Ukwelashwa Kwe-Cyanide Enobuthi Kakhulu - Equkethe I-Waste Liquids

I-Cyanide - equkethe uketshezi olulahlwayo inobuthi obukhulu futhi ibeka engcupheni enkulu empilweni yomuntu kanye nendawo ezungezile. Ngakho-ke, ukuphathwa ngendlela efanele kwalolu ketshezi olulahlwayo kubaluleke kakhulu. Lesi sihloko sizokwethula izindlela ezimbalwa ezijwayelekile zokwelapha ezinobuthi obukhulu i-cyanide - equkethe uketshezi olulahlwayo.

1. Izindlela Ze-Chemical Oxidation

1.1 Indlela Ye-Alkaline Chlorination

• isimiso: Endaweni ene-alkaline, izinto ezinamandla zokufaka i-oxidizing njengegesi ye-chlorine, i-sodium hypochlorite, noma i-calcium hypochlorite zengezwa kuketshezi oluqukethe i-cyanide. Ama-ion e-hypochlorite asabela nama-ion e-cyanide enqubweni yezigaba ezimbili. Okokuqala, i-cyanide iyafakwa i-oxidizing ibe yi-cyanate, bese ifakwa i-oxidizing ibe yizinto ezingezona ezinobuthi ezifana I-Carbon i-dioxide kanye negesi ye-nitrogen.

• Ukugeleza kwenqubo:

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• Ukulungiswa kwe-pH: Qala ngokungeza i-sodium hydroxide ku-cyanide - equkethe uketshezi olulahlwayo ukuze usethe inani le-pH phakathi kuka-10 - 11.

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• Ukwengezwa kwe-Oxidant: Yethula kancane kancane inani elifanele le-oxidant ekhethiwe, njengesixazululo se-sodium hypochlorite. Inani le-oxidant elidingekayo lincike ekugxilweni kwe-cyanide oketshezini olubi. Govuza ngokuqhubekayo ngesikhathi sokwengeza ukuze uqinisekise ukuxubana.

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• Ukusabela kanye Nokuqapha: Vumela ukusabela kuqhubeke amahora ambalwa futhi uhlole njalo ukugxila kwe-cyanide oketshezini lwemfucuza kulo lonke. Amasu okuqapha avamile ahlanganisa ukusebenzisa i-cyanide - ama-electrode athile noma izindlela ze-colorimetric.

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• I-Neutralization kanye nokukhishwa: Uma ukusabela sekuphelile futhi ukugxiliswa kwe-cyanide kuhlangabezana nezinga lokukhishwa (ngokuvamile ngaphansi kuka-0.5 mg/L ezifundeni eziningi), lungisa i-pH yoketshezi lwemfucuza ibe ibanga elimaphakathi (pH = 6 - 9) nge-asidi efanelekile njenge-asidi ye-sulfuric, bese uyikhipha.

1.2 Indlela Ye-Hydrogen Peroxide

• isimiso: I-hydrogen peroxide iyi-ejenti e-oxidizing enamandla. Lapho kukhona i-catalyst efana nama-ion ethusi, ingakwazi ukukhipha ama-ion e-cyanide oketshezini olulahlwayo, iguqule i-cyanide ibe i-nitrogen engenabuthi ne-carbon dioxide.

• Ukugeleza kwenqubo:

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• Ukulungiswa kwe-pH: Lungisa inani le-pH le-cyanide - eliqukethe uketshezi olungcolile libe ibanga eline-asidi, ngokuvamile elizungeze i-pH = 3 - 5, njengoba ukusabela kwe-oxidation kwe-hydrogen peroxide ne-cyanide kusebenza kangcono ngaphansi kwezimo ezine-asidi.

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• I-Catalyst kanye ne-Hydrogen Peroxide Addition: Engeza inani elincane le-catalyst, isibonelo, i-copper sulfate, kuketshezi olulahlwayo, bese ufaka kancane kancane isisombululo se-hydrogen peroxide. Inani le-hydrogen peroxide elengeziwe kufanele libe lanele ukuze i-cyanide ibe yi-oxidize ngokugcwele. Njengoba ukusabela kuyi-exothermic, qaphela ukulawula izinga lokushisa lokusabela ukuze ugweme ukushisa ngokweqile.

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• Ukusabela kanye Nokwehlukana: Ngemva kokuba ukwengeza sekuqediwe, vumela ukusabela kusebenze isikhashana. Bese, yenza okuqinile - ukwahlukanisa okuwuketshezi, njengokuhlukanisa inhlabathi noma ukucwenga, ukuze ususe noma yiziphi izinto ezimanzi, njengama-hydroxide ensimbi uma kukhona ama-ion ensimbi esindayo oketshezini olulahlwayo.

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• Thumela - ukwelashwa: Umuntu onamandla angaphezu kwavamile oselashiwe angaqhubeka nokwelashwa esebenzisa ezinye izindlela, njenge-adsorption noma ukuhlukaniswa kwe-membrane, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ikhwalithi yokugcina yamanzi angcolile ihlangabezana nezindinganiso ezifanele.

1.3 Indlela Ye-Ozone Oxidation

• isimiso: I-Ozone iyi-ejenti enamandla yokwenza i-oxidizing enamandla amakhulu e-oxidation. Uma yethulwa ku-cyanide - equkethe uketshezi olulahlwayo, ihlangana ngqo nama-ion e-cyanide, iwafake ezintweni ezingezona ezinobuthi njenge-carbonate ne-nitrogen. Indlela yokusabela iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ingase ibandakanye imikhiqizo ephakathi. Ukuba khona kwe-metal ion catalysts, njengethusi ne-magnesium ion, kungasheshisa izinga lokuphendula.

• Ukugeleza kwenqubo:

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• Waste Liquid Pretreatment: Okokuqala, susa ukungcola kwezinhlayiyana ezinkulu kanye nezinto eziqinile ezimisiwe ku-cyanide - equkethe uketshezi oluwudoti ngokuhlunga noma ukucwiliswa. Lokhu kuvimbela ukuvaleka kwemishini ekhiqiza i-ozone futhi kuqinisekisa ukusabela kuqhubeka kahle.

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• Isizukulwane se-Ozone kanye nesingeniso: Sebenzisa ijeneretha ye-ozone ukuze ukhiqize igesi ye-ozone, ebese ifakwa oketshezini olubi ngomshini wokusabalalisa igesi. Inani le-ozone elethulwe lidinga ukulungiswa ngokuvumelana nokugxiliswa kwe-cyanide kanye nomthamo we-waste liquid.

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• Ukusabela kanye Nokuqapha: Yenza ukusabela ethangini lokusabela elivaliwe isikhathi esithile. Gada ukugcwala kwe-cyanide oketshezini lukadoti ngesikhathi sangempela ngesikhathi sokusabela. Isikhathi sokusabela sivame ukuba sifushane kunezinye izindlela ze-oxidation, kodwa sisancike ezimweni ezithile zoketshezi lwemfucuza.

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• Ukwelashwa Kwemfucumfucu: Ngemva kokusabela, uketshezi lwemfucuza olulashiwe lungase ludinge ukwelashwa okwengeziwe, njengokulungisa inani le-pH kanye nokususa noma yimiphi imikhiqizo esele ehlobene ne-ozone, ukuze kuhlangatshezwane namazinga okukhipha.

2. Okomzimba - Izindlela Zamakhemikhali

2.1 Indlela Yokushintshanisa Ion

• isimiso: I-ion ekhethekile - ama-resin okushintshaniswa asetshenziswa. Lawa ma-resin anamaqembu asebenzayo angakwazi ukukhetha ngokukhetha ama-ion e-cyanide noma izingxube zensimbi - i-cyanide oketshezini lwemfucuza. Isibonelo, amanye ama-anion - exchange resins angashintshanisa ama-anion awo nama-cyanide ions esixazululweni.

• Ukugeleza kwenqubo:

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• Ukukhethwa kwe-resin nokulungiswa: Khetha i-ion efanelekile - i-resin yokushintshanisa ngokusekelwe kuzici ze-cyanide - equkethe uketshezi olulahlwayo, njengohlobo lwensimbi - i-cyanide complexes ekhona. Gcoba inhlaka ngokuyigeza nge-asidi nezixazululo ze-alkali ukuze wenze kusebenze umsebenzi wayo wokushintshisana.

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• Ukupakisha Ikholomu: Pakisha i-resin pretreated ibe ikholomu ye-ion - exchange.

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• Ukudlula Kwemfucumfucu Yamanzi: Dlulisa kancane i-cyanide - equkethe uketshezi olulahlwayo kukholamu ye-ion - exchange. Lawula izinga lokugeleza ukuze uqinisekise isikhathi esanele sokuxhumana phakathi koketshezi olulahlwayo kanye ne-resin.

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• Ukuvuselelwa kabusha kwe-Resin: Uma i-resin isikhangise inani elithile le-cyanide, idinga ukukhiqizwa kabusha. Inqubo yokuvuselela ngokuvamile ihilela ukusebenzisa isisombululo sokuvuselela, njenge-asidi eqinile noma isixazululo esiyisisekelo esiqinile, ukususa ama-ion e-cyanide adsorbed ku-resin. I-resin evuselelwe ingasetshenziswa kabusha.

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• Ukwelashwa Kwe-Regeneration Liquid: Uketshezi lokuvuselela, oluqukethe ukugcwala okuphezulu kwe-cyanide, ludinga ukwelashwa okwengeziwe, ngokuvamile nge- izindlela ze-chemical oxidation kuchazwe ngenhla, ukuguqula i-cyanide ibe izinto ezingezona ezinobuthi.

2.2 Indlela ye-Adsorption

• isimiso: Ama-Adsorbents afana ne- Ikhabhoni Esebenzayo kanye ne-zeolite inendawo enkulu ethile yobuso kanye nomthamo oqinile wokumunca. Zingamunca ama-ion e-cyanide kanye nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo kuketshezi olungcolile ngokusebenzisa ukumunca okungokwenyama, njenge-van der Waals force, kanye nokumunca kwamakhemikhali, njengokwakha izibopho zamakhemikhali namaqembu asebenzayo ebusweni. I-carbon esebenzayo, ikakhulukazi, isetshenziswa kabanzi ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuphezulu kokumunca izinto ezahlukahlukene.

• Ukugeleza kwenqubo:

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• Ukukhethwa kwe-Adsorbent kanye Nokwelashwa Ngaphambili: Khetha i-adsorbent efanele ngokuya ngohlobo loketshezi olulahlwayo. Isibonelo, i-granular activated carbon ivamise ukusetshenziselwa ukwelashwa ngezinga elikhulu, kuyilapho ikhabhoni ecushiwe eyimpuphu ingase ifaneleke kakhulu esikalini esithile esincane noma esinembe kakhulu. Phatha i-adsorbent ngokuwasha futhi uyomise ukuze ususe ukungcola.

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• Inqubo ye-Adsorption: Engeza i-adsorbent ku-cyanide - equkethe uketshezi olulahlwayo bese ugoqa ngokuqhubekayo ukuze ukhulise indawo yokuxhumana phakathi kwe-adsorbent noketshezi olulahlwayo. Isikhathi se-adsorption siyahlukahluka kuye ngokugxiliswa kwe-cyanide kanye nohlobo lwe-adsorbent, ngokuvamile kusukela kumaminithi ambalwa kuya emahoreni ambalwa.

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• Ukwahlukana: Ngemva kokuthi i-adsorption isiqedile, hlukanisa i-adsorbent kuketshezi olulahlwayo usebenzisa izindlela ezinjengokuhlunga noma ukucwiliswa phansi.

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• Ukuvuselelwa kwe-Adsorbent: Ngokufanayo ne-ion - exchange resin, i-adsorbent esetshenzisiwe ingavuselelwa. Ngekhabhoni ecushiwe, izindlela zokuvuselela zihlanganisa ukuvuselelwa kokushisa (ukushisisa ikhabhoni ecushiwe ibe izinga lokushisa eliphezulu ukuze kunciphe izinto ezikhangisiwe) kanye nokuvuselelwa kwamakhemikhali (kusetshenziswa ama-reagents amakhemikhali ukuze kusabelane nezinto ezikhangisiwe).

3. Izindlela Zokwelapha Ngebhayoloji

• isimiso: Amagciwane athile anamandla okwehlisa i-cyanide. Lawa ma-microorganisms asebenzisa i-cyanide njengomthombo wekhabhoni, i-nitrogen, noma amandla ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zemvelo. Isibonelo, amanye amabhaktheriya angaguqula i-cyanide ibe izinto ezinobuthi obuncane njenge-ammonia ne-carbon dioxide ngokusebenzisa uchungechunge lwe-enzymatic reactions. Yonke le nqubo ihilela i-metabolism yama-microorganisms, futhi ama-microorganisms ahlukene angase abe nezindlela ezihlukahlukene ze-metabolic zokuwohloka kwe-cyanide.

• Ukugeleza kwenqubo:

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• Ukukhetha Nokutshalwa Kwe-Microorganism: Khetha i-cyanide efanelekile - ama-microorganisms ehlisa isithunzi, angahlukaniswa ezindaweni zemvelo ezifana nezindawo zokuhlanzwa komhlabathi noma amanzi angcolile. Hlakulela lawa ma-microorganisms endaweni yokucwaninga ukuze uthole inani elanele le-microbial inoculum. Indawo yokulima kufanele ibe nemisoco efanele ukusekela ukukhula kwama-microorganisms.

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• Ukusethwa kwe-reactor: Setha i-reactor yokwelapha ye-biological, efana ne-sludge reactor evuliwe noma i-biofilm reactor. Ku-reactor ye-sludge evuliwe, ama-microorganisms asesimweni sokumiswa oketshezini olulahlwayo, kuyilapho ku-biofilm reactor, ama-microorganisms anamathela endaweni eqinile yokusekela ukuze enze i-biofilm.

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• Imfucuza Ukwelapha Uketshezi: Yethula i-cyanide - equkethe uketshezi oluwudoti kwireactor yokwelashwa kwebhayoloji. Lawula izimo zemvelo kureactor, okuhlanganisa izinga lokushisa (imvamisa liba ngu-25 - 35 °C), i-pH (imvamisa engaba ngu-7 - 8), nokuqukethwe komoyampilo okuncibilikisiwe, ukuze kwakheke indawo efanelekile yokuhlala yamagciwane.

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• Ukuqapha Nokulawula: Ngokuqhubekayo uqaphe ukugcwala kwe-cyanide nezinye imingcele efanele oketshezini olulahlwayo phakathi nenqubo yokwelapha. Lungisa izimo zokusebenza ze-reactor ngokushesha ngokuya ngemiphumela yokuqapha ukuze uqinisekise ukusebenza okuzinzile kwesistimu yokwelapha yebhayoloji.

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• Ukwelashwa Kwemfucumfucu: Ngemva kokwelashwa kwebhayoloji, amanzi angcolile asengaba nama-microorganisms athile kanye nenani elincane lezinto eziphilayo. Ukwelashwa okwengeziwe, njengokubulala amagciwane (usebenzisa izindlela ezifana nemisebe ye-ultraviolet noma ukwengeza izibulala-magciwane) kanye nokuhlunga, kungase kudingeke ukuze kuhlangatshezwane namazinga okukhipha.

4. Ukucatshangelwa Ekwelashweni

• Ukuphepha Okokuqala: I-Cyanide - equkethe uketshezi olulahlwayo inobuthi obukhulu, futhi yonke imisebenzi yokwelapha kufanele yenziwe endaweni enomoya omuhle, okungcono endaweni yokushisa. Abasebenzisi kufanele bagqoke izinto zokuzivikela ezifanele, okuhlanganisa igesi - amagilavu ​​aqinile, izibuko, kanye nemishini yokuvikela ukuphefumula.

• Ukunqunywa Okunembile Kokugxila: Ngaphambi kokwelashwa, linganisa ngokunembile ukugcwala kwe-cyanide oketshezini oluwudoti. Lokhu kubalulekile ekukhetheni indlela yokwelapha efanele kanye nokunquma umthamo wama-ejenti okwelapha.

• Ukwelashwa Okuhlanganisiwe: Ezimweni eziningi, indlela yokwelapha eyodwa ingase inganele ukuhlangabezana ngokugcwele nezindinganiso zokukhishwa. Ngakho-ke, cabanga ukusebenzisa izindlela zokwelapha ezihlangene. Isibonelo, inhlanganisela ye-chemical oxidation kanye nokwelashwa kwe-biological ngokuvamile kungazuza imiphumela engcono yokwelashwa.

• Impembelelo yemvelo: Lapho ukhetha izindlela zokwelapha nama-ejenti okwelapha, cabangela umthelela wawo ongaba khona endaweni ezungezile. Khetha izindlela nama-ejenti ahambisana nemvelo futhi akhiqize ukungcoliswa kwesibili okuncane.

• Ukuhambisana Nemithetho: Qinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yokwelapha kanye nekhwalithi yokugcina yamanzi angcolile kuhambisana nemithetho efanele kazwelonke neyendawo yokuvikelwa kwemvelo. Ukuqapha njalo nokubika imiphumela yokwelashwa eminyangweni efanele yokuvikela imvelo.

Sengiphetha, ukwelashwa kwe-cyanide enobuthi obukhulu - equkethe uketshezi olulahlwayo kudinga ukucatshangelwa okubanzi kwezinto ezahlukahlukene. Ngokukhetha indlela yokwelapha efanele kanye nokulandela ngokuqinile izinqubo zokusebenza, singanciphisa ngempumelelo ubuthi be-cyanide - equkethe uketshezi olulahlwayo futhi sivikele imvelo nempilo yabantu.