikhumba, uhlelo lokuphefumula, noma umgudu wokugaya ukudla, futhi ukuchayeka emazingeni aphezulu e-nitriles kungaholela ezimpawu ezifana nesicanucanu, ukuhlanza, ikhanda elibuhlungu, futhi ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ukulimala kwesimiso sezinzwa nezinye izitho ezibalulekile.

Uma kubhekwa ukusetshenziswa kwazo okubanzi ezimbonini namandla azo okulimaza impilo yabantu kanye nemvelo, kubalulekile ukuba nokuqonda okuphelele kwama-cyanides nama-nitriles. Lokhu kubandakanya ulwazi mayelana nezakhiwo zawo zamakhemikhali, ukusetshenziswa kwezimboni, izindlela zobuthi, nezinyathelo zokuphepha zokuphatha nokulahlwa. Ezigabeni ezilandelayo, sizocubungula sijule engxenyeni ngayinye yalezi ukuze sinikeze umbono ojulile walezi zinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali ezibalulekile kodwa ezingaba yingozi.

I-Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) iyigesi engenambala enephunga elibi, elinophawu olubabayo - lwe-alimondi. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yabantu, cishe ama-20 - 40% abantu, abakwazi ukulizwa leli phunga ngenxa yesici sofuzo. Incibilika kakhulu emanzini, otshwaleni, naku-ether. I-hydrogen cyanide iguquguquka ngokwedlulele futhi inephuzu lokubila elingu-25.7 °C kuphela. Lokhu kuguquguquka kwenza kube lula ukuhlakazeka emoyeni. Emoyeni, lapho ukugxila kwawo kufinyelela ku-5.6% - 12.8%, kwenza ingxube eqhumayo, ebeka usongo olukhulu ezimeni zezimboni lapho kungase kube khona. Isixazululo saso esinamanzi saziwa ngokuthi i-hydrocyanic acid, okuyi-asidi ebuthakathaka kodwa esenobuthi obukhulu.

I-sodium cyanide (NaCN) ne-potassium cyanide (KCN) kokubili okuqinile okucwebezelayo okumhlophe. I-sodium cyanide inephuzu lokuncibilika elingu-563.7 °C kanye nendawo yokubilisa engu-1496 °C, kuyilapho i-potassium cyanide inephuzu lokuncibilika elingu-634.5 °C. Ancibilika kakhulu emanzini. Emoyeni onomswakama, kokubili I-sodium cyanide futhi i-potassium cyanide ingasebenzisa i-hydrolyze ukuze ikhiqize i-hydrogen cyanide, yingakho futhi inephunga elibabayo elibi - i-almond. Lezi zinhlanganisela ezimbili ziphakathi kwe-cyanide eyaziwa kakhulu futhi enobuthi kakhulu. Ngisho nenani elincane, elilingana namamiligremu ambalwa, lingabulala uma lingenwa noma lihogelwa.

I-Acetonitrile (CH₃CN), i-nitrile elula, iwuketshezi olungenambala olunesici, iphunga elimnandi. Ixubene namanzi kanye nenhlobonhlobo yezincibilikizo eziphilayo njenge-methanol, i-ethanol, ne-acetone. Lokhu kuncibilika okuphezulu kuzo zombili izincibilikisi ezipholile nezingezona ze-polar kuyenza ibe isinyibiliki esiwusizo ezinqubweni eziningi zamakhemikhali, ikakhulukazi emikhakheni ye-chromatography kanye ne-organic synthesis. Inephuzu lokubilisa eliphansi uma kuqhathaniswa elingu-81.6 °C, elivumela ukuhwamuka nokuhlukaniswa kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zezimboni. Kodwa-ke, iyakwazi ukuvutha, futhi umhwamuko wayo ungakha izingxube eziqhumayo ngomoya ophakathi kuka-3.0% - 16.0% ngevolumu.

I-Propionitrile (C₂H₅CN) enye inhlanganisela ye-nitrile. Iwuketshezi olungenambala olune-ether - njengephunga. Inephuzu lokuncibilika elingu - 92.78 °C kanye nendawo yokubilisa engu-97.1 °C. I-Propionitrile iyancibilika emanzini ngokwezinga elithile (cishe u-10.3% ku-25 °C) futhi iphinde ixubane nezinyibilikisi ezivamile zemvelo ezifana notshwala nama-ether. Isetshenziswa ekuphenduleni okuhlukahlukene kwe-organic synthesis, isibonelo, njenge-solvent noma i-intermediate ekukhiqizeni imithi kanye namanye amakhemikhali amahle.

I-Acrylonitrile (CH₂=CHCN) iwuketshezi olungenambala olunephunga elimnandi, eli-acrid. Iyancibilika emanzini, nasezincibilikisini eziphilayo njenge-ethanol, i-ether, ne-benzene. I-Acrylonitrile iyikhemikhali yezimboni ebaluleke kakhulu. Inephuzu elibilayo elingu-77.3 °C futhi lisebenza kakhulu ngenxa yokuba khona kokubili ibhondi neqembu le-nitrile. Isetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhiqizeni imicu ye-acrylic, amarabha okwenziwa, namapulasitiki. Isibonelo, i-polyacrylonitrile, eyenziwe nge-acrylonitrile, iyingxenye eyinhloko yezintambo ze-acrylic. Kodwa-ke, i-acrylonitrile nayo inobuthi obukhulu. Umhwamuko wawo uyingozi uma uhogeliwe, futhi ungamuncwa ngesikhumba, okubangele izinkinga ezinkulu zempilo.

Ukuxhumana okubalulekile phakathi kwama-cyanides nama-nitriles ubukhona beqembu - CN. Nokho, izici zabo zamakhemikhali nezomzimba ziyehluka kwezinye izici. Ama-cyanides, ikakhulukazi ama-cyanides alula njenge-hydrogen cyanide, I-Sodium Cyanide, kanye ne-potassium cyanide, ngokuvamile anobuthi obuyingozi kakhulu kune-nitriles. Ama-Nitrile azinzile ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali amaningi uma kuqhathaniswa nama-ion e-cyanide asebenza kakhulu kuma-cyanide compounds. Futhi, izimo zomzimba kanye namaphethini okuncibilika kungahluka kakhulu phakathi kwe-cyanide ehlukene kanye ama-nitrile compounds, okubalulekile ukucatshangelwa kwezicelo zezimboni kanye nezinqubo zokuphatha ukuphepha.

Embonini yezimayini, ama-cyanides adlala indima ebalulekile ekukhishweni kwezinsimbi eziyigugu, ikakhulukazi igolide nesiliva. Inqubo, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-cyanidation, isekelwe ekhonweni lama-ion e-cyanide ukwenza izakhiwo ezizinzile ezinegolide nesiliva. Isibonelo, ekusebenzeni okujwayelekile kwegolide - ukumba izimayini, igolide elichotshoziwe - ama-ores ahlanganiswe nesisombululo se-dilute. i-sodium cyanide. Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kungamelwa kanje:

Lokhu kusabela kuncibilikisa igolide ngesimo senkimbinkimbi encibilikayo, i-sodium dicyanoaurate(I). Isixazululo esiqukethe igolide singabe sesihlukaniswa nensalela yensimbi, futhi igolide libuye litholakale esixazululweni, ngokuvamile ngezinqubo ezifana nemvula ye-zinc noma i-carbon adsorption. Le ndlela iphumelela kakhulu ekukhipheni igolide kuma-ore asezingeni eliphansi, okuyenza ibe yimboni - indlela ejwayelekile ezindaweni eziningi zegolide - zezimayini emhlabeni jikelele.

Ezimbonini ze-metallurgy kanye ne-electroplating, ama-cyanides nawo asetshenziselwa izakhiwo zawo eziyingqayizivele ekufakweni kwensimbi. Isibonelo, ezinqubweni ze-electroplating ezifana ne-copper plating, i-golden plating, ne-silver plating, ama-electrolyte asekelwe ku-cyanide ngezinye izikhathi ayathandwa. Ku-electroplating yesiliva, i-potassium cyanide ivame ukusetshenziswa ekugezeni kokucwenga. Ama-ion e-cyanide enza ama-complexes ane-ion esiliva ( ), njenge. Lokhu kwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi kusiza ukulawula izinga lokubeka isiliva ku-substrate. Lapho amandla kagesi edlula endaweni yokugeza ye-electroplating, ama-ion esiliva ku-complex ayancishiswa ku-cathode (into egqitshwayo) bese efakwa njengongqimba oluncane lwensimbi yesiliva. Lokhu kubangela ukunamathela kwesiliva okubushelelezi, okufanayo, nokunamathelayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide ku-electroplating kungathuthukisa ikhwalithi yokucwenga, kunikeze ukunamathela okungcono, ukugqama, nokumelana nokugqwala uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela zokucwenga okungeyona i-cyanide.

Ama-Cyanides nama-nitriles yizici ezibalulekile zokwakha ekuhlanganiseni kwamakhemikhali. Ekukhiqizeni ama-resin monomers ahlukahlukene, njengama-acrylic resins nama-methacrylic resins, ama-cyanides nama-nitriles ahilelekile ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali okubalulekile. Isibonelo, i-acrylonitrile, inhlanganisela ye-nitrile, iyi-monomer ebalulekile ekuhlanganiseni imicu ye-acrylic namapulasitiki asekelwe ku-polyacrylonitrile. I-Acrylonitrile ingenziwa i-polymerized ukuze yakhe i-polyacrylonitrile (PAN) ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwe-polymerization yamahhala - kwe-radical. Ukusabela kuqalwa yisiqalisi esifanelekile, futhi isibopho esiphindwe kabili ku-acrylonitrile siphukile, okuvumela ama-monomers ukuthi axhumane ndawonye ukuze akhe amaketanga e-polymer amade. I-polyacrylonitrile ewumphumela inezindawo ezinhle kakhulu ezifana namandla aphezulu, ukumelana okuhle kwamakhemikhali, nendawo ephezulu yokuncibilika, okuyenza ifanelekele ukusetshenziswa ezimbonini zendwangu nepulasitiki.

Embonini yezemithi, ama-nitriles asetshenziswa njengeziphakathi ekuhlanganisweni kwezidakamizwa eziningi. Angaguqulwa abe amanye amaqembu asebenzayo njengama-amide, ama-carboxylic acid, noma ama-amine ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okuhlukahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, iqembu nitrile kungenziwa hydrolyzed ukwakha iqembu carboxylic acid. Lokhu kuguqulwa kuvame ukusetshenziswa ekuhlanganisweni kwezidakamizwa lapho iqembu elisebenzayo le-carboxylic acid lidingeka emsebenzini womuthi noma ekuguqulweni okwengeziwe kwamakhemikhali. Ukwengeza, ama-cyanides angasetshenziswa ekuhlanganisweni kwezinhlanganisela ezithile ze-heterocyclic, okuyizingxenye ezibalulekile emithini eminingi yemithi.

Ama-nitriles nawo asetshenziswa ekuhlanganiseni izithasiselo zokudla. Ezinye izinhlanganisela ze-nitrile - eziqukethe zingaguqulwa zibe ukunambitheka - izinto ezithuthukisayo noma ezilondolozayo. Isibonelo, ama-nitriles athile angafakwa i-oxidized futhi asabele ngokuqhubekayo ukuze enze izinhlanganisela ezinama-flavour amnandi, abese esetshenziswa embonini yokudla ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukunambitheka kokudla okugayiwe.

Ama-Cyanides ayizinto ezinobuthi kakhulu. Lapho inani elikhulu le-cyanide lingeniswa noma kuhogelwa igesi ye-cyanide ephezulu, imiphumela ivame ukuba yinhlekelele. Ezimweni ezinjalo, imisebenzi evamile yomzimba iphazamiseka ngokushesha. Izimpawu ezivame kakhulu nezisheshayo zihlanganisa ukulahlekelwa ukwazi kungazelelwe. Isisulu singase siwele phansi ngemizuzwana, njengoba isimiso sezinzwa esiphakathi sithinteka kakhulu. Abafundi bazo banwebeka ngokushesha, okuyinkomba yokuthi umzimba awukwazi ukulawula ukusebenza kwawo kwangaphakathi. Lokhu kulandelwa ukudlikizeka, lapho umzimba uthola ukufinyela kwemisipha okuzenzakalelayo nobudlova. Lokhu kudlikizeka kuwumphumela wokuphazamiseka kwenzwa evamile - ukuxhumana kwemisipha, okubalulekile ekunyakazeni okuhlelekile komzimba.

Isistimu yokuphefumula nayo isengozini kakhulu. Isisulu sizwa ukuphefumula okusheshayo nokungajulile, noma kwezinye izimo, ukuboshwa okuphelele kokuphefumula. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-cyanide ibophezela ku-cytochrome c oxidase emangqamuzaneni, ivimbele ukusetshenziswa okuvamile komoya-mpilo ohlelweni lokuphefumula kwamaselula. Ngenxa yalokho, amangqamuzana aphelelwa umoya-mpilo, okuholela ekuhlulekeni kwezitho ezibalulekile njengobuchopho nenhliziyo. Ngaphandle kokungenelela kwezokwelapha ngokushesha, ukufa kungenzeka phakathi nemizuzu.

Ama-nitriles, ikakhulukazi uma ehogelwe noma emuncwe kakhulu, angabangela ubuthi obukhulu. Isibonelo, i-acrylonitrile, inhlanganisela ye-nitrile evamile, ingabangela ukucasuka ngokushesha emgudwini wokuphefumula. Izimpawu zihlanganisa ukukhwehlela, ukuphelelwa umoya, nokuzwa ukushisa emphinjeni nasesifubeni. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, kungaholela edema yamaphaphu, lapho amaphaphu egcwala uketshezi, okwenza kube nzima ukuthi umzimba ushintshisane kahle nge-oxygen ne-carbon dioxide. Lokhu kungadlulela ngokushesha ekuhlulekeni kokuphefumula nokufa uma kungelashwanga ngokushesha.

Ukuchayeka isikhathi eside kuma-cyanides okugxiliswa kancane kungaholela ebuthini obungapheli. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umzimba uqoqa i-cyanide njengoba ingaqediwe ngokuphelele. Enye yezimpawu zokuqala umuzwa wokuba ndikindiki olimini nasezindebeni. Lokhu kuvame ukuhambisana nobuhlungu bekhanda obungapheli kanye nesiyezi, okungaba mnene ekuqaleni kodwa kancane kancane kube nzima kakhulu. Izisulu zingase futhi zithole isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, nomuzwa ovamile wokungakhululeki engxenyeni engenhla yesisu.

Ukuphazamiseka kokulala, njengokuqwasha, kuvamile. Amazinga wamandla omzimba ayancipha, okuholela ekukhathaleni nokuba buthakathaka ezithweni. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima kumuntu othintekile ukwenza imisebenzi evamile yomzimba. Isimiso senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi siyathinteka, nokwehla okuphawulekayo komfutho wegazi. Kwezinye izimo, ukuchayeka kwe-cyanide okungamahlalakhona kungaholela ekulimaleni kwendlala yegilo, kuphazamise ibhalansi ye-hormonal yomzimba kanye nemetabolism.

Ukuchayeka okungamahlalakhona kuma-nitriles nakho kungaba nomthelela omkhulu empilweni. Isibonelo, ukuchayeka isikhathi eside ku-acrylonitrile kungabangela ukulimala ohlelweni lwezinzwa. Lokhu kungase kubangele i-peripheral neuropathy, lapho izinzwa ezisemaphethelweni zithinteka. Izimpawu zihlanganisa ukuba ndikindiki, ukuntweza, nokulahlekelwa ukuzwa ezandleni nasezinyaweni. Kungase futhi kube nobuthakathaka bemisipha kanye nobunzima bokuxhumanisa ukunyakaza. Ukwengeza, ukuchayeka okungapheli kuma-nitriles athile kuye kwahlotshaniswa nengozi eyengeziwe yokuthola izinhlobo ezithile zomdlavuza, nakuba izindlela eziqondile zisacutshungulwa.

Ama-cyanides nama-nitriles ayingozi enkulu emvelweni. Uma zikhishelwa emanzini, zingaba nomthelela omubi empilweni yasemanzini. Ngisho nasezindaweni eziphansi, ama-cyanides anobuthi obukhulu ezinhlanzini nakwezinye izinto eziphilayo zasemanzini. Isibonelo, uma i-cyanide - equkethe amanzi angcolile ezimbonini ekhishelwa emifuleni noma emachibini ngaphandle kokwelashwa okufanele, ingabangela ukufa kwezinhlanzi ngobuningi. I-cyanide ibophezela emathunjini ezinhlanzi, ivimbele ukushintshaniswa okuvamile komoya-mpilo ne-carbon dioxide, okuholela ekuphefumuleni.

Ama-Nitriles, afana ne-acrylonitrile, angaphinde angcolise imithombo yamanzi. Angahlala emanzini isikhathi eside, aphazamise ikhwalithi yamanzi futhi awenze angakufanelekeli ukusetshenzwa abantu nokunye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinhlanganisela zingamuncwa izitshalo zasemanzini, ezingase zidlulisele ubuthi eketangeni lokudla, kuthinte izinto eziphilayo ezisezingeni eliphakeme.

Emhlabathini, ama-cyanides nama-nitriles anganqwabelana ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kungaholela ekungcoleni komhlaba, okungavimbela ukukhula kwezitshalo. Ubuthi bungaphazamisa izinqubo ezivamile zomzimba zezitshalo, njenge-photosynthesis kanye nokuthatha izakhi. Ngenxa yalokho, umkhiqizo wezolimo ungancipha kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona kwalezi zinhlanganisela ezinobuthi emhlabathini kungathinta nama-microorganisms enhlabathini, abalulekile ekugcineni ukuvunda kanye nesakhiwo senhlabathi. Lokhu kuphazamiseka kwe-ecosystem yomhlabathi kungaba nemiphumela efinyelela kude kuyo yonke impilo yemvelo.

Esinye sezinyathelo ezibalulekile zokulawula ubunjiniyela ukuguqula inqubo yokukhiqiza. Isibonelo, embonini ye-electroplating, ukwamukelwa kobuchwepheshe be-cyanide - i-electroplating yamahhala kunganciphisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlanganisela ze-cyanide ezinobuthi obukhulu. Izinqubo zendabuko ze-electroplating ngokuvamile zithembele kuma-electrolyte asekelwe ku-cyanide, kodwa ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe, izixazululo ezintsha ze-cyanide - izixazululo ze-electroplating zamahhala zenziwe. Lezi zixazululo zisebenzisa ezinye izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi nezithasiselo ukuze kuzuzwe ikhwalithi efanayo noma engcono nakakhulu yokucwenga ngaphandle kwezingozi ezihlobene ne-cyanide.

Ukwengeza ekuguqulweni kwezinqubo, ukusebenzisa isistimu yokusebenza eyiluphu evaliwe kubalulekile. Ezikhungweni lapho kusetshenziswa khona ama-cyanides nama-nitriles, njengasezimbonini zamakhemikhali noma ezimbonini zensimbi, zonke izinto zokukhiqiza kufanele zenziwe ngendlela yokuthi zingangenwa umoya. Lokhu kuvimbela ukuvuza kwamagesi anobuthi noma uketshezi endaweni ezungezile. Isibonelo, ku-cyanide - kusetshenziswa igolide - ukusebenza kwezimayini, i-cyanide - equkethe amathangi okugcina isixazululo kanye nempahla yokukhipha kufanele ivalwe ngokuqinile, futhi amapayipi kufanele ahlolwe njalo ukuze abone noma yiziphi izimpawu zokuvuza.

Amasistimu okungenisa umoya kanye ne-exhaust nawo adlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ukugcwala kwezinto ezinobuthi emoyeni. Ezindaweni zokusebenza lapho kungase kube khona igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide, njengasezimbonini ezithile zokukhiqiza amakhemikhali, kufanele kufakwe amasistimu okuphefumula ngemishini anamandla. Lezi zinhlelo zingasusa ngokuqhubekayo umoya ongcolile futhi esikhundleni sawo zifake umoya ohlanzekile. Izinga lokungena komoya kufanele libalwe ngokucophelela ngokusekelwe kusayizi wendawo yokusebenza, inani lezinto ezinobuthi ezisetshenzisiwe, namandla okukhululwa kwazo. Isibonelo, endaweni yokusebenzela ye-electroplating encane lapho i-hydrogen cyanide ingase yenziwe phakathi nenqubo yokucwenga, isistimu yokungenisa umoya kufanele yakhelwe ukugcina ukugxila kwe-hydrogen cyanide emoyeni kungaphansi kokugxiliswa okuphezulu okuvunyelwe (MAC), okuvamise ukusetha ezingeni eliphansi kakhulu, elifana no-0.3mg/m³, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kwezisebenzi.

Imishini yokuzivikela yomuntu siqu (i-PPE) ibalulekile kubasebenzi abangase bachayeke kuma-cyanides nama-nitriles. Ama-respirators ayingxenye ebalulekile ye-PPE. Kubasebenzi abasezindaweni ezinengcuphe ephezulu yokuhogela amagesi anobuthi, njengasekukhiqizweni kwe-acrylonitrile lapho umhwamuko uyingozi kakhulu, kungase kudingeke izisetshenziswa zokuphefumula eziqukethwe ngokwazo (SCBA) ezimeni zokuchayeka okukhulu kakhulu noma phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo. Ezindaweni ezingaphansi - ezinzima kodwa ezisayingozi, iziphefumulo zokuhlanza umoya ezinezihlungi ezifanele zingasetshenziswa. Lezi zihlungi ziklanyelwe ukususa ukungcola okuthile, okufana nomhwamuko we-cyanide noma we-nitrile, emoyeni isisebenzi esiwuphefumulayo.

Amagilavu ​​angazweli ngamakhemikhali nawo abalulekile. Izisebenzi eziphatha i-cyanide - equkethe izixazululo noma amakhemikhali e-nitrile - kufanele bagqoke amagilavu ​​enziwe ngezinto ezikwazi ukumelana nokugqwala kanye nemiphumela yalezi zinto. Isibonelo, amagilavu ​​enziwe ngerabha ye-butyl noma irabha ye-nitrile avame ukusetshenziswa njengoba ekwazi ukumelana kahle nezinhlobonhlobo zamakhemikhali, kuhlanganise nama-cyanide amaningi nama-nitriles. Lawa magilavu ​​anganqanda ukumuncwa kwezinto ezinobuthi esikhumbeni, okuwumzila obalulekile wokuchayeka, ikakhulukazi kuma-nitriles angamunca ngisho nangenani elincane lesikhumba.

Kufanele kuhlinzekwe nezingubo zokuzivikela. Izingubo kufanele zimboze umzimba wonke ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze kuncishiswe ukuvezwa kwesikhumba. Kwezinye izimboni ezinobungozi obukhulu, njengokwenza amakhemikhali athile akhethekile lapho kusetshenziswa khona ama-cyanides nama-nitriles ngobuningi, abasebenzi bangase bagqoke amasudi okuzivikela amakhemikhali omzimba aphelele. Lawa masudi enziwe ngezinto ezingangeneki kumakhemikhali asetshenziswayo futhi avame ukuklanywa ngezici ezengeziwe njengama-seams avaliwe futhi akhelwe - kuma-hood ukuze anikeze ukuvikeleka okuphezulu.

Ukuqeqeshwa okuphelele kokuphepha kubalulekile kubo bonke abasebenzi ababambe iqhaza ekuphatheni, ekugcinweni, noma ekuthuthweni kwama-cyanides nama-nitriles. Lokhu kuqeqeshwa kufanele kufake izihloko eziningi ezahlukene ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa okuphephile kwalawa makhemikhali. Okokuqala, kufanele kufake ulwazi olujulile mayelana nezakhiwo zama-cyanides nama-nitriles. Abasebenzi kudingeka baqonde izici zomzimba nezamakhemikhali zalezi zinto, njengokuguquguquka kwazo, ukuncibilika, nokusebenza kabusha. Isibonelo, kufanele bazi ukuthi i-hydrogen cyanide iguquguquka kakhulu futhi ingahlakazeka ngokushesha emoyeni, nokuthi i-acrylonitrile iyasebenza kakhulu futhi ingakwazi ukwenza i-polymerize ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.

Okwesibili, ukuqeqeshwa kufanele kugxile ezinqubweni zokubhekana nezimo eziphuthumayo. Abasebenzi kufanele baqeqeshwe ngalokho okufanele bakwenze uma kwenzeka ukuchitheka, ukuvuza, noma ukuchayeka ngengozi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa indlela yokukhipha ngokushesha indawo uma kunesidingo, indlela yokusebenzisa iziteshi zokugeza amehlo eziphuthumayo kanye nezihlambi uma kwenzeka uthintana nesikhumba noma wamehlo, kanye nendlela yokuphatha kuqala - usizo ezigabeni zokuqala zobuthi. Isibonelo, uma kwenzeka kuchitheka i-cyanide, abasebenzi kufanele bazi ukuthi bahlukanise indawo ngokushesha, bafake i-PPE efanele, futhi basebenzise izinto ezimuncayo ukuze bahlanze ukuchitheka ngokwezimiso zokuphepha ezimisiwe.

Ukuzivivinya okujwayelekile kokuphepha nakho kufanele kwenziwe. Lezi zivivinyo zingalingisa izimo eziphuthumayo ezahlukahlukene, njengokuvuza kwegesi noma ukuchitheka kwamakhemikhali, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi abasebenzi bangasabela ngokushesha nangempumelelo ezimweni zokuphila zangempela. Ngokuzijwayeza lezi zivivinyo njalo, abasebenzi bangakwazi ukujwayelana nezinqubo zokusabela ezimeni eziphuthumayo futhi banciphise amathuba okuba novalo noma ukudideka phakathi nesigameko sangempela. Lokhu ekugcineni kungasindisa izimpilo futhi kunciphise umonakalo odalwe izingozi ezihlanganisa ama-cyanides nama-nitriles.

Uma umuntu esolwa ngobuthi be-cyanide noma i-nitrile, izinyathelo zosizo lokuqala ezisheshayo neziwujuqu zibalulekile. Isinyathelo sokuqala ukususa isisulu ngokushesha endaweni yokuchayeka endaweni enomoya omuhle. Lokhu kusiza ukunciphisa ukuhogela okwengeziwe kwezinto ezinobuthi. Isibonelo, uma ubuthi buvela embonini lapho kusetshenziswa khona i-hydrogen cyanide, isisulu kufanele sikhishwe endaweni yokukhiqiza siyiswe endaweni evulekile enomoya omusha ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka.

Uma usendaweni ephephile, uma ukuphefumula komuntu ohlukunyeziwe kuyekile noma kubuthaka ngokwedlulele, ukuphefumula okwenziwe kufanele kuqalwe ngokushesha. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuphefumula okwenziwa ngomlomo kuye emlonyeni kufanele kugwenywe uma kunoshevu we-cyanide, njengoba kunengozi yokuthi umhlengi ahogele intuthu enobuthi. Esikhundleni salokho, kunconywa ukusetshenziswa kwesikhwama - i-valve - i-mask device noma ezinye izinto ezifanele zokusekela ukuphefumula.

Ukunikezwa komoyampilo nakho kuyingxenye ebalulekile yenqubo yosizo lokuqala. I-oksijini egeleza kakhulu inganikezwa isisulu kusetshenziswa imaski ye-oxygen noma i-cannula yamakhala. Lokhu kusiza ukwandisa ukugcwala komoyampilo egazini futhi kunqande imiphumela ye-cyanide noma i-nitrile, ephazamisa ikhono lomzimba lokusebenzisa umoya-mpilo.

Uma isikhumba sesisulu sihlangene nezinto ezinobuthi, izingubo ezingcolile kufanele zisuswe ngokushesha. Isikhumba esithintekile kufanele sigezwe kahle ngamanzi amaningi agobhozayo okungenani imizuzu eyi-15 - 20. Lokhu kusiza ukususa noma imaphi amakhemikhali asele esikhumbeni futhi kunciphise ukumuncwa okwengeziwe. Isibonelo, uma isisebenzi sithela i-acrylonitrile esikhumbeni saso, kufanele sikhumule izingubo ezingcolile ngokushesha futhi sihlanze indawo ethintekile ngaphansi kwamanzi agobhozayo.

Ezimweni zokuthintana kwamehlo, amehlo kufanele agezwe ngamanzi amaningi ahlanzekile noma ingxube ye-saline oyinyumba. Amajwabu amehlo kufanele abanjwe evulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi yonke indawo yamehlo igezwe kahle. Lokhu kufanele kwenziwe ngokuqhubekayo okungenani imizuzu engu-15 ukuze kuncishiswe umonakalo emehlweni.

Uma isisulu sesithuthelwe esibhedlela, kunganikezwa ukwelashwa okubanzi. Esinye sezici ezibalulekile zokwelashwa ukusetshenziswa kwemithi ethile yokwelapha. Ngobuthi be-cyanide, i-sodium thiosulfate iyi-antidote esetshenziswa kakhulu. Isebenza ngokuhlanganisa nama-ion e-cyanide emzimbeni ukwenza i-thiocyanate engeyona enobuthi, engase ikhishwe emzimbeni ngomchamo. Umthetho ojwayelekile wokwelapha ngokuvamile uhilela ukujova ngomjovo kancane kancane womthamo othile we-sodium thiosulfate, inani lawo elinqunywa ngokusekelwe esimweni sesiguli nesisindo somzimba.

Enye ikhambi elibalulekile lobuthi be-cyanide yizinhlanganisela ezisekelwe ku-nitrite. Lezi zinhlanganisela zisebenza ngokuguqula i-hemoglobin esegazini ibe yi-methemoglobin. I-Methemoglobin inokuhlobana okuphezulu kwama-ion e-cyanide futhi ingabopha kuwo, yakhe inkimbinkimbi ezinzile. Lokhu kunciphisa inani lama-ion amahhala e-cyanide emzimbeni futhi kunciphisa izimpawu zobuthi. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwama-antidotes asekelwe ku-nitrite kudinga ukuqapha ngokucophelela, njengoba kungase kube nemiphumela engemihle, njengokubangela ukwehla komfutho wegazi.

Ngobuthi obangwa yi-nitrile, ukwelashwa kugxile kakhulu ekudambiseni izimpawu kanye nokusekela imisebenzi yomzimba. Isibonelo, uma isiguli sibonisa izimpawu zokucindezeleka kokuphefumula ngenxa yobuthi be-acrylonitrile, kungase kudingeke umoya omncane ukuze usize ngokuphefumula. Ezimweni lapho kunomonakalo ohlelweni lwezinzwa, imithi ingase inqunywe ukuphatha izimpawu ezinjengobuthakathaka bemisipha, ukuba ndikindiki, noma ubuhlungu.

Uma isiguli sidle i-cyanide noma i-nitriles, i-gastric lavage ingase yenziwe ukuze kukhishwe noma yiziphi izinto ezinobuthi ezisele esiswini. Lokhu kuvame ukwenziwa kusetshenziswa isixazululo esifanelekile, njengesixazululo se-potassium permanganate ehlanjululwe noma isixazululo saline. Kodwa-ke, isinqumo sokuhlanza isisu kanye nokukhethwa kwesisombululo sokugeza kufanele kucatshangelwe ngokucophelela ngokusekelwe esimweni sesiguli kanye nohlobo lwento enobuthi engenisiwe.

Ngaphezu kwalezi zindlela zokwelapha eziqondile, izimpawu ezibalulekile zesiguli, njengokushaya kwenhliziyo, umfutho wegazi nezinga lokuphefumula, zibhekwa ngokucophelela. Ezinye izindlela zokwelapha ezisekelayo, ezifana nokushintshwa koketshezi ukuze kugcinwe ibhalansi ye-electrolyte, nazo zinganikezwa. Ezimweni lapho isiguli siye saba nezinkinga, njengenyumoniya ngenxa yokulangazelela ngesikhathi sesigameko sobuthi, ama-antibiotic afanele angase anikezwe ukwelapha ukutheleleka.

Ama-Cyanides nama-nitriles abalulekile ezimbonini zanamuhla. Ukusetshenziswa kwazo kusuka ekukhishweni kwezinsimbi eziyigugu ezimayini kuye ekuhlanganisweni kwezinhlobonhlobo zemikhiqizo ezimbonini zamakhemikhali, ezekhemisi nezindwangu. Kodwa-ke, ubuthi obuphezulu balezi zinhlanganisela bubeka usongo olukhulu empilweni yomuntu kanye nemvelo.

Ubuthi obunzima nobungamahlalakhona be-cyanides nama-nitriles bungaholela ezinkingeni ezinzima zempilo, kusukela ezimweni ezisongela impilo - ezimweni ezisongelayo kuye ekulimaleni kwesikhathi eside kwesimiso sezinzwa, isimiso senhliziyo, nezinye izitho ezibalulekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukudedelwa kwazo endaweni ezungezile kungabangela ukungcoliswa kwemithombo yamanzi nomhlabathi, kufaka ukuphila kwasemanzini engozini futhi kunciphise ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo.

Ngakho-ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukubeka phambili ukusetshenziswa nokuphathwa okuphephile kwama-cyanides nama-nitriles. Izimboni kufanele zitshale imali ezinyathelweni zokulawula ubunjiniyela ukuze kuncishiswe ukukhishwa kwalezi zinto ezinobuthi. Abasebenzi kufanele banikezwe izinto zokuzivikela ezifanele futhi bathole ukuqeqeshwa okuphelele kwezokuphepha. Esimeni sezingozi, impendulo esebenzayo yezimo eziphuthumayo kanye nezinqubo zokwelashwa kufanele zibe khona.

Ngokuthatha lezi zinyathelo, singaqhubeka nokuzuza ekusetshenzisweni kwezimboni zama-cyanides nama-nitriles kuyilapho siqinisekisa ukuphepha kwabasebenzi, umphakathi, kanye nemvelo. Kungumthwalo wemfanelo wezimboni, izinhlangano ezilawulayo, nabo bonke ababambiqhaza ukusebenzisana ukuvimbela imiphumela eyingozi yalezi zinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali ezingaba yingozi.