Izindlela Zokwelapha I-Cyanide - Equkethe Amanzi Angcolile Emithi

Isingeniso

Ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwemboni yezemithi, ukwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka aqukethe i- cyanide sekuyinkinga ebalulekile emkhakheni wokuvikelwa kwemvelo. I-Cyanide iyisithako esinobuthi obukhulu, futhi ngisho nenani elincane layo lingabangela umonakalo omkhulu empilweni yabantu kanye nemvelo. Ukukhishwa kwamanzi amdaka aqukethe i-cyanide ngaphandle kokwelashwa okufanele kuzoba usongo olukhulu emithonjeni yamanzi, izinto eziphilayo zasemanzini, kanye nayo yonke indawo. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa izindlela zokwelapha ezisebenzayo ukunciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-cyanide emanzini amdaka aqukethe i-khemisi kube sezingeni elamukelekayo.

Imithombo Nezingozi Ze-Cyanide Emanzini Angcolile Emithi

Imithombo

I-Cyanide isetshenziswa kwezinye izinqubo zokwenziwa kwemithi. Isibonelo, ekukhiqizweni kwezidakamizwa ezithile, i-cyanide - inhlanganisela equkethe ingasetshenziswa njengezinto ezingavuthiwe noma izimaphakathi zokusabela. Ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza, i-cyanide izongena nakanjani emanzini angcolile, okuholela ekukhiqizeni i-cyanide - equkethe amanzi angcolile emithi.

Izingozi

1. Ubuthi Kubantu : I-Cyanide ingavimbela umsebenzi we-cytochrome oxidase emzimbeni womuntu, ivimbele ukudluliselwa okuvamile kwama-electron ochungechungeni lokuphefumula, futhi ekugcineni iholele ku-hypoxia yezicubu. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ingabangela ukufa okusheshayo. Ngisho nokuchayeka isikhathi eside ku-cyanide ephansi kungabangela ubuthi obungapheli, okuthinta uhlelo lwezinzwa, uhlelo lwenhliziyo, kanye neminye imisebenzi yomzimba.

2. Ingozi Esistimu Yezinto Eziphilayo : Endaweni yasemanzini, i-cyanide inobuthi obukhulu ezinhlanzini nakwezinye izinto eziphilayo zasemanzini. Ingalimaza ama-gill kanye nezinhlelo zezinzwa zezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini, inciphise ikhono lazo lokuphefumula nokusinda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngochungechunge lokudla, i-cyanide ingaqongelelwa futhi ikhuliswe, ibe usongo ezintweni eziphilayo ezisezingeni eliphezulu ochungechungeni lokudla.

Izindlela Zokwelapha Ezivamile Ze-Cyanide - Equkethe Amanzi Angcolile Emithi

Indlela Ye-Chemical Oxidation

1.I-Alkaline Chlorination

• Isimiso : Ngaphansi kwezimo ze-alkaline (ngokuvamile i-pH = 10 - 11), ama-oxidants aqukethe i-chlorine njengegesi ye-chlorine noma i-sodium hypochlorite ayengezwa emanzini angcolile. I-Cyanide iqale i-oxidized ibe yi-cyanate, bese iqhubeka i-oxidized ibe yi -Carbon dioxide kanye negesi ye-nitrogen.

• Izinzuzo : Le ndlela inomlando omude wokusetshenziswa futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi. Umphumela wokwelapha uzinzile, futhi unganciphisa ngempumelelo okuqukethwe yi-cyanide emanzini angcolile. Imishini edingekayo ilula kakhulu, futhi ukusebenza kulula kakhulu ukukuqonda.

• Okubi : Ama-oxidants aqukethe i-chlorine angase asabelane nezinye izinto eziphilayo emanzini angcolile ukuze akhiqize imikhiqizo eyingozi efana nama-trihalomethanes, abangela umdlavuza kanye ne-mutagenic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthamo wama-oxidants udinga ukulawulwa ngokunembile. Uma inani likhulu kakhulu, lizobangela ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwamakhemikhali futhi likhulise izindleko zokwelapha; uma inani lincane kakhulu, umphumela wokwelapha ngeke ube muhle.

1.I-Ozone Oxidation

• Isimiso : I-Ozone iyi-oxidant enamandla. Enqubweni yokwelapha amanzi amdaka, i-ozone ingasabela ngqo ne-cyanide, iphule isibopho ku-cyanide futhi iyixube nezinto ezingezona ezinobuthi njenge-carbon dioxide ne-nitrogen ngochungechunge lwezimpendulo eziyinkimbinkimbi zama-free radical.

• Izinzuzo : Ukushiswa kwe-ozone kunekhono eliphezulu lokwelapha futhi kungabolisa i-cyanide ngokushesha. Akufaki ezinye izinto eziyingozi emanzini alungisiwe, okugwema ukungcola kwesibili. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-ozone ingadlala indima ekubulaleni nasekususeni umbala emanzini angcolile, okuthuthukisa ikhwalithi iyonke yamanzi alungisiwe.

• Okubi : Imishini yokukhiqiza i-ozone ibiza kakhulu, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kuphezulu. Ukuncibilika kwe-ozone emanzini kuphansi kakhulu, okunciphisa ukusebenza kahle kwayo kokusabela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuzinza kwe-ozone kubi, futhi idinga ukukhiqizwa endaweni, okwandisa ubunzima bokusebenza nokuphathwa kwenqubo yokwelapha.

1.I-Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation

• Isimiso : Uma kukhona i-catalyst efana nama-ion ensimbi, i-hydrogen peroxide iyabola ukuze ikhiqize ama-radical e-hydroxyl asabela kakhulu. Lawa ma-radical angenza i-cyanide ibe yi-cyanate kuqala, bese eqhubeka nokwenza i-cyanate ibe yizinto ezingezona ezinobuthi.

• Izinzuzo : I-hydrogen peroxide iyi-oxidant ehlanzekile, futhi imikhiqizo yokusabela ngokuyinhloko amanzi nomoya-mpilo, okungeke kubangele ukungcola kwesibili. Inqubo yokwelapha ilula, futhi inokuvumelana nezimo ezithile nezinguquko zekhwalithi yamanzi amdaka.

• Okubi : Uhlelo lwe-catalytic oxidation ludinga ukulawulwa okuqinile kwezimo zokusabela njengenani le-pH kanye nomthamo we-catalyst. Uma izimo zingafanele, ukusebenza kahle kwe-oxidation kuzoncishiswa kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindleko ze-hydrogen peroxide ziphakeme kakhulu, okuzokhulisa izindleko zokwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile.

Indlela Yokwelapha Ngebhayoloji

1. Isimiso : Amanye ama-microorganism anekhono lokonakalisa i-cyanide. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele zemvelo ezifana nokushisa okufanele, inani le-pH, kanye nomoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe, la ma-microorganism angasebenzisa i-cyanide njengomthombo wekhabhoni noma umthombo we-nitrogen wokukhula kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-metabolism, aguqule i-cyanide ibe izinto ezingezona ezinobuthi njenge-carbon dioxide, amanzi, kanye ne-ammonia. Isibonelo, amanye ama-bacteria kuhlobo lwe-Pseudomonas angabola i-cyanide ngochungechunge lwezimpendulo ze-enzyme.

2. Izinzuzo : Ukwelashwa ngebhayoloji kuyindlela enobungani nemvelo. Ayidingi inani elikhulu lama-reagent amakhemikhali, okunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwemfucuza yamakhemikhali. Izindleko zokusebenza ziphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela zokuxiliswa kwamakhemikhali, ikakhulukazi ezifanele ukwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka aqukethe i-cyanide ephansi.

3. Okubi : Ukwelashwa kwezinto eziphilayo kuncike kakhulu emsebenzini wezinto ezincane. Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zezinto ezincane nezinguquko zekhwalithi yamanzi angcolile, njengokwanda okungazelelwe kokuhlushwa kwe-cyanide, ukuguquguquka kwenani le-pH, kanye nokuba khona kwezinto ezinobuthi nezivimbelayo, kuphansi kakhulu. Isikhathi sokwelashwa sivame ukuba side kunesezindlela zokuxiliswa kwamakhemikhali, futhi kudingeka ithangi lokusabela lendawo enkulu, elithatha izinsiza eziningi zomhlaba.

Okomzimba - Indlela Yokwelapha Ngamakhemikhali

1.Adsorption Indlela

• Isimiso : Ama-adsorbent afana ne -Activated Carbon , i-zeolite, ne-resin asetshenziselwa ukumunca i-cyanide emanzini angcolile. I-activated carbon, enendawo yayo enkulu yobuso kanye nesakhiwo sayo esicebile se-pore, ingamunca i-cyanide ngezindlela zomzimba nezamakhemikhali. Amaqembu asebenzayo ebusweni ku-activated carbon angasebenzisana nama-ion e-cyanide ngokukhanga kwe-electrostatic kanye nokubopha kwamakhemikhali.

• Izinzuzo : Indlela yokumunca inenqubo elula yokusebenza futhi ingasusa ngempumelelo i-cyanide ephansi emanzini angcolile. Ama-adsorbent angavuselelwa futhi asetshenziswe kabusha kwezinye izimo, okunciphisa izindleko zokwelashwa. Ingahlanganiswa nezinye izindlela zokwelapha ukuze kuthuthukiswe umphumela wokwelashwa.

• Okubi : Amandla okumunca ama-adsorbent alinganiselwe. Uma i-adsorbent igcwele, idinga ukushintshwa noma ukuvuselelwa. Inqubo yokuvuselela iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ingadinga amandla engeziwe namakhemikhali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindleko zama-adsorbent asezingeni eliphezulu ziphakeme kakhulu.

1.Indlela yokuhlukanisa iMembrane

• Isimiso : Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlukanisa ulwelwesi olufana ne-reverse osmosis, i-nanofiltration, kanye ne-ultrafiltration bungasetshenziswa ukuhlukanisa i-cyanide emanzini angcolile. Lawa ma-membrane anokungena okukhethiwe, okuvumela ama-molecule amanzi kanye nezinye izinto ezincane zama-molecule ukuthi zidlule ngenkathi kugcinwa i-cyanide kanye nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo ezinkulu zama-molecule. Isibonelo, enkambisweni ye-reverse osmosis, ngaphansi kokucindezela okuphezulu, amanzi adlula kulwelwesi olungena kancane, kuyilapho i-cyanide ivinjelwa ohlangothini lokucindezela okuphezulu.

• Izinzuzo : Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-membrane kungafinyelela ukuhlukaniswa kwe-cyanide okuphumelelayo kakhulu ngokunemba okuphezulu. Ingasebenza njalo futhi inomkhawulo omncane. Ikhwalithi yamanzi ahlanziwe izinzile futhi ingahlangabezana nezindinganiso eziqinile zokukhipha amanzi.

• Okubi : I-membrane ivame ukungcoliswa, okuzonciphisa ukugeleza kwe-membrane kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuhlukana. Ukuhlanza nokufaka esikhundleni se-membrane kuyabiza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukutshalwa kwezimali kokuqala emishinini yokuhlukaniswa kwe-membrane kukhulu kakhulu.

Ukukhethwa Kwenqubo Nokuthuthukisa

Lapho kukhethwa inqubo yokwelapha i-cyanide - equkethe amanzi angcolile ekhemisi, izici eziningi zidinga ukucatshangelwa ngokuphelele.

1. Ikhwalithi Yamanzi Angcolile : Hlaziya ukugcwala kwe-cyanide emanzini angcolile, ukuba khona kwezinye izinto ezingcolisayo njengezinsimbi ezisindayo nezinto eziphilayo, kanye nenani le-pH lamanzi angcolile. Kumanzi angcolile aqukethe i-cyanide ephezulu, izindlela zokuxilisa amakhemikhali zingase zifaneleke kakhulu; kumanzi angcolile aqukethe i-cyanide ephansi, ukwelashwa kwezinto eziphilayo noma izindlela zokwelapha ngamakhemikhali ngokomzimba zingacatshangelwa.

2. Izidingo Zokwelapha : Nquma amazinga okukhipha amanzi adingekayo noma izidingo zokusebenzisa kabusha amanzi alungisiwe. Uma amazinga okukhipha amanzi e-cyanide eqinile kakhulu, kungadingeka inhlanganisela yezindlela eziningi zokwelapha ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amanzi alungisiwe ayahlangabezana namazinga.

3. Izici Zezomnotho : Cabanga ngezindleko zokutshalwa kwezimali zemishini yokwelapha, izindleko zokusebenza okuhlanganisa izindleko zamakhemikhali, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, kanye nezindleko zabasebenzi, kanye nezindleko zokwelashwa nokulahla udoti. Khetha inqubo yokwelapha enezindleko ezifanele kanye nezinzuzo ezinhle zezomnotho.

4. Umthelela Kwezemvelo : Khetha izindlela zokwelapha ezingakhiphi ukungcola kwesibili. Isibonelo, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-alkaline chlorination, i-oxidation ye-ozone kanye nezindlela zokwelapha zebhayoloji zikhiqiza imikhiqizo embalwa eyingozi, enobungani nemvelo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, enkambweni yokwelapha yangempela, ukulungiswa okuqhubekayo kwenqubo yokwelapha kuyadingeka. Ukuqapha njalo izinga lamanzi ahlanzekile, ulungise imingcele yokusebenza yemishini yokwelapha ngesikhathi esifanele, futhi wenze ukugcinwa nokulungiswa kwemishini ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzile kwesistimu yokwelapha kanye nokuzuzwa kwemiphumela emihle yokwelapha.

Isiphetho

Ukwelashwa kwe-cyanide - equkethe amanzi angcolile ekhemisi kubaluleke kakhulu ekuvikelweni kwemvelo nempilo yabantu. Izindlela zokwelapha ezihlukene, ezihlanganisa i-chemical oxidation, ukwelashwa kwebhayoloji, nokwelashwa ngokomzimba - ngamakhemikhali, kunezici zakhona kanye nobubanzi bokusebenza. Ezinhlelweni ezisebenzayo zobunjiniyela, kuyadingeka ukuthi kucutshungulwe izinto ezahlukahlukene ezifana nekhwalithi yamanzi angcolile, izidingo zokwelashwa, izindleko zezomnotho, nemithelela yemvelo, futhi ukhethe futhi ulungiselele inqubo yokwelapha efanele. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha obusebenza ngempumelelo, obunobungani bemvelo, kanye nezindleko - obusebenzayo be-cyanide - obuqukethe amanzi angcolile okwenziwa yimithi buzoqhubeka buvela, buhlinzeka ngokusekela okuqinile kwentuthuko esimeme yemboni yezokwenziwa kwemithi kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo.