Inqubo Ye-Cyanide Leaching Emayini Yegolide: Inqubo Ephelele ukusuka Ekuhlakazweni kuya Ekubuyiselweni

Isingeniso

Ukuqoqwa kwegolide ematsheni alo sekuyinto ethakazelisa kakhulu amakhulu eminyaka. Phakathi kwezindlela ezahlukahlukene ezikhona, Ukukhishwa kwe-Cyanide kuvele njengenye yezindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu kwezohwebo Ukumba igolide imboni. Le nqubo ivumela ukuchithwa okuphumelelayo kwegolide ezintweni ezibambayo, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukubuyisela insimbi eyigugu ngendlela egxile kakhulu. Lesi sihloko sizocubungula inqubo ephelele yokucwiliswa kwe-cyanide ezimayini zegolide, kusukela ekuhlakazweni kokuqala kwegolide ezixazululweni ze-cyanide kuya ekubuyiselweni kokugcina kwensimbi.

Ukuhlakazwa Kwegolide Ezixazululweni Ze-Cyanide

Ukusabela Kwamakhemikhali Okuhilelekile

Ukuncibilika kwegolide ezixazululweni ze-cyanide kusekelwe ochungechungeni oluyinkimbinkimbi lokusabela kwamakhemikhali. Ukusabela sekukonke kungamelwa yisibalo esilandelayo:

4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH

Kulokhu kusabela, igolide (Au) liphendula ngokuthi I-sodium cyanide (NaCN) ebukhoneni be-oxygen (O₂) namanzi (H₂O) ukwenza i-sodium dicyanoaurate (Na[Au(CN)₂]) ne-sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Indima yomoya-mpilo kulokhu kusabela ibalulekile njengoba isebenza njenge-oxidizing, yenza kube lula ukuchithwa kwegolide.

Imibandela Yokuhlakazwa Okulungile

Ukuze kuhlakazwe kahle igolide, izimo eziningana zidinga ukulawulwa ngokucophelela. Ukugcwala kwe-cyanide esixazululweni kuyisici esibalulekile. Ngokuvamile, i-concentration ye-0.05 - 0.1% ye-NaCN isetshenziswa enqubweni yokukhishwa. Ukugxila okuphezulu kungase kuholele ekusetshenzisweni okwengeziwe kwe-cyanide ngaphandle kokwenyuka okulinganayo kokuncibilika kwegolide, kuyilapho ukugxilisa okuphansi kungase kubangele ukucwiliswa kancane nokungaphelele.

I-pH yesisombululo nayo idlala indima ebalulekile. Inqubo yokucwilisa iphumelela kakhulu endaweni ene-alkaline kancane, enebanga le-pH lika-9.5 - 11. Kule pH, ama-ion e-cyanide akhona ngendlela yawo engahlukaniswanga (HCN), esebenza kakhulu egolideni. Ukulungisa i-pH kuvame ukufezwa ngokungeza i-lime (CaO) esixazululweni se-leaching.

Izinga lokushisa lingenye ipharamitha ebalulekile. Nakuba ukusabela kungenzeka emazingeni okushisa asendaweni, izinga lokushisa elithe ukukhuphuka kancane elingaba ngu-25 - 35°C lingakhuphula izinga lokuncibilika kwegolide. Kodwa-ke, ukwandisa izinga lokushisa ngokweqile kungaholela ekukhoneni kwe-cyanide, ukunciphisa ukusebenza kwayo.

Ukwelashwa kwangaphambili kwe-Ores

Ukuchoboza nokugaya

Ngaphambi kokuthi inqubo yokucwilisa i-cyanide iqale, ama-ore anegolide adinga ukunakekelwa kusengaphambili. Isinyathelo sokuqala kulokhu kwelashwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi ngokuvamile Ukuchoboza futhi Ukugaya. Izinsimbi ziyachotshozwa ukuze kuncishiswe ubukhulu bazo bese zigaywa zibe yizinhlayiya ezincane. Lokhu kwandisa indawo engaphezulu ye-ore, okuvumela ukuthintana okuphumelelayo phakathi kwezinhlayiya zegolide nesisombululo se-cyanide phakathi nenqubo yokucwiliswa.

Izinga lokugaya lilawulwa ngokucophelela. Ukugaya ngokweqile kungaholela ekwakhekeni kwe-slimes emihle, engabangela izinkinga phakathi nezinyathelo zokuhlukaniswa koketshezi oluqinile olulandelayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukugaya kancane kungase kubangele ukuchayeka okwanele kwezinhlayiya zegolide, okuholela ekulethweni okungaphelele.

Ukugazinga kanye ne-Bio-oxidation

Kwezinye izimo, i-ores yegolide ingase ibe namaminerali aphikisayo avimbela ukuchithwa okuqondile kwegolide nge-cyanide. Kuma-ore anjalo, izindlela ezengeziwe zokwelashwa kwangaphambili ezifana nokugazinga noma i-bio-oxidation zingase zidingeke.

Ukugazinga kuhlanganisa ukushisisa insimbi lapho kukhona umoya ukuze kukhiqizwe amaminerali aphikisayo, njengama-sulfide. Le nqubo ye-oxidation idiliza amaminerali, ikhiphe izinhlayiya zegolide futhi izenze zifinyeleleke kalula kwisisombululo se-cyanide.

I-Bio-oxidation, ngakolunye uhlangothi, isebenzisa ama-microorganisms ukuze i-oxidize amaminerali aphikisayo. Lena enye indlela evumelana nemvelo esikhundleni sokugazinga njengoba isebenza emazingeni okushisa aphansi futhi ikhiqiza ukukhishwa okuncane okuyingozi. Ama-microorganisms, ngokuvamile amagciwane noma isikhunta, akhethwa ngokusekelwe ekhonweni lawo lokufaka i-oxidize amaminerali athile aphikisayo akhona kunsimbi.

Inqubo Leaching

I-Tirred Tank Leaching

I-stirred tank leaching ingenye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu ezisetshenziselwa ukukhishwa kwe-cyanide. Kule nqubo, i-ore ehlanjululwe ngaphambili ixubene nesisombululo se-cyanide emathangini amakhulu anyakazisiwe. Amathangi afakwe ama-agitators aqinisekisa ukuxubana okuphelele kwe-ore nesixazululo, okukhuthaza ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinhlayiya zegolide nama-ion e-cyanide.

Isikhathi sokuvuza singahluka kuye ngohlobo lwensimbi kanye nezimo zokusebenza. Ngokuvamile, inqubo ye-leaching ingathatha noma yikuphi ukusuka emahoreni ambalwa kuya ezinsukwini ezimbalwa. Ngalesi sikhathi, amasampula e-leachate athathwa ngezikhathi ezithile futhi ahlaziywe ukuze kuqashwe inqubekelaphambili yokuchithwa kwegolide.

I-Heap Leaching

I-Heap leaching enye indlela esetshenziswa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi kumatshe egolide asezingeni eliphansi. Kule nqubo, i-ore echotshoziwe inqwabelaniswa ezinqwabani ezinkulu kulayini ongangeneki. Isixazululo se-cyanide sibe sesifafazwa phezulu kwenqwaba futhi sivunyelwe ukuba sibhoboze phakathi kwensimbi. Njengoba ikhambi lidlula enqwabeni, lincibilikisa izinhlayiya zegolide, futhi ikhambi elikhulelwe eliwumphumela liqoqwa phansi kwenqwaba.

I-Heap leaching iyindlela engabizi kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nayo Ukucwiliswa kwethangi elivuselelwe njengoba kudinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okuncane kumishini. Nokho, kuyinqubo ehamba kancane futhi ifaneleka kakhulu ama-ore anegolide eliphansi uma kuqhathaniswa.

Ukuhlukaniswa Okuqinile-Okuketshezi

filtration

Ngemuva kokuthi inqubo yokukhipha i-leaching isiqediwe, isinyathelo esilandelayo ukuhlukanisa izinsalela eziqinile (tailings) kusuka kwisisombululo esikhulelwe, esiqukethe igolide elincibilikisiwe. Ukuhlunga kungenye yezindlela ezivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu zokuhlukanisa uketshezi oluqinile. Kule nqubo, i-slurry (ingxube eqinile kanye ne-liquid) idlula endaweni yokuhlunga, njengendwangu yokuhlunga noma umshini wokuhlunga. Izinhlayiya eziqinile zigcinwa endaweni yokuhlunga, kuyilapho uketshezi (isixazululo esikhulelwe) sidlula futhi siqoqwe.

Ukukhethwa kwendawo yokuhlunga kuncike esimweni sezinhlayiya eziqinile kanye nezimo zokusebenza. Isibonelo, ezimeni lapho izinhlayiya eziqinile zihle kakhulu, kungase kudingeke indwangu yokuhlunga enemeshede.

Ukuhlukaniswa

I-Decantation ingenye indlela engasetshenziswa ekuhlukaniseni uketshezi oluqinile, ikakhulukazi uma izinhlayiya eziqinile zizinkulu futhi zizinza kalula. Kule nqubo, i-slurry ivunyelwe ukuma ethangini lokumisa isikhathi esithile. Izinhlayiya eziqinile zihlala phansi ethangini ngenxa yamandla adonsela phansi, futhi uketshezi olucacile olunamandla amakhulu (ikhambi elikhulelwe) bese lukhishwa ngokucophelela.

I-Decantation iyindlela elula futhi encane yamandla - ejulile uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhlunga. Nokho, kungase kungabi yimpumelelo ekuhlukaniseni izinhlayiya ezinhle kakhulu eziqinile.

Ukutholwa Kwegolide Kusixazululo Esikhulelwe

I-Carbon Adsorption ecushiwe

Enye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu zokuthola igolide kwisixazululo esikhulelwe yi I-activation adsorption ye-carbon. Kule nqubo, ikhabhoni ecushiwe yengezwa kwisixazululo esikhulelwe. Igolide - i-cyanide complex inobudlelwane obuqinile bobuso bekhabhoni ecushiwe, futhi ngenxa yalokho, igolide likhangiswa ezinhlayiyeni zekhabhoni.

Izinhlayiya zekhabhoni zibe sezihlukaniswa nesixazululo, ngokuvamile ngokuhlolwa noma ngokuhlunga. Ikhabhoni elayishiwe igolide iphinde icutshungulwe ukuze imunce igolide. Lokhu ngokuvamile kwenziwa ngokufaka ikhabhoni endaweni yokwelashwa kwesitimu esishisa kakhulu noma ngokusebenzisa i-chemical desorption agent.

I-Zinc Precipitation

Imvula yeZinc, eyaziwa nangokuthi inqubo ye-Merrill - Crowe, ingenye indlela yokuthola igolide. Kule nqubo, uthuli lwe-zinc lwengezwe kwisisombululo esikhulelwe. I-Zinc ine-electropositive kakhulu kunegolide, futhi ngenxa yalokho, isusa igolide endaweni yegolide - i-cyanide complex. Ukusabela kungamelwa yisibalo esilandelayo:

2Na[Au(CN)₂] + Zn → 2Au + Na₂[Zn(CN)₄]

Igolide elinemvula, kanye nanoma iyiphi i-zinc engaphenduliwe, yakha udaka oluqinile. Loludaka lube seluhlukaniswa nekhambi, bese igolide licwengisiswa ukuze kutholwe umkhiqizo omsulwa.

Ukucwengwa Kwegolide

Ukuncibilika

Uma igolide selitholiwe esixazululweni esikhulelwe, ngokuvamile lidinga ukucwengwa ukuze kukhishwe noma yikuphi ukungcola okusele. Ukuncibilika kungenye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu zokucwenga igolide. Kule nqubo, izinto eziqukethe igolide zishiswa ekushiseni okuphezulu lapho kukhona ukugeleza, njenge-borax. I-flux isiza ekwehliseni izinga lokuncibilika kwegolide futhi iphinde ihlangane nokungcola, yakhe i-slag engahlukaniswa negolide elincibilikisiwe.

Igolide elincibilikisiwe libe selithelwa esikhunjeni ukuze kwakheke izingothi. Lawa ma-ingots angaphinde acutshungulwe noma athengiswe njengomkhiqizo osuphelile.

I-Electrolytic Refining

Ukucwenga nge-Electrolytic kuyindlela ethuthuke kakhulu yokucwenga igolide. Kule nqubo, igolide - equkethe i-anode ifakwa kuseli ye-electrolytic kanye ne-cathode yegolide elihlanzekile. I-electrolyte ngokuvamile iyisisombululo se-chloride yegolide noma amanye amasawoti egolide. Lapho amandla kagesi edlula esitokisini, igolide elisuka ku-anode liyancibilika libe yi-electrolyte bese lifaka ku-cathode.

Ukungcola okune-electropositive kakhulu kunegolide kuncibilika ku-electrolyte kodwa okungabeki ku-cathode, kuyilapho ukungcola okune-electropositive encane kunegolide kuhlala kuwudaka ngaphansi kweseli. Lokhu kubangela umkhiqizo wegolide ohlanzekile kakhulu.

Ukucatshangelwa Kwezemvelo

Ukuphathwa kweCyanide

I-Cyanide iwubuthi obuphezulu, futhi ukuphathwa ngendlela efanele kwe-cyanide enqubweni yokumba igolide kubaluleke kakhulu. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide ezimayini zegolide kulawulwa ngokuqinile emazweni amaningi ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela wayo emvelweni nempilo yabantu.

Esinye sezici ezibalulekile zokuphatha i-cyanide ukuvimbela ukuchithwa kwe-cyanide. Imisebenzi yezimayini idingeka ukuthi ibe nezinhlelo ezifanele zokuvikela ukuvimbela i-cyanide - equkethe izixazululo ekuvuzeni endaweni ezungezile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwelashwa kwe-cyanide - equkethe amanzi angcolile nakho kubalulekile. Kunezindlela ezimbalwa ezitholakalayo zokwelapha i-cyanide - equkethe amanzi angcolile, njenge-chemical oxidation, ukwelashwa kwebhayoloji, nokushintshisana kwe-ion.

Ukulahlwa Kwezinsila

Izinsalela eziqinile (izisila) ezikhiqizwe ngemva kwenqubo yokutholwa kwegolide nazo zidinga ukulahlwa ngendlela efanele. Izinsalela zingaqukatha amanani amancane e-cyanide nezinye izinsimbi ezisindayo, ezingaba usongo endaweni ezungezile uma zingaphathwa ngendlela efanele.

Enye indlela evamile yokulahla i-tailings iwukugcina emadamini ama-tailings. La madamu aklanyelwe ukuqukatha imisele futhi avimbele ukudedelwa kokungcola endaweni ezungezile. Kwezinye izimo, izinsalela zingase futhi zicutshungulwe kabusha ukuze kutholakale noma imaphi amaminerali abalulekile asele noma ukunciphisa umthelela wendawo.

Isiphetho

Inqubo yokucwiliswa kwe-cyanide ezimayini zegolide iyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi enezinyathelo eziningi ehlanganisa ukuchithwa kwegolide ezixazululweni ze-cyanide, ukwelashwa kwangaphambili kwensimbi, ukucwiliswa kwensimbi, ukuhlukaniswa koketshezi oluqinile, ukubuyiswa kwegolide, ukucwengwa kanye nokuphathwa kwemvelo. Isinyathelo ngasinye kule nqubo silawulwa ngokucophelela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhishwa okuphumelelayo nokutholwa kwegolide kuyilapho kunciphisa umthelela wendawo. Naphezu kwezinselele ezihambisana nokusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide, le nqubo isalokhu iyindlela ebalulekile nesetshenziswa kabanzi embonini yezimayini zegolide ezithengiswayo ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuphezulu kanye nezindleko eziphansi uma kuqhathaniswa. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo oluqhubekayo nokuthuthukiswa luyenziwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ezinye izindlela ezivumelana nemvelo futhi ezisimeme.