Izicelo kanye Nezinselelo ze-Sodium Cyanide embonini ye-Electronics

Emkhakheni wokukhiqiza ngokunemba we Imboni Yezobuchwepheshe, I-Sodium Cyanide (I-NaCN), into enobuthi obukhulu, idlala indima ebalulekile ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo zamakhemikhali ezihlukile. Njenge-ejenti eyinkimbinkimbi eqinile ne-ejenti yokunciphisa, i-sodium cyanide idlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi, ukucutshungulwa kwe-semiconductor, ukukhiqizwa kwebhethri, nezinye izici. Kodwa-ke, ubuthi bayo obuphezulu kanye nobungozi bemvelo nakho kubangela izinselelo ezinzima embonini. Lesi sihloko sizodingida izimo zohlelo lokusebenza lwe I-sodium cyanide embonini ye-elekthronikhi futhi ihlaziye izindaba zezobuchwepheshe nezemvelo ebhekene nazo.

I. Ukusetshenziswa Okubalulekile Kwe-Sodium Cyanide Embonini Yezogesi

I-1.Metal Surface Treatment kanye ne-Electroplating

I-sodium cyanide iyingxenye ebalulekile yendabuko I-Electroplating izinqubo, ikakhulukazi ekwenziweni kwamabhodi esekethe aphrintiwe (ama-PCB) nezixhumi, lapho isetshenziselwa ukwelapha okungaphezulu kwezinsimbi ezifana nethusi, igolide, nesiliva. Ngokusebenzisa isenzo esiyinkimbinkimbi se-sodium cyanide, ukufakwa okufanayo kwe-ion yensimbi kungafinyelelwa, kuqinisekiswe ukubumbana kanye nokuhamba kukagesi kokumboza. Isibonelo, kunqubo ye-metalization ye-micro-hole yama-PCB aphezulu, i-sodium cyanide ingakwazi ukulawula ngokuphumelelayo izinga lokubeka ithusi, igweme ukukhubazeka kwe-short-circuit noma i-open-circuit.

2.Ukwenziwa Kwedivayisi Ye-semiconductor

Emkhiqizweni we-semiconductor chip, i-sodium cyanide isetshenziselwa ukuhlanza nokunamathisela indawo eyi-wafer. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokupholishwa kwe-silicon wafer, isixazululo se-sodium cyanide singasusa ukungcola okusalela kwensimbi futhi sivimbele ama-short-circuits. Ukwengeza, impahla yayo yokunciphisa eqinile ingasetshenziselwa ukwelashwa okungaphezulu kwama-semiconductors athile ahlanganisiwe (njengama-GaAs), ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwedivayisi.

3.Ibhethri kanye Nobuchwepheshe Bokugcina Amandla

Ekuhlanganisweni kwezinto ezisebenza kahle ze-electrode zamabhethri e-lithium-ion namabhethri e-nickel-metal hydride, i-sodium cyanide ingasetshenziswa njenge-ejenti eyinkimbinkimbi ukusiza ukulawula i-morphology kanye nosayizi wezinhlayiyana zama-precursors ensimbi, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukise umthamo webhethri nempilo yomjikelezo. Isibonelo, enqubweni yokulungiswa kwezinto ze-ternary positive electrode (ezifana ne-NCM), ukusabela kwe-coprecipitation okubandakanya i-sodium cyanide kungathuthukisa ukusatshalaliswa kwezinhlayiyana.

4.Ukugaywa kabusha kwe-Electronic Waste

Ekwelapheni udoti we-elekthronikhi, i-sodium cyanide ingasetshenziswa ukuze kukhishwe izinsimbi eziyigugu njengegolide nesiliva kusuka kumabhodi wesekethe we-废旧. Ikhono layo eliyinkimbinkimbi lenza izinsimbi eziyigugu zincibilike ngendlela ye-cyanide complexes, kube lula ukuhlanzwa okulandelayo.

II. Izinselelo Zezobuchwepheshe Nezemvelo Ezibhekene Nesodium Cyanide

1.Ingozi Ephezulu Yobuthi Nokulawula Ukuphepha

I-sodium cyanide inobuthi obuyingozi kakhulu (umthamo obulalayo omaphakathi we-LD50 ngu-6.4 mg/kg kuphela), futhi ukuthintana nothuli lwayo noma isisombululo esikhumbeni, ukuhogela, noma ukungenwa ngephutha kungabulala. Izimboni zama-elekthronikhi zidinga ukuhlonyiswa ngezinto eziqinile ezivikelayo, izinhlelo zokuhlanza amanzi angcolile, nezindlela zokusabela ezimeni eziphuthumayo, okuholela ekwenyukeni okukhulu kwezindleko zokusebenza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifunda eziningi emhlabeni jikelele (ezifana ne-European Union ne-China) zisebenzisa uhlelo lwelayisense lokusebenzisa ama-cyanides, iphinde ikhawulele uhlelo lwayo lokusebenza.

2.Ukunukubezeka Kwemvelo kanye Nezingozi Zemvelo

Uma amanzi angcolile ane-cyanide ekhishwa ngokuqondile ngaphandle kokwelashwa okuphelele, i-hydrogen cyanide (HCN) izokhiqizwa ngokubola emanzini emvelo, okubeka usongo ezintweni eziphila emanzini nempilo yabantu. Izindlela zokwelapha zendabuko (ezifana nendlela ye-alkaline chlorination) zidinga inani elikhulu lama-oxidants futhi zingase zikhiqize ukungcoliswa kwesibili (okufana nemikhiqizo equkethe i-chlorine). Ngakho-ke, amabhizinisi e-elekthronikhi adinga ukutshala izindleko eziphezulu ekwakheni izikhungo zokuhlanza amanzi angcolile ezithuthukile.

3.I-Technical Bottlenecks of Substitutes

Nakuba ubuchwepheshe be-electroplating obungenayo i-cyanide (njengokusebenzisa ama-ejenti ayinkimbinkimbi afana ne-EDTA kanye ne-citrate) buye benza inqubekelaphambili, azikwazi ukufaka esikhundleni ngokugcwele i-sodium cyanide ngokwekhwalithi yokunamathela (njengokufana nokunamathela) kanye nokuzinza kwenqubo. Isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokucwebezelisa igolide obungenayo i-cyanide kuzixhumi ze-elekthronikhi kusenenkinga yokumelana nokuxhumana okuphezulu ngokuqhathaniswa, okukhawulela ukukhuthazwa kwayo.

4.Izingcindezi Zokulawula Nezenhlalakahle

Ngokukhula kokuqwashisa komhlaba wonke ngokuvikelwa kwemvelo, ukugadwa kwe Ama-cyanides ngamazwe emhlabeni wonke liya ngokuya liqina. Isibonelo, umthethonqubo we-EU's REACH ubala i-sodium cyanide njengento ekhathazayo kakhulu (SVHC), edinga amabhizinisi ukuthi anikeze ezinye izixazululo. Isidingo sabathengi "semikhiqizo ye-elekthronikhi eluhlaza" siphinde siphoqelele abakhiqizi ukuthi bashintshele ezinqubweni zokukhiqiza eziphephile.

III. Amasu okuphendula embonini kanye namathrendi esikhathi esizayo

1.Ukuqamba Okusha Kwezobuchwepheshe: Ukuthuthukisa Izinqubo Ezihlukile Eziluhlaza

• I-Cyanide-Free Electroplating Technology: Abacwaningi bahlola ukusetshenziswa kwe-bio-based complexing agents (njenge-chitosan) noma uketshezi lwe-ionic ukuze bathathe indawo yama-cyanides, okunciphisa ubuthi.

• Izinqubo Ezomile: Ukwamukela ubuchwepheshe obomile obufana ne-physical vapor deposition (PVD) noma i-chemical vapor deposition (CVD) ukunciphisa ukuncika kuma-reagents amakhemikhali awuketshezi.

• Intelligent Production: Ukuthuthukisa imingcele ye-electroplating ngokusebenzisa ama-algorithms e-AI ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa isivuno somkhiqizo.

2.Umnotho Oyindilinga kanye Nokugaywa kabusha Kwezinsiza

Amabhizinisi e-elekthronikhi kancane kancane angenisa imodeli yokuphatha iluphu evaliwe. Ubuchwepheshe obufana nokuhlukaniswa kolwelwesi kanye nokushintshisana kwe-ion kusetshenziselwa ukuvuselela ama-cyanides nama-ion ensimbi emanzini angcolile, kuzuzwe ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwensiza. Isibonelo, umkhiqizi ohamba phambili we-PCB uzuze izinga lokugaywa kabusha kwe-sodium cyanide engaphezu kuka-90%, enciphisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa nokungcola.

3.Inqubomgomo kanye Nokubambisana Kwezimboni

Uhulumeni angakhuthaza amabhizinisi ukuthi asebenzise izinqubo eziluhlaza ngokusebenzisa izinxephezelo zentela, uxhaso lwe-R&D, nezinye izinqubomgomo, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo akhuthaze ukwakhiwa kwamazinga omkhakha (njengokuthi "Izinyathelo Zokulawula Zokulawula Ukungcola Okubangelwa Imikhiqizo Yolwazi Lwe-elekthronikhi"). Ukwengeza, amabhizinisi asenhla nezansi kochungechunge lwezimboni (njengabahlinzeki bempahla nabakhi bemishini) kudingeka baqinise ukubambisana ukuze bakhe ngokuhlanganyela ezinye izixazululo ezinobuthi obuphansi.

Isiphetho

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide embonini ye-elekthronikhi kukhombisa ukungqubuzana phakathi kwezinto zamakhemikhali ezikhuthaza inqubekelaphambili yezobuchwepheshe nokuvikelwa kwemvelo. Nakuba kunzima ukushintshwa ngokuphelele esikhathini esifushane, ngokuthuthukiswa kwamakhemikhali aluhlaza kanye nokukhiqiza okuhlakaniphile, imboni yezogesi isheshisa ukuguqulwa kwayo ekuqondeni indlela ephephile futhi eqhubekayo. Esikhathini esizayo, ukusungulwa kwezobuchwepheshe, ukuqondiswa kwenqubomgomo, nokusebenzisana kwezimboni kuzoba izihluthulelo zokuxazulula le nkinga, ukusiza imboni yezogesi ukuba ifinyelele umgomo wokunqoba "wokusebenza kahle kakhulu" kanye "nobuhlaza".