Ama-reagents avimbela i-Copper Leaching ku-Copper-Bearing Gold Ore Cyanidation

Isingeniso

I-Cyanidation iyindlela esetshenziswa kakhulu futhi ephumelelayo yokukhipha igolide egolideni - izinsimbi ezinezinsimbi, ikakhulukazi endabeni yethusi - elinegolide lensimbi. Isekelwe ekhonweni le i-cyanide ions ukwakha izakhiwo ezizinzile ngegolide, okuvumela ukuchithwa kwegolide ku-matrix ye-ore. Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okuyisisekelo kunqubo ye-cyanidation yegolide ngu-4Au + 8NaCN+O_2 + 2H_2O=4Na[Au(CN)_2]+4NaOH. Le nqubo ibilokhu iyisisekelo semboni yezimayini zegolide isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu ngenxa yokusebenza kahle kwayo okuphezulu kanye nobuchwepheshe obuqondwa kahle.

Nokho, lapho sisebenzelana zethusi - ephethe ores igolide, ukuba khona amaminerali ethusis kubeka izinselelo ezibalulekile. Amaminerali ethusi avamile ahlotshaniswa negolide, njenge-chalcopyrite (CuFeS_2), i-chalcocite (Cu_2S), i-malachite (Cu_2(OH)_2CO_3), ne-azurite (Cu_3(OH)_2(CO_3)_2), ayasebenza kakhulu ezixazululweni ze-cyanide. Isibonelo, ku-cyanide - equkethe okuphakathi, i-chalcocite ingasabela ngale ndlela: Cu_2S + 4NaCN=2Na[Cu(CN)_2]+Na_2S. Lokhu kusabela kuholela ekusetshenzisweni kwenani elikhulu le-cyanide. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwe-cyanide akukhulisi nje kuphela izindleko zokukhiqiza kodwa kunomthelela emvelweni ngenxa yobuthi be-cyanide.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuchithwa kwethusi kungaphazamisa izinqubo ezilandelayo ze ukubuyiswa kwegolide. Amazinga aphezulu ethusi esixazululweni se-cyanide anganciphisa ukusebenza kahle kwegolide - ukwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi kwe-cyanide, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphise igolide. izinga leaching. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ithusi liqhudelana negolide ukuze lithole ama-ion e-cyanide nomoya-mpilo esixazululweni, liphazamise ukulingana kwamakhemikhali okudingekayo ekuncibilikeni kwegolide okuphumelelayo. Kwezinye izimo, ukuba khona kwekhopha kungase futhi kubangele izinkinga ezinqubweni ezansi nomfula njenge-zinc - cementation noma i-carbon - in - pulp (CIP) yokuthola igolide, okuholela emazingeni aphansi okuthola igolide kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo ompofu.

Ngakho-ke, ukuthola ama-reagents asebenzayo okuvimbela ukucwiliswa kwethusi ngesikhathi se-cyanidation yezinsimbi zegolide ezinethusi kubaluleke kakhulu. Ama-reagents anjalo angasiza ekwandiseni inqubo ye-cyanidation, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide, kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle sekukonke kokumbiwa kwegolide, okwenza umsebenzi wokumba uphumelele ngokwezomnotho futhi uvumelane nemvelo. Ezigabeni ezilandelayo, sizohlola ama-reagents ahlukahlukene afundwe futhi asetshenziselwa le njongo.

Izici zokuLeaching Zethusi ku-Cyanide Solutions

Ezixazululweni ze-cyanide, amaminerali ethusi ahlotshaniswa negolide abonisa ukuziphatha okuhlukile kwe-leaching. Amaminerali ethusi avamile afana ne-chalcopyrite (CuFeS_2) ne-chalcocite (Cu_2S), kanye ne-malachite (Cu_2(OH)_2CO_3), i-azurite (Cu_3(OH)_2(CO_3)_2), i-bornite (Cu_5FeS_4), i-cuprite (Cu_2O), kanye nethusi lendabuko, i-soluble.

Lawa maminerali e-copper angacwiliswa ekamelweni lokushisa (25^{\circ}C). Izinga le-leaching yethusi liyahlukahluka kakhulu, lisukela ku-5 - 10% ukuya ngaphezulu kwama-90%. Isibonelo, i-malachite ne-azurite, okuyizimbiwa zethusi - carbonate, ziyasebenza kakhulu kuzixazululo ze-cyanide. Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kwe-malachite ene-cyanide kungavezwa njengokuthi Cu_2(OH)_2CO_3+4NaCN + H_2O = 2Na[Cu(CN)_2]+Na_2CO_3 + 2NaOH. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ngaphansi kwesenzo se-cyanide, ithusi ku-malachite lingaqedwa ngokuphumelelayo.

Lapho usebenzisana nokugxila kwegolide lethusi eliphezulu, inqubo yokucwilisa ngesikhathi se-cyanidation inezimpawu ezithile "zomtholampilo". Ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide kuba phezulu kakhulu. Ngokuvamile, kumaminerali ethusi ahlukene, ukuchithwa kwegramu engu-1 yethusi kudinga ukusetshenziswa kwe-2.3 - 3.4 amagremu. I-sodium cyanide. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuchithwa kwethusi kudla i-oxygen esixazululo. Isibonelo, kunqubo yokukhishwa kwe-chalcocite, ukusabela okuthi 2Cu_2S+8NaCN + O_2+2H_2O = 4Na[Cu(CN)_2]+2Na_2S + 4NaOH kwenzeka, okungadli nje inani elikhulu le-cyanide kodwa nenani elibalulekile lomoya-mpilo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphumela we-leaching uba mubi kakhulu. Amazinga aphezulu ethusi kusixazululo se-cyanide anganciphisa ukusebenza kahle kwegolide - ukwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi kwe-cyanide. Ithusi liqhudelana negolide nge-cyanide ions kanye ne-oxygen esixazululweni. Ngenxa yalokho, ukulingana kwamakhemikhali okudingekayo ekuhlakazweni kwegolide okuphumelelayo kuyaphazamiseka. Lokhu kuholela ekwehleni kwezinga lokucwiliswa kwegolide futhi kungase futhi kubangele izinkinga ezinqubweni ezilandelayo zegolide - zokuthola kabusha njenge-zinc - cementation noma i-carbon - in - pulp (CIP), ekugcineni kuphumele ekwehleni kwegolide - amanani okuthola kabusha kanye nokuncipha kwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo.

Ama-reagents ajwayelekile okuvimbela i-Copper Leaching

Usawoti Wokuhola

Usawoti omthofu uvame ukusetshenziswa njengama-reagents ukuvimbela i-copper leaching ku-cyanidation yensimbi enegolide ene-copper. Usawoti oholayo osetshenziswa kakhulu uhlanganisa i-lead nitrate (Pb(NO_3)_2), i-lead acetate (C_4H_6O_4Pb\cdot3H_2O), ne-lead oxide (PbO).

Thatha i-acetate eholayo njengesibonelo. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukwengeza i-acetate yomthofu ngaphambi kokucwiliswa kwe-cyanide kungavimbela ngempumelelo ukucwiliswa kwethusi, kuthuthukise ukucwiliswa kwegolide nesiliva, futhi kunciphise ukusetshenziswa I-Sodium Cyanide. Ukuze uthole ukugxiliswa kwegolide okuthile okunethusi elingu-4.92%, lapho u-150 g/t we-acetate yomthofu yengezwa ngokuqondile ngaphambi kokucwiliswa, ngaphansi kwezimo zokucoleka kokugaya okungu -0.037 mm usayizi wezinhlayiyana ezibalelwa ku-95%, isikhathi sokuvuza samahora angu-48, ukugxiliswa kwe-sodium cyanide engu-0.5%, ukugxiliswa kwegolide ku-grade 12%, i-pH engu-40 ye-pulp% 1.20, i-pH engu-97.55% insalela ye-leaching ingancishiswa ibe yi-60.28 g/t, izinga legolide le-leaching lifinyelela ku-14.37%, izinga lokubuyisela isiliva liyi-XNUMX%, kanti ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide yi-XNUMX kg / t. Lokhu kubonisa ngokucacile umphumela omuhle we-acetate eholayo kule nqubo.

Indlela yokuvimbela usawoti omthofu ingase ihlobane nokwakheka kwezinhlanganisela ezingancibiliki. Isibonelo, umthofu ungasabela ngesulfure - equkethe izinto ezitsheni ukuze wenze i-lead sulfide engancibiliki. Lokhu kusabela kunciphisa inani lesulfure - equkethe izinto ezingasabela ngamaminerali ethusi, ngaleyo ndlela zivimbele ukuchithwa kwamaminerali ethusi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-salts omthofu angase futhi athinte izakhiwo ezingaphezulu zamaminerali ethusi, anciphise ukusebenza kwawo kusixazululo se-cyanide.

Ama-Chelating Agents (isb., I-Citric Acid)

Ama-Chelating agents, afana ne-citric acid, angadlala indima ekuvimbeleni ukucwiliswa kwethusi ngesikhathi se-cyanidation. I-chelating - type leaching - ejenti yosizo efana ne-citric acid isebenza ngendlela eyingqayizivele. I-Citric acid iqukethe amaqembu e-carboxyl kanye ne-hydroxyl, engachelate ngama-ion ayingozi afana ne-Cu^{2 +}, Zn^{2+}, Fe^{2+}, ne-Fe^{3+} ku-pulp ukuze kwakheke ama-chelate azinzile.

Isibonelo, iqembu le-carboxyl ku-citric acid lingakwazi ukuxhumanisa nama-ion ensimbi ngokusebenzisa ama-electron amabili amabili ama-athomu omoya-mpilo, akhe indandatho - njengesakhiwo. Ngokuchela la ma-ion ensimbi, i-citric acid ingaqeda umthelela wayo omubi enqubweni ye-cyanidation leaching, njengokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwawo komoya-mpilo esixazululweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-citric acid ingavimbela ukuchithwa kwamaminerali e-ganggue njenge-calcium - ne-magnesium - equkethe amaminerali. Ingakwazi ukusebenzisana nobuso bala maminerali e-ganggue, iguqule i-surface charge kanye ne-hydrophilic - hydrophobic properties, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuncibilika kusixazululo se-cyanide. Lokhu kuvimbela amaminerali e-ganggue kungathuthukisa "i-oksijini esebenzayo esebenzayo" ku-pulp. Lapho amaminerali e-ganggue emancane amathuba okuba ancibilike, asebenzisa umoya-mpilo omncane, futhi umoya-mpilo owengeziwe uyatholakala ukuze kukhishwe igolide, okuzuzisa ukucwiliswa kwegolide. Ngokuvamile, ukungezwa kwe-citric acid kungasiza ekwakheni indawo yamakhemikhali evumelana ne-cyanidation yegolide, ukunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kwamanye ama-ion ensimbi futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokukhipha igolide.

Abanye (Isingeniso esifushane)

Ngaphezu kwama-reagents ashiwo ngenhla, ukulawula ukugcwala kwama-ion cyanide nakho kungaba yindlela ephumelelayo yokwenza buthaka ukuqedwa kwethusi. Lapho ukuhlangana kwama-ion e-cyanide kulawulwa kahle phakathi kwebanga elithile, izinga lokusabela lamaminerali ethusi nge-cyanide lingancishiswa. Isibonelo, kwamanye amatshe egolide anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kakhulu kalula - amaminerali ethusi ancibilikayo, ngokugcina ukuhlangana kwe-CN^ - ions yamahhala ezingeni eliphansi uma kuqhathaniswa (njenge-0.05% - 0.10%), izinga lokuchithwa kwezimbiwa zethusi lingehliswa kakhulu, kuyilapho izinga lokuchithwa kwezimbiwa zegolide lisephezulu kakhulu, i-dislution yegolide lisephezulu kakhulu. amaminerali.

Enye indlela ukusebenzisa i-ammonia - cyanide system. Kuhlelo lwe-ammonia - cyanide, i-ammonia ingakha ama-complexes ane-ion yethusi, engavimbela ukukhishwa kwethusi ngezinga elithile. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuguquguquka okukhulu kwe-ammonia, kunzima ukugcina ukugxila okuzinzile enqubweni yokukhiqiza yezimboni, okukhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwezimboni ezinkulu. Nakuba le ndlela inenzuzo yokunciphisa ukucwiliswa kwe-copper, izinselele ekusebenzeni okungokoqobo kanye nezindleko - ukusebenza kahle kufanele kubhekwe kabanzi.

Izinto Ezithinta Umphumela Wama-reagents

Ukusebenza kwama-reagents asetshenziselwa ukuvimbela ukucwiliswa kwe-copper ngesikhathi sokwenziwa kwe-cyanidation yezinsimbi zegolide ezinethusi kuthonywa izici ezimbalwa, ezibalulekile ukuze ziqondwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe inqubo ye-cyanidation.

Izakhiwo ze-Ore

1. Uhlobo Lwezimbiwa Zethusi

1. Amaminerali ethusi ahlukene anokuvuselelwa okuhlukile kuzixazululo ze-cyanide. Isibonelo, amaminerali e-copper - carbonate afana ne-malachite (Cu_2(OH)_2CO_3) ne-azurite (Cu_3(OH)_2(CO_3)_2) asebenza kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amaminerali ethusi e-sulfide ayisisekelo njenge-chalcopyrite (CuFeS_2). I-Malachite isabela kalula nge-cyanide ngokuya ngokusabela Cu_2(OH)_2CO_3+4NaCN + H_2O = 2Na[Cu(CN)_2]+Na_2CO_3 + 2NaOH. Lokhu kuphinda kusebenze kabusha kusho ukuthi uma usebenzisa ama-reagents ukuvimbela i-copper leaching, umthamo ophezulu ungase udingeke kuma-ores anothe ngamaminerali ethusi asebenzayo.

2. Ngokuphambene, i-chalcopyrite inesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi futhi idinga amandla amaningi kanye nezimo ezithile zokusabela ukuze incibilike kuzixazululo ze-cyanide. Kodwa-ke, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, isengaba nomthelela ekusetshenzisweni okukhulu kwe-cyanide. Ukuqonda ithusi elibusayo - uhlobo lwamaminerali ensimbi kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokunquma i-reagent efanele kanye nomthamo wayo.

2. Okuqukethwe Kwezimbiwa Zethusi

1. Ukuphakama kwe-copper - okuqukethwe kwamaminerali ku-ore, amandla amakhulu okucwiliswa kwethusi kanye nokusetshenziswa okuhambisanayo kwe-cyanide. Isibonelo, ensimbi enegolide enethusi elingu-5%, inani le-cyanide elidliwe ithusi - ukusabela kwe-leaching lizoba phezulu kakhulu kunensimbi enethusi elingu-1%. Ngenxa yalokho, i-reagent edingekayo ukuze kuvinjwe ukucwiliswa kwethusi kufanele ilungiswe ngokulinganayo. I-ore ephezulu - yethusi ingadinga inani elikhulu likasawoti omthofu noma ama-chelating agents ukuze kucindezelwe ngempumelelo ukuncibilika kwethusi. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi kukho konke ukwanda kwe-1% kokuqukethwe kwethusi elincibilika kalula ku-ore, ukusetshenziswa komthofu - inhibitor esekelwe usawoti kungase kudingeke ukuthi kunyuswe ngo-10 - 20 g/t ukuze kugcinwe izinga elifanayo le-copper - leaching inhibition.

Izimo Zenqubo

1. I-Cyanide Concentration

1. Ukuhlushwa kwe-cyanide esixazululweni kudlala indima embaxambili ekucwiliseni ithusi kanye nempumelelo yama-inhibitors. Lapho ukuhlushwa kwe-cyanide kuphansi, izinga le-copper-leaching reactions liyancishiswa. Isibonelo, uma ukugxiliswa kwe-cyanide yamahhala (CN^ -) kugcinwa ku-0.05% - 0.10%, izinga lokuchithwa kwamaminerali ethusi lingehliswa kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, uma ukugxiliswa kwe-cyanide kuphansi kakhulu, izinga lokucwiliswa kwegolide nalo lingathinteka kabi.

2. Uma usebenzisa ama-reagents afana nosawoti omthofu, ukugxiliswa kwe-cyanide okuphelele ekusebenzeni kwawo kungahluka. Kwezinye izimo, ukugxiliswa kwe-cyanide ephakeme kancane (okungaba ngu-0.15% - 0.20%) kungase kudingeke ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi i-lead - inhibitor kasawoti ingakha izinhlanganisela ezingancibiliki nesibabule - eziqukethe izinto ku-ore, ezivimbela ngempumelelo ithusi leaching. Kodwa uma ukugxila kwe-cyanide kuphezulu kakhulu, kungakhuthaza ukuchithwa kwamaminerali ethusi naphezu kokuba khona kwama-inhibitors.

2. Inani le-pH

1. I-pH yesisombululo se-cyanide ibalulekile kukho kokubili ukucwiliswa kwethusi kanye nesenzo sama-inhibitors. Ngokuvamile, inqubo ye-cyanidation yenziwa endaweni ye-alkaline, ngokuvamile ene-pH ebangeni le-10 - 11. Kulolu hlu lwe-pH, ukuzinza kwe-ion cyanide kugcinwa, futhi i-hydrolysis ye-cyanide iyancipha.

2. Kuma-chelating agents afana ne-citric acid, i-pH yesisombululo ithinta ikhono labo lokuchela. I-Citric acid iqukethe amaqembu e-carboxyl ne-hydroxyl ahlanza ngama-ion ensimbi. Nge-alkaline medium, ukuhlukaniswa kwala maqembu asebenzayo kuyakhuthazwa, okuthuthukisa ikhono labo lokuhlafuna ngama-ion ethusi. Kodwa-ke, uma i-pH iphezulu kakhulu (ngaphezu kuka-12), ingabangela ukusabela okuhlangene okungase kunciphise ukusebenza kwe-agent chelating. Isibonelo, kusixazululo esine-alkaline kakhulu, ezinye zensimbi - i-chelate complexes zingase ziphule, zikhulule ama-ion ethusi e-chelated abuyele kwisixazululo.

3. Isikhathi Sokuvula

1. Isikhathi se-leaching singathonya izinga le-copper leaching kanye nokusebenza kwama-inhibitors. Njengoba isikhathi se-leaching sikhula, ithusi eliningi lingancibilika uma lingavinjelwa ngokuphumelelayo. Isibonelo, enqubweni yesikhashana yesikhashana (engaphansi kwamahora angu-12), inani le-copper leached lingase libe lincane, futhi inhibitor ingakwazi ukulawula kalula izinga le-copper - leaching. Kodwa uma isikhathi sokuvuza sinwetshwa sifike emahoreni angama-48 noma ngaphezulu, umphumela oqongelelekayo we-copper - leaching reactions ungase uphawuleke kakhulu.

2. Endabeni ye-lead - inhibitor kasawoti, isikhathi eside sokukhishwa singadinga umthamo wokuqala ophezulu we-inhibitor. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umthofu - oqukethe izinhlanganisela ezingancibiliki ezakheka ungase udliwe kancane kancane noma ukusebenza kwawo kungase kwehle ngenxa yokuba khona okuqhubekayo kwezinto ezisebenzayo kusixazululo se-cyanide. Ngakho-ke, isikhathi se-leaching sidinga ukucatshangelwa ngokucophelela lapho kunqunywa inani kanye nohlobo lwe-reagent okufanele isetshenziselwe ukuvimbela i-copper - leaching inhibition.

Izibonelo kanye Nezicelo Ezingokoqobo

Icala 1: Ukusetshenziswa Kosawoti Womthofu Emayini Yegolide eNingizimu Afrika

Imayini yegolide eNingizimu Afrika ibilungisa insimbi yegolide enethusi enethusi elinganiselwa ku-3%. Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa usawoti wokuhola njenge-inhibitor, inqubo ye-cyanidation ibhekane nezinselele ezimbalwa. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide kwakuphezulu kakhulu, kwafinyelela ku-15 kg/t yensimbi, kanti izinga lokucwiliswa kwegolide lalicishe libe ngama-80%. I-copper ephezulu e-ore iholele ekuncibilikeni okukhulu kwethusi ngesikhathi se-cyanidation, engadli nje kuphela inani elikhulu le-cyanide kodwa futhi yaphazamisa inqubo yegolide - leaching.

Ngemva kokwengeza i-nitrate eholayo (Pb(NO_3)_2) esikalini esingu-200 g/t we-ore, izinguquko eziphawulekayo zabonwa. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide kwehliswe kwaba ngu-8 kg/t we-ore, ukwehla okungaba ngu-47%. Izinga lokucwiliswa kwegolide likhuphuke lafinyelela ku-90%. Izinzuzo zezomnotho zazibalulekile. Uma kucatshangelwa inani le-cyanide kanye nenani legolide elengeziwe elitholiwe, imayini yonga cishe u-$50 ngethani lensimbi egayiwe. Ngokombono wemvelo, ukusetshenziswa okuncishisiwe kwe-cyanide kusho ubungozi obuncane bemvelo obuhambisana nokuvuza nokulahlwa kwe-cyanide. Inani le-cyanide - eliqukethe imfucuza liye lancishiswa, elizuzisa imvelo yendawo yendawo.

Ikesi 2: Isicelo se-Chelating Agent (Citric Acid) Emayini Yegolide e-Australia

Emayini yegolide yase-Australia, insimbi yayiqukethe inani elikhulu lamaminerali ethusi, ikakhulukazi i-chalcopyrite namanye amaminerali ethusi - carbonate. Inqubo yokuqala ye-cyanidation ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-chelating agent yayinezinga legolide le-leaching lama-75% kanye nezinga le-copper leaching lika-30%. Izinga eliphezulu le-copper leaching laholela ekusetshenzisweni okuphezulu kwe-cyanide, cishe u-12 kg/t we-ore.

Lapho i-citric acid yengezwa kwinqubo ye-cyanidation ngesilinganiso se-1 kg / t ye-ore, isimo saba ngcono. Izinga le-copper leaching rate lehlisiwe lafika ku-10%, kanti izinga lokucwiliswa kwegolide likhuphuke lafinyelela ku-85%. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide kwehle kwafika ku-6 kg/t we-ore. Ngokomnotho, izindleko zokwengezwa kwe-citric acid beziphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nokongiwa kokusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide kanye nokukhuphuka kokutholwa kwegolide. Imayini ilinganisela ukuthi inganyusa inzuzo yayo yonyaka cishe ngama- $300,000. Ngokwemvelo, ukucwiliswa kwethusi okuncishisiwe kusho ithusi elincane - eliqukethe amanzi angcolile, okwakulula ukuwaphatha futhi libe nomthelela omncane emithonjeni yamanzi endaweni ezungezile.

Icala lesi-3: Ukusetshenziswa Kwe-New Inhibitor (MZY) Emayini Yegolide YaseShayina

Imayini yegolide eShayina ibisebenza nge-copper eqinile - enetshe legolide. Inqubo yendabuko ye-cyanidation yayinezinga legolide le-leaching elingama-70% kuphela kanye nezinga eliphezulu le-copper leaching, elibangele inani elikhulu lokusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide. Ngemva kokwengeza i-MZY entsha ye-inhibitor esikalini esithile, kanye nezimo zezinqubo ezithuthukisiwe ezihlanganisa ukufakwa kwe-18 kg/t ka-lime kanye no-1.2 kg/t we-sodium cyanide, izinga legolide le-leaching lifinyelele ku-83% - 84%, futhi izinga le-copper leaching liye lehla laya ku-4% - 5%.

Le nqubo entsha ayizange nje ithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwegolide - ukucwiliswa kwegolide kodwa futhi yehlise kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide. Izinzuzo zezomnotho zaziphindwe kabili: ukukhuphuka kokutholwa kwegolide kwengeze inani elithe xaxa ekukhiqizeni, futhi ukusetshenziswa okuncishisiwe kwe-cyanide konga izindleko. Mayelana nokuvikelwa kwemvelo, ukusetshenziswa okuphansi kwe-cyanide kanye nethusi elincane - eliqukethe imfucuza kwehlisa umthwalo wemvelo, okwenza umsebenzi wokumba izimayini uzime. Lezi zibonelo zezifundo zibonisa ngokusobala inani elingokoqobo lokusebenzisa ama-reagents ukuvimbela i-copper leaching ku-cyanidation yezinsimbi zegolide ezinethusi, kokubili ngokwezinzuzo zezomnotho nokuvikelwa kwemvelo.

Isiphetho

Enqubweni ye-cyanidation yensimbi enegolide yethusi, ukucwiliswa kwethusi akuholeli nje kuphela ekusetshenzisweni okuphezulu kwe-cyanide kodwa futhi kunomthelela omubi ezingeni lokucwiliswa kwegolide kanye nezinqubo zokutholwa kwegolide ezilandelayo. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwama-reagents ukuvimbela i-copper leaching kubaluleke kakhulu.

Usawoti omthofu, njenge-lead nitrate, i-lead acetate, ne-lead oxide, anganqanda ngempumelelo ukucwiliswa kwe-copper ngokwenza izinhlanganisela ezingancibiliki nesibabule - eziqukethe izinto kwi-ore noma ukushintsha indawo engaphezulu yamaminerali ethusi. Ama-Chelating agents afana ne-citric acid angakwazi ukuxubha ngama-ion ethusi namanye ama-ion ensimbi ayingozi, anciphise imithelela yawo emibi enqubweni ye-cyanidation. Ukwengeza, ukulawula ukugcwala kwe-cyanide nokusebenzisa uhlelo lwe-ammonia - cyanide nakho kungadlala indima ekwenzeni buthaka ukuncibilika kwethusi ngokwezinga elithile.

Ukusebenza kwalawa ma-reagents kuthonywa izici ezihlukahlukene. Izakhiwo ze-ore, okuhlanganisa uhlobo nokuqukethwe kwamaminerali ethusi, kunquma ukusebenza kabusha kwethusi ku-ore futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuthinte inani le-reagent edingekayo. Izimo zenqubo ezifana nokugxiliswa kwe-cyanide, inani le-pH, nesikhathi sokuvuza nakho kunomthelela omkhulu ekusebenzeni kweziqinisekiso. Isibonelo, ukugxiliswa kwe-cyanide okufanele kanye nevelu ye-pH kungaqinisekisa ukuzinza kwesisombululo se-cyanide kanye nokusebenza kahle kwe-reagent, kuyilapho isikhathi sokucwiliswa singathinta umphumela wokuqongelela kokusabela kwe-copper - leaching.

Ngezifundo zecala, sibone ukubaluleka kokusetshenziswa kwalawa ma-reagents. ENingizimu Afrika, ukusetshenziswa kwe-nitrate yomthofu emayini yegolide kwehlisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide futhi kwenyusa izinga lokucwiliswa kwegolide, okuletha izinzuzo ezinkulu kwezomnotho kanye nezinzuzo zemvelo. E-Australia, ukungezwa kwe-citric acid emayini yegolide kwehlisa ngempumelelo ukucwiliswa kwe-copper nokusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide ngenkathi kukhulisa izinga lokucwiliswa kwegolide, okube yinzuzo kuzo zombili izici zomnotho nezemvelo. Emayini yegolide yaseShayina, ukusetshenziswa kwe-MZY entsha ye-inhibitor, kanye nezimo zezinqubo ezithuthukisiwe, kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwegolide - ukucwiliswa kwegolide futhi kunciphise izinga le-copper - leaching, kuzuzwe imiphumela emihle yezomnotho nemvelo.

Ngokuvamile, lapho usebenzelana ne-cyanidation ye-ores yegolide ene-copper, kuyadingeka ukucabangela ngokucophelela izici ze-ore kanye nezidingo zenqubo, bese ukhetha i-reagent efanele kanye nezimo zokusebenza. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo lungagxila ekuhloleni ngokuqhubekayo ama-reagents asebenza kahle kakhulu futhi angavumelani nemvelo, kanye nokuthuthukisa inhlanganisela yama-reagents kanye namapharamitha okucubungula ukuze kuzuzwe izinqubo zokukhipha igolide ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, ezongayo, nezisimeme imvelo.