Ukubaluleka Kwesodium Cyanide Embonini Yezemithi

Sodium i-cyanide (I-NaCN), naphezu kwemvelo yayo enobuthi obuphezulu, idlala indima ebalulekile futhi enezici eziningi Imbonini yezokwelapha. Njengento esetshenziswayo eyinhloko ekuhlanganiseni kwe-organic, isebenza njengesisekelo sokwakha uhla oluhlukahlukene lwama-molecule ezidakamizwa. Lesi sihloko sicubungula imisebenzi ewumongo ye I-sodium cyanide ekwenziweni kwemithi kanye nezinyathelo zokuphepha eziqinile ezihambisana nokusetshenziswa kwayo.

I-Sodium Cyanide njenge-Synthetic Intermediate: "I-Molecular Scalpel"

Iqembu le-cyano (-CN) elihlinzekwe ngu I-Sodium Cyanide isenhliziyweni yokubaluleka kwayo ekuhlanganiseni izidakamizwa. Leli qembu libamba iqhaza ezinyathelweni ezimbalwa ezibalulekile:

Ukwethulwa kweNitrojeni - equkethe Amaqembu Asebenzayo

Iqembu le-cyano lingaguqulwa libe amanye amaqembu abalulekile asebenzayo. Isibonelo, nge-hydrolysis, ingashintshwa ibe yiqembu le-carboxylic acid (-COOH), futhi ngokunciphisa, ingaba iqembu le-amino (-NH₂). Lawa maqembu ayizingosi ezisebenzayo emithini eminingi. Kuma-antibiotics, iqembu le-carboxylic acid lingase libandakanyeke ekubopheni izindonga zamaseli ebhaktheriya, livimbele ukukhula kwawo. Emithini elwa nomdlavuza, amaqembu e-amino angasebenzisana nama-receptors athile kumaseli omdlavuza, aphazamise ukwanda kwawo okungavamile. Isibonelo, ekuhlanganisweni kwemithi ethile ye-cephalosporin - uhlobo lwemithi elwa namagciwane, ukuguqulwa kweqembu le-cyano libe yiqembu le-carboxylic acid kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekudaleni isithako esisebenzayo semithi.

Ukwakhiwa kwe-Complex Molecular Skeletons

I-sodium cyanide ibalulekile ekwakheni izakhiwo zamangqamuzana eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukwakhiwa kwe-vitamin B12. isakhi esibalulekile empilweni yomuntu, sincike ekuxhumaneni kweqembu le-cyano nama-cobalt ions. Lokhu kuhlanganisa kubalulekile ekwakheni isakhiwo esiyingqayizivele sikavithamini B12. okubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwezinzwa kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwe-DNA. Ekuhlanganisweni kwe-β-blockers njenge-propranolol, i-sodium cyanide isetshenziselwa ukwethula iketango elihlangothini elingukhiye. Lolu chungechunge oluseceleni lunesibopho sekhono lomuthi lokuvimba ama-beta - adrenergic receptors, ngaleyo ndlela kwehlise izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo nomfutho wegazi. Esinye isibonelo sisekuhlanganiseni kwesidakamizwa esilwa nomdlavuza i-5 - fluorouracil. I-sodium cyanide ihileleke ekwakhiweni kwendandatho ye-pyrimidine, ethinta ngokuqondile umsebenzi wokulwa nesimila somuthi. Ukuhlelwa okunembile kwama-athomu eringini ye-pyrimidine, okwenziwa ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide enqubweni yokuhlanganiswa, kuvumela i-5 - fluorouracil ukuthi iphazamise ukuhlanganiswa kwe-DNA ne-RNA kumaseli omdlavuza.

Ukushayela Ukusabela Kwekhemikhali Ebalulekile

Ukusabela kwe-Cyanidation

I-sodium cyanide ibamba iqhaza ekuphenduleni kwe-nucleophilic substitution (njenge-SN2). Kulokhu kusabela, iqembu le-cyano lingangena esikhundleni se-athomu ye-halogen ye-halogenated hydrocarbon ukuze lenze inhlanganisela ye-nitrile. Isibonelo, ekuhlanganisweni kwesidakamizwa esilwa nomalaleveva i-chloroquine, i-α - i-chloro valeronitrile, ephakathi, yenziwa ngokusabela okunjalo. Iqembu le-nitrile ku-α - chloro valeronitrile lingase liphinde lilungiswe ngokusabela okulandelayo ukuze kwakhiwe isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi se-chloroquine, esisebenza ngempumelelo ekwelapheni umalaleveva ngokuphazamisa indlela ye-heme detoxification ye-parasite.

I-Strecker Synthesis

Lokhu kusabela kuhlanganisa i-sodium cyanide esabelayo ne-aldehyde/ketone kanye ne-ammonia ukuze kwakhe i-α - amino nitrile, engafakwa nge-hydrolyzed ukuze kutholakale i-amino acid. Ama-amino acid ayizingqimba zokwakha izidakamizwa zamaprotheni. Isibonelo, i-alanine, i-amino acid, ingahlanganiswa ngokusabela kwe-Strecker. Embonini yezemithi, ama-amino acid okungewona awemvelo nawemvelo ahlanganiswe ngale ndlela asetshenziswa njengezithako ezisebenzayo zemithi ngokwazo noma njengeziphakathi ezibalulekile zama-molecule ezidakamizwa ayinkimbinkimbi. Ezinye izidakamizwa ezisekelwe ku-peptide zithembele kuma-amino acid athile akhiqizwe kusetshenziswa i-sodium cyanide - ukusabela okulamula ukuze kuzuzwe imiphumela yayo yokwelapha, njengalapho kwenzeka ama-analogue athile e-insulin lapho ukulandelana okulungile nokwakheka kwama-amino acid, okuhlanganisa nalawo atholakala ku-Strecker - type syntheses, ibalulekile ekusebenzeni okufanele kokulawula ushukela.

Ukusabela Ngebhayisikili

Iqembu le-cyano lingabamba iqhaza ku-intramolecular cyclization ukwenza i-nitrogen - equkethe ama-heterocycles, njenge-pyridine ne-pyrimidine. Lezi zakhiwo zitholakala kakhulu emithini ye-antiviral efana ne-oseltamivir (Tamiflu) ne-anti-AIDS. Ku-oseltamivir, indandatho ye-pyrimidine, eyakhiwe ngosizo lokusabela okubandakanya iqembu le-cyano kusuka ku-sodium cyanide, ibalulekile ukuze umuthi ukwazi ukuvimbela i-enzayimu ye-influenza virus neuraminidase. Lokhu kuvimbela kuvimbela igciwane ekukhishweni kwamangqamuzana angenwe yileli gciwane, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa ukusakazeka kwegciwane emzimbeni. Emithi elwa nengculazi, i-nitrogen - equkethe ama-heterocycles ingasebenzisana ne-reverse transcriptase enzyme yegciwane lesandulela ngculaza, ivimbe inqubo yayo yokuphindaphinda.

Ukulawulwa Kwekhwalithi Nokuphathwa Kokuphepha

Uma kubhekwa ubuthi obudlulele be-sodium cyanide, ukusetshenziswa kwayo embonini yezemithi kulawulwa ngokuqinile:

Ukulawulwa Kwenqubo Okugcwele

Kusukela ekuthengeni i-sodium cyanide kuya ekugcinweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwayo, yonke imisebenzi kufanele ihambisane “neMithethonqubo Yokulawulwa Kokuphepha Kwamakhemikhali Ayingozi.” Amasistimu wokukhiya abantu ababili avame ukusetshenziswa, lapho abantu ababili abagunyaziwe kudingeka ukuthi bafinyelele i-sodium cyanide egciniwe kanyekanye. Ukuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela kusetshenziswa futhi ukulandelela ubuningi nendawo ye-sodium cyanide ngaso sonke isikhathi. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi noma yikuphi ukufinyelela okungagunyaziwe noma ukuvuza okungenzeka kungatholwa ngokushesha. Isibonelo, endaweni yokukhiqiza imithi, izinzwa zifakwa ezindaweni zokugcina ukuze kutholwe ukugcwala kwe-cyanide emoyeni, futhi ukufinyelela endaweni yokugcina kuvinjelwe ngokusebenzisa ukuqinisekiswa kwe-biometric namakhodi okuphepha, namarekhodi azo zonke izehlakalo zokufinyelela ezifakiwe.

Ukuthuthukisa Inqubo

Ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe obufana nama-microchannel reactor asetshenziswa kakhulu. Ama-Microchannel reactor anikeza izinzuzo ezimbalwa. Bangakwazi ukulawula ngokunembile izimo zokusabela, njengezinga lokushisa, ukucindezela, namazinga okugeleza okusabelayo, ezingeni lesikali esincane. Lokhu akunciphisi nje kuphela ingozi yokuchayeka kwe-sodium cyanide njengoba ukusabela kwenzeka endaweni equkethwe kakhudlwana futhi elawulwayo kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa ukusabela kahle nokukhetha. Isibonelo, ekuphenduleni okubandakanya i-sodium cyanide ukuze kuhlanganiswe umuthi othize omaphakathi, isiphehli sesiteshi esincane singaqinisekisa ukuthi ukusabela kuqhubeka ngesivuno esiphezulu somkhiqizo ofunekayo kuyilapho kunciphisa ukwakheka kwemikhiqizo - engafunwa, okungenzeka ukuthi iqukethe i-cyanide esele.

Ukuhlola Alternative Technologies

Emzamweni wokunciphisa izingozi zemvelo, izindlela eziluhlaza ezifana ne-biocatalysis (ukusebenzisa ama-enzyme afana ne-nitrile hydratase) kanye ne-electrochemical cyanidation ziyahlolwa. I-Biocatalysis inikeza indlela evumelana nemvelo kakhudlwana njengoba isebenzisa ama-enzyme ukuze ibangele ukusabela ngaphansi kwezimo ezithambile. I-Nitrile hydratase ingaguqula i-nitriles (engase ithathwe ekuphenduleni okusekelwe ku-sodium cyanide) ibe ama-amide ngaphandle kwesidingo sama-reagents amakhemikhali anokhahlo. I-Electrochemical cyanidation, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingakwazi ukwehlisa inani le-sodium cyanide esetshenziswa ngokunika amandla ukusabela okusebenza kahle kakhulu nokuqondisiwe ngokusetshenziswa kwamandla kagesi. Nakuba lobu buchwepheshe obuhlukile busesesigabeni sokuthuthuka kwezinye izimo, bunesithembiso esikhulu sekusasa lemboni yezemithi ekunciphiseni ukuthembela kwayo ku-sodium cyanide enobuthi obukhulu kuyilapho igcina amandla okuhlanganiswa kwezidakamizwa.

Amathrendi Esikhathi esizayo: Ukulinganisa Ukuphepha nokusebenza kahle

I-Orientation ye-Green Chemistry

Ikusasa lokusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide embonini yezemithi ilele ekuthuthukiseni izindlela zokusabela zamahhala ze-cyanide. Enye indlela ukusebenzisa metal - organic frameworks (MOFs). Ama-MOF ayisisetshenziswa esinezimbotshana ezinezakhiwo ezihlukile ezingakhangisa ngokukhetha futhi zenze kusebenze iqembu le-cyano. Lokhu kuvumela ukusetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo kweqembu le-cyano ekuphenduleni kuyilapho kunciphisa inani eliphelele le-sodium cyanide edingekayo njengento eluhlaza. Ngokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe, lokhu akunciphisi nje kuphela umthelela wendawo ohlotshaniswa ne-sodium cyanide kodwa futhi kungenzeka kwehlisa izindleko zokukhiqiza. Isibonelo, ocwaningweni lwesilinganiso selabhorethri, ama-MOF asetshenziswa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusabela okudinga i-sodium cyanide. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi i-MOF - ukusabela okwenziwe nge-catalyzed kungazuza isivuno esifanayo somkhiqizo ofisayo ngenani elincishiswe kakhulu le-sodium cyanide input.

Intelligent Monitoring

Ukuhlanganisa i-AI kanye nobuchwepheshe bezinzwa kungenye inkambiso evelayo. I-AI - ama-algorithms anikwe amandla angahlaziya idatha evela kuzinzwa eziqapha insalela ye-cyanide kunqubo yokusabela ngesikhathi sangempela. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ubumsulwa nokuphepha kwezidakamizwa. Isibonelo, izinzwa zingathola umkhondo amanani e-cyanide kungxube yokusabela noma emkhiqizweni wokugcina wesidakamizwa. Idatha evela kulezi zinzwa ibe isifakwa ohlelweni lwe-AI, olungahlaziya ngokushesha idatha futhi lunikeze izexwayiso uma amaleveli e-cyanide edlula imikhawulo evumelekile. Lolu hlelo lokuqapha oluhlakaniphile lungaphinda lubikezele izinkinga ezingaba khona enqubweni yokusabela ngokusekelwe kudatha yomlando namathrendi esikhathi sangempela, okuvumela ukulungiswa okusebenzayo ukuze kwenziwe ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi nokuphepha kwemikhiqizo yemithi.

Sengiphetha, i-sodium cyanide idlala “indima ekabili” embonini yezemithi. Kokubili kungumgqugquzeli oyinhloko wokuqanjwa kabusha kwezidakamizwa, okuvumela ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlobonhlobo zempilo - ukusindisa nempilo - imithi ethuthukisayo, kanye nento eyingozi edinga ukunakekelwa okukhulu ekuphathweni. Ngokuqhubeka nokusungula izinto ezintsha nokulawula ukuphepha okuqinile, ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide embonini yezemithi kuthuthukela ekusaseni eliphephile nelisebenza kahle, okuhlinzeka umfutho obalulekile esintwini ekulweni nezifo.